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EC number: 278-174-4 | CAS number: 75284-35-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2020
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 221 (Lemna sp. Growth Inhibition Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Identification: FAT 11127/E TE
Batch: 2024 (Thailand)
Purity: 63.1% total inorganics, 36.9% total organics
Physical State/Appearance: Blue solid
Expiry Date: 06 February 2024
Storage Conditions: Room temperature in the dark - Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Samples of the freshly prepared test media on Days 0 and 2, and of the old media on Day 5 were taken for chemical analysis in order to determine the concentration of copper present.
An additional sample of each loading rate was prepared on Day 0 and incubated alongside the test until Day 7. Duplicate samples were taken on each occasion and stored frozen for further analysis if required. - Vehicle:
- yes
- Details on test solutions:
- In view of the difficulties associated with the evaluation of aquatic toxicity of poorly water soluble test items, a modification of the standard method for the preparation of aqueous media was performed. In cases where the test item is a complex mixture and is poorly soluble in water, an approach endorsed by several important regulatory authorities in the EU and elsewhere (ECETOC 1996, OECD 2019 and Singer et al 2000), is to expose organisms to a WAF of the test item. Using this approach, aqueous media are prepared by mixing the test item with water for a prolonged period. At the completion of mixing and following a settlement period, the test item phase is separated by siphon and the test organisms exposed to the aqueous phase or WAF (which may contain dissolved test item and/or leachates from the test item). Exposures are expressed in terms of the original concentration of test item in water at the start of the mixing period (loading rate) irrespective of the actual concentration of test item in the WAF.
- Test organisms (species):
- Lemna minor
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Lemna
- Strain: minor
- Source: A culture of Lemna minor was obtained from Canadian Phycological Culture Centre, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. - Test type:
- semi-static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 7 d
- Test temperature:
- 24 ±1 °C
- pH:
- 6.9 to 7.6
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Definitive test: 1.0, 3.2, 10, 32 and 100 mg/L.
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: Conical flask
- Type: closed
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: Size 500 mL
- Aeration: No
- Agitation: No
- No. of colonies per vessel: Each control and test flask was inoculated with 3 colonies of Lemna minor (total 10 fronds).
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): Two
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): Two
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: yes
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: The pH of the prepared culture medium was adjusted, if necessary, to 6.5 ±0.2 with either 1M HCl or NaOH
- Photoperiod: continuous illumination for 7 days.
- Light intensity and quality: 7000 lux.
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) :
- Determination of frond number: Manual counting
- Determination of biomass: dry weight
RANGE-FINDING STUDY
- Test concentrations: nominal loading rates of 1.0, 10 and 100 mg/L.
Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: The results showed no significant effect on growth at the test concentration of 1.0 mg/L
loading rate WAF. However, growth was observed to be reduced at 10 and 100 mg/L loading rate WAF. Based on this information nominal loading rates of 1.0, 3.2, 10, 32 and 100 mg/L were selected for the definitive test. - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- 3,5-dichlorophenol
- Key result
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EL50
- Effect conc.:
- > 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat. (total fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EL50
- Effect conc.:
- > 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat. (total fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EL50
- Effect conc.:
- 96 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat. (total fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- yield
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EL50
- Effect conc.:
- 97 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat. (total fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- yield
- Key result
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOELR
- Effect conc.:
- 10 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat. (total fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOELR
- Effect conc.:
- 32 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat. (total fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOELR
- Effect conc.:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat. (total fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- yield
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOELR
- Effect conc.:
- 10 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat. (total fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- yield
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- Positive control 3,5-dichlorophenol test results;
EC50 Growth rate Frond number: 3.4 mg/L.
EC50 Growth rate Dry weightr: 2.7 mg/L.
EC50 Yeild Frond number: 2.4 mg/L.
EC50 Yeild Dry weight: 2.3 mg/L.
NOEC Growth rate Frond number: 1.25 mg/L.
NOEC Growth rate Dry weightr: 1.25 mg/L.
NOEC Yeild Frond number: 0.625 mg/L.
NOEC Yeild Dry weight: 1.25 mg/L. - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- One way analysis of variance incorporating Bartlett's test for homogeneity of variance (Sokal and Rohlf, 1981), and Dunnett's multiple comparison procedure for comparing several treatments with a control (Dunnett, 1955), were carried out on the average specific growth
rate and yield data at 7 days for the control and all test concentrations to determine any statistically significant differences between the test and control groups. All statistical analyses were performed using the SAS computer software package (SAS, 1999-2001). - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The EL50 of Average Specific Growth Rate (Frond number) in Lemna minor study was found to be greater than 100 mg/L. Corresponding NOELR was reported to be 10 mg/L.
- Executive summary:
A study was performed to assess the effect of the test item on the growth of the freshwater plant Lemna minor. The method followed that described in the OECD Guideline No. 221 “Lemna sp. Growth Inhibition Test (March 2006)”.
Due to the low aqueous solubility and complex nature of the test item for the purposes of the study the test medium was prepared as a Water Accommodated Fraction (WAF) of the test item.
Following a preliminary range-finding test, Lemna minor was exposed to WAFs of the test item at nominal loading rates of 1.0, 3.2, 10, 32 and 100 mg/L (three replicate flasks per concentration) for a period of 7 days, under constant illumination at a temperature of 24 ±1 °C. The test solutions were renewed on Days 2 and 5.
The number of fronds in each control and treatment group was recorded on Days 0, 2, 5 and 7
along with observations on plant development.
The concentration of copper in the test preparations was determined in the freshly prepared test solutions on Days 0, 2 and 5, and in the corresponding aged test solutions on Days 2, 5 and 7 by copper analysis with inductively coupled plasma with mass spectrometric detection (ICP-MS) using an external standard.
Chemical analysis of the freshly prepared loading rates on Days 0, 2 and 5 showed measured copper concentrations to range from 0.015 to 2.6 mg/L (equivalent to 0.49 to 86 mg/L as test item based on a test item copper content of 2.99%). Chemical analysis of the corresponding aged test preparations on Days 2, 5 and 7 showed measured copper concentrations to range from 0.013 to 2.7 mg/L (equivalent to 0.42 to 91 mg/L as test item).
However, given that the toxicity cannot be attributed to a single component or a mixture of components but to the test item as a whole, the results were based on nominal loading rates only.
Exposure of Lemna minor to the test item gave the following results:
Response Variable
Measurement Variable
EL50
(mg/L)
No Observed Effect Loading
Rate (NOEL)
(mg/L)
Lowest Observed
Effect Loading Rate (LOEL) (mg/L)
Average Specific Growth Rate
Frond Number
>100
10
32
Dry Weight
>100
32
100
Yield
Frond Number
96
3.2
10
Dry Weight
97
10
32
Reference
Validation of Mixing Period:
Preliminary investigational work indicated that there was no significant increase in the amount of copper obtained when the preparation period was extended for longer than 24 hours. Therefore, for the purpose of testing the WAF was prepared using a stirring period of 23 hours followed by a 1-Hour settlement period.
Range finding test:
Verification of Test Concentrations: Chemical analysis of the freshly prepared test media on Day 0 showed measured copper concentrations to range from 0.013 to 2.5 mg/L. Analysis of the freshly prepared test media on Day 2 showed measured copper concentrations to range from 0.012 to 2.3 mg/L. Analysis of the corresponding aged preparations on Day 5 showed measured copper concentrations to range from 0.0086 to 2.3 mg/L. Analysis of samples prepared on Day 0 and incubated alongside the test prior to analysis on Day 7 showed measured copper concentrations to range from 0.0083 to 2.0 mg/L. Given the slight decline in the concentration of copper obtained between periods of media renewal it was considered appropriate to conduct the definitive test using a semi-static testing regime to maximize the concentrations of copper to which the lemna were exposed.
Definitive Test
Verification of test concentrations: Chemical analysis of the freshly prepared loading rates on Days 0, 2 and 5 showed measured copper concentrations to range from 0.015 to 2.6 mg/L (equivalent to 0.49 to 86 mg/L as test item based on a test item copper content of 2.99%). Chemical analysis of the corresponding aged test preparations on Days 2, 5 and 7 showed measured copper concentrations to range from 0.013 to 2.7 mg/L (equivalent to 0.42 to 91 mg/L as test item). However, given that the toxicity cannot be attributed to a single component or a mixture of
components but to the test item as a whole, the results were based on nominal loading rates only.
Validation Criteria
The following data show that the doubling time of the control cultures was 1.61 days in line with the OECD Guideline that states the doubling time should be less than 2.5 days:
Mean frond number in control cultures at day 0 : 10
Mean frond number in control cultures at day 7 : 162
Observations on Test Item Solubility
Observations on the test media were carried out during the mixing and testing of the WAFs. At the start and end of each mixing period, and following a 1-Hour settlement period the 1.0, 3.2, 10, 32 and 100 mg/L loading rate WAF preparations were observed to have formed purple/blue dispersions, the intensity and depth of colour of which increased with increasing loading rate. Visual inspection of the WAFs at the end of settlement showed there to be dispersed test item present in all loading rate WAFs and as such it was considered appropriate to remove the aqueous phase for testing by filtration through two glass wool plugs and two sheets of coarse filter paper.
For each period of media renewal, microscopic observations of the 1.0, 3.2 and 10 mg/L loading rate WAFs following filtration showed there to be no micro-dispersions of test item present.
For the media renewal on Day 2, microscopic observations of the 32 mg/L loading rate WAF following filtration showed there to be no micro-dispersions of test item present. On Days 0 and 5 some particles of test item were observed to be present under microscopic observation.
For each period of media renewal, visual observations of the 100 mg/L loading rate WAF following filtration showed there to be dispersed test item present. It was considered that in instances where undissolved test item remained following filtration, that further filtration would not have removed anymore of the dispersed test item present.
At the start, and throughout the duration of the test all control cultures were observed to be clear colorless solutions. The test cultures were observed to range from being extremely slight pale purple/blue solutions at 1.0 mg/L loading rate WAF through to opaque purple/blue dispersions at 100 mg/L loading rate WAF.
Description of key information
The EL50 in terms of Average Specific Growth Rate (Frond number) in Lemna minor study was found to be greater than 100 mg/L. Corresponding NOELR was reported to be 10 mg/L.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC50 for freshwater plants:
- 100 mg/L
- EC10 or NOEC for freshwater plants:
- 10 mg/L
Additional information
A study was performed to assess the effect of the test item on the growth of the freshwater plant Lemna minor. The method followed that described in the OECD Guideline No. 221 “Lemna sp. Growth Inhibition Test (March 2006)”.
Due to the low aqueous solubility and complex nature of the test item for the purposes of the study the test medium was prepared as a Water Accommodated Fraction (WAF) of the test item. Following a preliminary range-finding test, Lemna minor was exposed to WAFs of the test item at nominal loading rates of 1.0, 3.2, 10, 32 and 100 mg/L (three replicate flasks per concentration) for a period of 7 days, under constant illumination at a temperature of 24 ±1°C. The test solutions were renewed on Days 2 and 5. The number of fronds in each control and treatment group was recorded on Days 0, 2, 5 and 7 along with observations on plant development.
Exposure of Lemna minor to the test item gave the following results:
Response Variable |
Measurement Variable |
EL50 (mg/L) |
No Observed Effect Loading Rate (NOEL) (mg/L) |
Lowest Observed Effect Loading Rate (LOEL) (mg/L) |
Average Specific GrowthRate |
Frond Number |
>100 |
10 |
32 |
Dry Weight |
>100 |
32 |
100 |
|
Yield |
Frond Number |
96 |
3.2 |
10 |
Dry Weight |
97 |
10 |
32 |
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