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EC number: 205-443-5 | CAS number: 140-93-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Justification for type of information:
- Read-across from potassium salt
The potassium salty xanthates is considered suitable as a source of data for the corresponding sodium salt xanthates
Considered valid for read-across for purposes of classification.
No further vertebrate testing can be justified.
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
Reference
- Endpoint:
- hydrolysis
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
- Justification for type of information:
- Special study performed to confirm rapid hydrolysis of potassium and sodium xanthates in simulated gastric fluid with identification of key metabolites.
This study is used to justify the use of surrogate data in animal testing on the basis that if ingested, the substance will rapidly degrade. - Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Study of the decomposition of eight samples of xanthates in simulated gastric fluid; sodium isoamyl xanthate, sodium isobutyl xanthate, sodium ethyl xanthateр potassium isoamyl xanthate, potassium ethyl xanthate (PEX). sodium isopropyl xanthate (SIPX), Potassium amyl xanthate and potassium isobutyl xanthate
The chemical reaction for this decomposition is:
Xanthate Salt + Hydrochloric acid Alcohol + Sodium Chloride + Carbon Disulphide
The reaction between simulated gastric fluid and the xanthate salts was carried out at 0oC for reasons of safety, as the reaction was expected to occur very quickly. The reaction mixture was then allowed to warm to room temperature over 1 hour, the final temperature being 25oC. A high degree of degradation at this temperature would lead to the inference that degradation would be at least as complete, if not more so, in actual gastric conditions.
Following the reaction solvent was added to produce a biphasic mixture, and the resulting organic
phases were analysed by GC-MS to confirm the presence of the corresponding alcohols. These
alcohols were quantified by comparison to known standards in order to confirm the completeness of the reaction, and to show that these salts behave in the same way under these reaction conditions. - Radiolabelling:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Buffers:
- Performed at pH 1.5 in synthetic gastric fluid
- Details on test conditions:
- Performed at 5 g/l to simulate possible concentration following ingestion
Performed at low temperatures for safety reasons due to exothermic nature of reaction - Duration:
- 1 h
- pH:
- 1.5
- Temp.:
- 0 °C
- Initial conc. measured:
- ca. 5 000 mg/L
- Remarks:
- Performed at initial temperature of 0 C, but in view of exothermic reaction, temperature will have risen by the end of the reaction.
- Number of replicates:
- One replicate per substance
A number of xanthates were evaluated as part of this study; all showed the same outcome - Positive controls:
- no
- Negative controls:
- no
- Statistical methods:
- Not required
- Preliminary study:
- No
- Transformation products:
- yes
- No.:
- #1
- No.:
- #2
- No.:
- #3
- No.:
- #4
- Details on hydrolysis and appearance of transformation product(s):
- Exothermic reaction. No direct measurement of carbon disulphide possible, but elemental sulphur noted (estimated to be as dissolved sulphur dioxide or sulphates
- % Recovery:
- 0
- pH:
- 1.5
- Temp.:
- 0 °C
- Duration:
- 1 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: No parent material detected
- Remarks on result:
- not determinable because of methodological limitations
- Remarks:
- Too rapid to determine a rate constant
- Details on results:
- Rapid exothermic reaction in simulated gastric fluid at a loading of 5g/l
- Executive summary:
Based on analysis of the alcohols. degradation of sodium isopropyl xanthate (SIPX), was found to be 100% under the experimental conditions and degradation of potassium amyl xanthate was found to give 93% under the experimental conditions , potassium isobutyl xanthate was found to give 94%, sodium isobutyl xanthate was found to give 96% under the experimental conditions . However, no xanthates could be found at the end of the exposure period.
To confirm that potassium salts will behave in a similar manner, potassium xanthates was added to simulated gastric fluid under the same conditions as the sodium salts above. A liquid-liquid extraction was performed with ethyl acetate and the organic solvent analysed using GCMS. The corresponding alcohol was observed in the resulting gas chromatogram, as expected.
NMR spectroscopy did not provide any further evidence of the presence of xanthate post addition to gastric fluid.
To confirm that the sodium or potassium remains in solution as the chloride salt, ICP-OES analysis was carried out on the aqueous phase of the reaction mixture, as well as on the simulated gastric fluid with the difference between the two measurements being an indication of how much sodium or potassium has been added as a result of the xanthate degradation. The analysis showed increased levels of potassium and sodium in the gastric fluid phase upon addition of potassium and sodium xanthates respectively. This provides further evidence that the potassium salts behave in a similar manner to the sodium salts under the experimental conditions.
The increase in sodium could not be quantified owing to the high levels of Na observed, and the addition of Na from processing.For Potassium Xanthates, a significant increase in potassium was observed and the potassium and sodium salts can be considered as behaving in identical manner.
Carbon disulphide was not detected and due to limitations of the methods detection of carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide was not possible. There was no reported odour of carbon dislulphide.
Sodium isoamyl xanthate, sodium isobutyl xanthate, sodium ethyl xanthateр potassium isoamyl xanthate, potassium ethyl xanthate (PEX), sodium isopropyl xanthate (SIPX), Potassium amyl xanthate and potassium isobutyl xanthate were added to separate solutions of simulated gastric fluid at 0 C over 1 hour. The low starting temperature was to prevent reaction occurring too quickly, for reasons of safety.
Following the reaction, a liquid-liquid extraction was performed with ethyl acetate and the organic solvent analysed using GCMS. The extracts were compared to a standard curve of ethanol, isoamyl alcohol and isobutyl alcohol were quantified.
Based on analysis of the alcohols. degradation of sodium isopropyl xanthate (SIPX), was found to be 100% under the experimental conditions and degradation of potassium amyl xanthate was found to give 93% under the experimental conditions , potassium isobutyl xanthate was found to give 94%, sodium isobutyl xanthate was found to give 96% under the experimental conditions . However, no xanthates could be found at the end of the exposure period.
To confirm that potassium salts will behave in a similar manner, potassium xanthates was added to simulated gastric fluid under the same conditions as the sodium salts above. A liquid-liquid extraction was performed with ethyl acetate and the organic solvent analysed using GCMS. Isoamyl alcohol was observed in the resulting gas chromatogram, as expected.
NMR spectroscopy did not provide any further evidence of the presence of xanthate post addition to gastric fluid.
To confirm that the sodium or potassium remains in solution as the chloride salt, ICP-OES analysis was carried out on the aqueous phase of the reaction mixture, as well as on the simulated gastric fluid with the difference between the two measurements being an indication of how much sodium or potassium has been added as a result of the xanthate degradation. The analysis showed increased levels of potassium and sodium in the gastric fluid phase upon addition of potassium and sodium xanthates respectively. This provides further evidence that the potassium salts behave in a similar manner to the sodium salts under the experimental conditions.
The increase in sodium could not be quantified owing to the high levels of Na observed, and the addition of Na from processing.
For Potassium Xanthates, a significant increase in potassium was observed and the potassium and sodium salts can be considered as behaving in identical manner.
Carbon disulphide was not detected and due to limitations of the methods detection of carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide was not possible. There was no reported odour of carbon dislulphide.
Data source
Referenceopen allclose all
- Reference Type:
- review article or handbook
- Title:
- Thirty-day inhalation toxicity study with potassium amyl xanthate
- Author:
- Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,
- Year:
- 1 994
- Bibliographic source:
- Cheminfo 202, 1994.
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- A 30-day Repeated Inhalation Toxicity Study of Potassium Amyl Xanthate (Z-6) in Laboratory Animals”,
- Author:
- Dow Chemical Company
- Year:
- 1 976
- Bibliographic source:
- Dow Chemical Company, Michigan, USA, 1976.
- Reference Type:
- review article or handbook
- Title:
- Full Public Report Sodium Ethyl Xanthate Priority Existing Chemical No. 5
- Author:
- Australian Government Publishing Service Canberra
- Year:
- 1 995
- Bibliographic source:
- Australian Government Publishing Service Canberra
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 412 (Subacute Inhalation Toxicity: 28-Day Study)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Potassium O-pentyl dithiocarbonate
- EC Number:
- 220-329-5
- EC Name:
- Potassium O-pentyl dithiocarbonate
- Cas Number:
- 2720-73-2
- Molecular formula:
- C6H12OS2.K
- IUPAC Name:
- potassium O-pentyl dithiocarbonate
- Reference substance name:
- Potassium amyl xanthate
- IUPAC Name:
- Potassium amyl xanthate
- Test material form:
- aerosol dispenser: not specified
- Remarks:
- migrated information: aerosol
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
Test animals
- Species:
- dog
- Strain:
- Beagle
- Sex:
- male
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- inhalation: aerosol
- Type of inhalation exposure:
- whole body
- Vehicle:
- air
- Remarks on MMAD:
- MMAD / GSD: Analysis of the particle size indicated that all the particles at the lower dose of 100 mg/m3 were less than 10μm in diameter while approximately 80% of the particles had a diameter of 10μm or less at a dose of 800 mg/m3. It is not possible to state from the description of the exposure method whether air flow was dynamic or static.
- Details on inhalation exposure:
- Animals were exposed to potassium amyl xanthate as an aqueous aerosol. Attempts at dust exposure were unsuccessful as potassium amyl xanthate is hygroscopic.
Animals were exposed to concentrations of 0, 100 and 800 mg/m3 of potassium amyl xanthate. These concentrations were equivalent to actual doses of 0, 23 and 252 mg/m3. Analysis of the particle size indicated that all the particles at the lower dose of 100 mg/m3 were less than 10μm in diameter while approximately 80% of the particles had a diameter of 10μm or less at a dose of 800 mg/m3. It is not possible to state from the description of the exposure method whether air flow was dynamic or static.
Exposure levels for the study were established by a preliminary experiment. In the preliminary experiment, three groups of 10 male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to concentrations of 0, 200 or 800 mg/m3 of potassium amyl xanthate, 6 hrs daily for 10 exposures in 2 weeks. No signs of toxicity were observed in animals exposed to a concentration of 200 mg/m3. Rats exposed to a concentration of 800 mg/m3 showed a statistically significant decrease in body weight after the fifth exposure. Recovery of the body weight occurred within 4 days and may not have been exposure related.
The only substance related adverse effect observed was a yellow-brown staining of the hair coat of the rats.
Overexposure of the animals exposed to a concentration of 800 mg/m3 occurred because of a technical problem in the aerosol generating apparatus. - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 30-day
- Frequency of treatment:
- 6 hrs daily, 5 days a week for a total of 20 exposures in 1 month
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/m³ air (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Control
- Dose / conc.:
- 100 mg/m³ air (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:100 mg/m3Basis:nominal conc.
- Dose / conc.:
- 800 mg/m³ air (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:800 mg/m3Basis:nominal conc.
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 2
- Control animals:
- yes
- Details on study design:
- In the 30-day study, three groups of animals, each consisting of 10 male Swiss- Webster mice, 10 male Sprague-Dawley rats, 4 male New Zealand White rabbits and 2 male beagle dogs were exposed to either filtered room air or to concentrations of 100 or 800 mg/m3 of potassium amyl xanthate. Whole body exposure was for 6 hrs daily, 5 days a week for a total of 20 exposures in 1 month.
Ten mice of the 800 mg/m3 group died along with 5/6 replacement mice.
The animals were observed during the exposures and body weights were recorded three times a week throughout the experiment. Body weight data, organ to body weight ratios and clinical laboratory parameters were analysed statistically using analysis of variance and Dunnett’s test.
Most of the mice died when exposed to 800 mg/m3. Five of the 16 mice that died showed convulsions and hyperactivity prior to death. The adverse effects produced by the two doses of potassium amyl xanthate are shown in Table 1. - Positive control:
- no data
Examinations
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- Animals were exposed to concentrations of 0, 100 and 800 mg/m3 of potassium amyl xanthate. These concentrations were equivalent to actual doses of 0, 23 and 252 mg/m3. Analysis of the particle size indicated that all the particles at the lower dose of 100 mg/m3 were less than 10μm in diameter while approximately 80% of the particles had a diameter of 10μm or less at a dose of 800 mg/m3. It is not possible to state from the description of the exposure method whether air flow was dynamic or static.
Exposure levels for the study were established by a preliminary experiment. In the preliminary experiment, three groups of 10 male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to concentrations of 0, 200 or 800 mg/m3 of potassium amyl xanthate, 6 hrs daily for 10 exposures in 2 weeks. No signs of toxicity were observed in animals exposed to a concentration of 200 mg/m3. Rats exposed to a concentration of 800 mg/m3 showed a statistically significant decrease in body weight after the fifth exposure. Recovery of the body weight occurred within 4 days and may not have been exposure related.
The only substance related adverse effect observed was a yellow-brown staining of the hair coat of the rats.
Overexposure of the animals exposed to a concentration of 800 mg/m3 occurred because of a technical problem in the aerosol generating apparatus. - Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes, the presence of tumours in the lungs, liver, kidneys, pancreas, spleen and any other organs were recorded.
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes, the lungs, liver, kidneys, pancreas, spleen and any other organs with tumours were sampled at necropsy. - Other examinations:
- See table 1.
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- See table 1.
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Description (incidence):
- See table 1.
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- See table 1.
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not examined
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No statistically significant treatment related effects were observed.See table 1.
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No statistically significant treatment related effects were observed.See table 1.
- Endocrine findings:
- no effects observed
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No significant differences were observed between the test and control groups. See table 1.
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No significant differences were observed between the test and control groups. See table 1.
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No significant differences were observed between the test and control groups. See table 1.
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No significant differences were observed between the test and control groups. See table 1.
Effect levels
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect level:
- 100 mg/m³ air (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Hepatotoxic effects
Target system / organ toxicity
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table 1 Results of repeated inhalation study with potassium amyl xanthate in laboratory animals
|
| Dogs (2 animals)
| Rabbits (4 animals)
| Rats (10 animals)
| Mice (10,6 animals)
|
100 mg/m3
| Eyes
| No irritation
| No irritation
| No irritation
| No irritation
|
| Nasal effects
| No effects
| No effects
| No effects
| No effects
|
| Hair coat
| Yellow brown staining.
| Progressive yellow brown staining
| Yellow brown stainingof the hair coat of the rats.
| No staining
|
| Other effects
| Staining of the appendages and scrotum; ulceration of the skin in the scrotal region.
| None
| None
| None
|
| Body weight
| No change
| No change
| No change
| No change
|
| Organ weight
| No change
| No change
| No change
| Higher liver to body weight ratio than controls
|
| Liver enzyme changes
| Marked elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities
| No change
| No change
| No change
|
| Histopathology changes
| Hepatocellular degeneration, necrosis and inflammation
| No treatment related change
| No treatment related change
| No treatment related change
|
| Deaths
| None
| None
| None
| None
|
800 mg/m3
| Eye changes
| Excessive lacrimation
| Conjunctival redness
| No irritation
| No changes
|
| Nasal effects
| None
| None
| Reddish nasal discharge
| None
|
| Hair coat
| Yellow brown staining
| A more intense yellow brown
| Yellow brown staining
| No effects
|
| Skin
| Ulceration of the skin
| No effect
| No effect
| No effect
|
| Body weight
| No effect
| No effect
| No effect
| No effect
|
| Organ weight
| No change
| No change
| Higher liver to body weight ratio than controls
| Higher liver to body weight ratio than controls
|
| Liver enzyme changes
| Marked elevations of serum alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities.
| No changes
| High serum alanine aminotransferase activity
| No changes
|
| Histopathology changes
| Hepatocellular degeneration, necrosis and inflammation
| No changes
| Microscopically visible granular degeneration
| No changes
|
| Deaths
| None
| None
| One, but not related to exposure
| 10 from the original group and 5/6 replacement animals died. Convulsions hyperactivity in 5/16 prior to death.
|
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- The results of this study indicate that potassium amyl xanthate has an adverse effect on the the liver in dogs. There were no treatment-related changes in the haematological or urinalysis values in any of the animals.
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