N,N,N-trimethylanilinium chloride

Endpoint summary

Description of key information

Hydrolysis

On the basis of the experimental studies of the test chemical and applying the weight of evidence approach, the hydrolysis half-life value of the test chemical can be expected to be ranges from 29 days to 5 yrs, at pH range 5-9, respectively. Thus, based on this half-life value, it can be concluded that the test chemical is not hydrolysable in water.

Biodegradation in water

42-days Closed Bottle test following the OECD guideline 301 D to determine the ready biodegradability of the test chemical. The study was performed at a temperature of 20°C. The test system included control, test item and reference item. Polyseed were used for this study. 1 polyseed capsule were added in 500 ml D.I water and then stirred for 1 hour for proper mixing and functioning of inoculum. This gave the bacterial count as 10E7 to 10E8 CFU/ml. At the regular interval microbial plating was also performed on agar to confirm the vitality and CFU count of microorganism. The concentration of test and reference item (Sodium Benzoate) chosen for both the study was 4 mg/L, while that of inoculum was 32 ml/l. OECD mineral medium was used for the study. ThOD (Theoretical oxygen demand) of test and reference item was determined by calculation. % degradation was calculated using the values of BOD and ThOD for test item and reference item.The % degradation of procedure control (reference item) was also calculated using BOD & ThOD and was determined to be 73.49%. Degradation of Sodium Benzoate exceeds 46.38 % on 7 days & 60.24 % on 14th day. The activity of the inoculum was thus verified and the test can be considered as valid.The BOD42 value of test chemical was observed to be 1.15 mgO2/mg. ThOD was calculated as 2.14 mgO2/mg. Accordingly, the % degradation of the test item after 42 days of incubation at 20 ± 1°C according to Closed Bottle test was determined to be 53.73%. Based on the results, the test item, under the test conditions, was considered to be ultimate inherently biodegradable in nature.

Biodegradation in water and sediment

Estimation Programs Interface (2018) prediction model was run to predict the half-life in water and sediment for the test chemical. If released in to the environment, 19.5% of the chemical will partition into water according to the Mackay fugacity model level III and the half-life period of test chemical in water is estimated to be 15 days (360 hrs). The half-life (15 days estimated by EPI suite) indicates that the chemical is not persistent in water and the exposure risk to aquatic animals is moderate to low whereas the half-life period of test chemical in sediment is estimated to be 135 days (3240 hrs). However, as the percentage release of test chemical into the sediment is less than 1% (i.e, reported as 0.11%), indicates that test chemical is not persistent in sediment.

Biodegradation in soil

The half-life period of test chemical in soil was estimated using Level III Fugacity Model by EPI Suite version 4.1 estimation database (2018). If released into the environment, 80.4% of the chemical will partition into soil according to the Mackay fugacity model level III. The half-life period of test chemical in soil is estimated to be 30 days (720 hrs). Based on this half-life value of test chemical, it is concluded that the chemical is not persistent in the soil environment and the exposure risk to soil dwelling animals is moderate to low.

Bioaccumulation: aquatic / sediment

In accordance with column 2 of Annex IX of the REACH regulation,testing for this endpointis scientifically not necessary and does not need to be conducted since the test chemicalhas a low potential for bioaccumulation based on logKow ≤ 3.

Adsorption / desorption

The adsorption coefficient Koc in soil and in sewage sludge of test chemical was determined by the Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic method according to OECD Guideline No. 121 for testing of Chemicals (Experimental study report, 2017). The solutions of the test substance and reference substances were prepared in appropriate solvents. A test item solution was prepared by accurately weighing 4 mg of test item and diluted ACN up to 10 ml. Thus, the test solution concentration was 400 mg/l. The pH of test substance was 7.3. Each of the reference substance and test substance were analysed by HPLC at 210 nm. After equilibration of the HPLC system, Urea was injected first, the reference substances were injected in duplicate, followed by the test chemical solution in duplicate. Reference substances were injected again after test sample, no change in retention time of reference substances was observed. Retention time tR were measured, averaged and the decimal logarithms of the capacity factors k were calculated. The graph was plotted between log Koc versus log k(Annex - 2).The linear regression parameter of the relationship log Koc vs log k were also calculated from the data obtained with calibration samples and therewith, log Koc of the test substance was determined from its measured capacity factor. The reference substances were chosen according to estimated Koc range of the test substance and generalized calibration graph was prepared. The reference substances were 4-chloroaniline, 4-methylaniline(p-Tolouidine), N-methylaniline, p-toluamide, Aniline, 2,5- Dichloroaniline, 4-nitrophenol, 2 - nitrophenol, 2-nitrobenzamide, 3-nitrobenzamide, Nitrobenzene, 4 -Nitrobenzamide, 1-naphthylamine, 1-naphtol, Direct Red 81, Benzoic acid methylester, Carbendazim, Benzoic acid phenylester, Xylene, Ethylbenzene, Toluene, Naphthalene, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene, Pentachlorophenol, Phenol, N,N-dimethylbenzamide, 3,5-dinitrobenzamide, N-methylbenzamide, Benzamide, phenanthrene, DDT, Acetanilide having Koc value ranging from 1.25 to 5.63. The Log Koc value of test chemical was determined to be 0.857 ± 0.006 at 25°C. This log Koc value indicates that the test chemical has a negligible sorption to soil and sediment and therefore have rapid migration potential to ground water.

Additional information

Hydrolysis

Data available for the test chemical has been reviewed to determine the half-life of hydrolysis as a function of pH. The studies are as mentioned below:

 

The half-life value of test chemical was determined at a pH range 5-9 and at a temperature of 55°C, respectively. The estimated half-life value of test chemical was determined to be ranges from 29 to 146 days, respectively. Based on the half-life values, it is concluded that the test chemical is not hydrolysable.

 

In an another study, the base catalyzed second order hydrolysis rate constant and half-life value of test chemical was determined using a structure estimation method. The second order hydrolysis rate constant was determined to be 0.04 L/mol-sec with a corresponding half-life of 5 years and 200 days at pH 7 and 8, respectively. Based on the half-life values, it is concluded that the test chemical is not hydrolysable.

 

For the test chemical, the half-life of the test chemical was determined using an estimated pseudo-first order hydrolysis rate constant of 0.00000021/sec. The half-life of test chemical was determined to be 38 days at pH 7 and a temperature of 25°C, respectively. Based on the half-life values, it is concluded that the test chemical is not hydrolysable.

 

On the basis of the experimental studies of the test chemical and applying the weight of evidence approach, the hydrolysis half-life value of the test chemical can be expected to be ranges from 29 days to 5 yrs, at pH range 5-9, respectively. Thus, based on this half-life value, it can be concluded that the test chemical is not hydrolysable in water.

Biodegradation in water

Various experimental studies of the test chemical were reviewed for the biodegradation end point which are summarized as below:

 

In an experimental key study from study report (2017) for the test chemical,42-days Closed Bottle test following the OECD guideline 301 D to determine the ready biodegradability of the test chemical. The study was performed at a temperature of 20°C. The test system included control, test item and reference item. Polyseed were used for this study. 1 polyseed capsule were added in 500 ml D.I water and then stirred for 1 hour for proper mixing and functioning of inoculum. This gave the bacterial count as 10E7 to 10E8 CFU/ml. At the regular interval microbial plating was also performed on agar to confirm the vitality and CFU count of microorganism. The concentration of test and reference item (Sodium Benzoate) chosen for both the study was 4 mg/L, while that of inoculum was 32 ml/l. OECD mineral medium was used for the study. ThOD (Theoretical oxygen demand) of test and reference item was determined by calculation. % degradation was calculated using the values of BOD and ThOD for test item and reference item. The % degradation of procedure control (reference item) was also calculated using BOD & ThOD and was determined to be 73.49%. Degradation of Sodium Benzoate exceeds 46.38 % on 7 days & 60.24 % on 14th day. The activity of the inoculum was thus verified and the test can be considered as valid.The BOD42 value of test chemical was observed to be 1.15 mgO2/mg. ThOD was calculated as 2.14 mgO2/mg. Accordingly, the % degradation of the test item after 42 days of incubation at 20 ± 1°C according to Closed Bottle test was determined to be 53.73%. Based on the results, the test item, under the test conditions, was considered to be ultimate inherently biodegradable in nature.

 

Another biodegradation study was conducted with an electrolytic respirometerfor 14 days for evaluating the percentage biodegradability of test chemical at a temperature of 20± 1°C and pH 7 ± 1 (Kohei Urano et. al.). Activated sludge was used as a test inoculums for the study. Concentration of inoculum i.e, sludge used was 30 mg/l and initial test substance conc. used in the study was 100 mg/l, respectively. JIS inorganic medium (1ml/300 ml) was used as a test medium for the study. The measurements of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) curves and the concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were repeated two or three times for the test compound, and the reproducibilities were confirmed. The biodegradability rank of test chemical was evaluated to be D, indicating that the chemical is difficult to degrade. The percentage degradation of test chemical was determined to be 50% by BOD and ThOD parameter in > 10 days. Thus, based on percentage degradation, test chemical is considered to be inherently biodegradable in nature.

On the basis of above results for test chemical, it can be concluded that the test chemical can be expected to be ultimate inherently biodegradable in nature.

Biodegradation in water and sediment

Estimation Programs Interface (2018) prediction model was run to predict the half-life in water and sediment for the test chemical. If released in to the environment, 19.5% of the chemical will partition into water according to the Mackay fugacity model level III and the half-life period of test chemical in water is estimated to be 15 days (360 hrs). The half-life (15 days estimated by EPI suite) indicates that the chemical is not persistent in water and the exposure risk to aquatic animals is moderate to low whereas the half-life period of test chemical in sediment is estimated to be 135 days (3240 hrs). However, as the percentage release of test chemical into the sediment is less than 1% (i.e, reported as 0.11%), indicates that test chemical is not persistent in sediment.

Biodegradation in soil

The half-life period of test chemical in soil was estimated using Level III Fugacity Model by EPI Suite version 4.1 estimation database (2018). If released into the environment, 80.4% of the chemical will partition into soil according to the Mackay fugacity model level III. The half-life period of test chemical in soil is estimated to be 30 days (720 hrs). Based on this half-life value of test chemical, it is concluded that the chemical is not persistent in the soil environment and the exposure risk to soil dwelling animals is moderate to low.

On the basis of available information, the test chemicalcan be considered to be ultimate inherently biodegradable in nature.

Bioaccumulation: aquatic / sediment

In accordance with column 2 of Annex IX of the REACH regulation,testing for this endpointis scientifically not necessary and does not need to be conducted since the test chemicalhas a low potential for bioaccumulation based on logKow ≤ 3.

Adsorption / desorption

Various experimental studies of the test chemical were reviewed for the adsorption end point which are summarized as below:

In an experimental key study from study report (2017), the adsorption coefficient Koc in soil and in sewage sludge of test chemical was determined by the Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic method according to OECD Guideline No. 121 for testing of Chemicals. The solutions of the test substance and reference substances were prepared in appropriate solvents. A test item solution was prepared by accurately weighing 4 mg of test item and diluted ACN up to 10 ml. Thus, the test solution concentration was 400 mg/l. The pH of test substance was 7.3. Each of the reference substance and test substance were analysed by HPLC at 210 nm. After equilibration of the HPLC system, Urea was injected first, the reference substances were injected in duplicate, followed by the test chemical solution in duplicate. Reference substances were injected again after test sample, no change in retention time of reference substances was observed. Retention time tR were measured, averaged and the decimal logarithms of the capacity factors k were calculated. The graph was plotted between log Koc versus log k(Annex - 2).The linear regression parameter of the relationship log Koc vs log k were also calculated from the data obtained with calibration samples and therewith, log Koc of the test substance was determined from its measured capacity factor. The reference substances were chosen according to estimated Koc range of the test substance and generalized calibration graph was prepared. The reference substances were 4-chloroaniline, 4-methylaniline(p-Tolouidine), N-methylaniline, p-toluamide, Aniline, 2,5- Dichloroaniline, 4-nitrophenol, 2 - nitrophenol, 2-nitrobenzamide, 3-nitrobenzamide, Nitrobenzene, 4 -Nitrobenzamide, 1-naphthylamine, 1-naphtol, Direct Red 81, Benzoic acid methylester, Carbendazim, Benzoic acid phenylester, Xylene, Ethylbenzene, Toluene, Naphthalene, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene, Pentachlorophenol, Phenol, N,N-dimethylbenzamide, 3,5-dinitrobenzamide, N-methylbenzamide, Benzamide, phenanthrene, DDT, Acetanilide having Koc value ranging from 1.25 to 5.63. The Log Koc value of test chemical was determined to be 0.857 ± 0.006 at 25°C. This log Koc value indicates that the test chemical has a negligible sorption to soil and sediment and therefore have rapid migration potential to ground water.

 

Another adsorption study was conducted for evaluating the adsorption capacity of test chemical onto sodium montmorillonite clay(Yasser El-Nahhal et. al., 2000). Test chemical Phenyltrimethyl ammonium chloride was obtained as chloride salts from Aldrich Chemical Co. Test chemical conc. used for the study were 0.3 to 6.0 M/kg, respectively. The clay used was sodium montmorillonite SWy-2 (Mont) obtained from the Source Clays Repository, Clay Minerals Society, Columbia, MO. For measuring the adsorption of the cation (test chemical), aliquots of an aqueous 0.01 M solution of the cation were added to 5 mL of a 1% clay mineral suspension. The final volume was brought to 50 mL with distilled water. The suspensions were equilibrated by continuous horizontal agitation for 48 h. The supernatants were separated by centrifugation at 15000g. The concentration of the organic cation at each filtrate was determined by measuring the optical density at 254 nm using a UV-vis spectrophotometer. In certain cases the measurements also employed a CHNSO analyser. The binding coefficients K and Ќ of the test chemical was determined. FTIR spectroscopy was used to examine the interaction of test chemical with the clay surfaces. The FTIR spectra were recorded at room temperature in the range of 4000-600/cm. Adsorption of test chemical was also measured in the presence of 50, 100 and 500 mM NaCl. Adsorption data were subjected to analysis of variance, and main effects and interactions were tested for significance using repeated measures ANOVA. Means of adsorption data were compared by linear regression analysis. Univariate comparisons of mean growth inhibition at different depths were performed by Tukey’s test (R ) 0.05).Although the adsorption coefficient (Koc) value of test chemical was not known. the results demonstrate that when the added amount of test chemical is up to about half of the CEC of montmorillonite, most of the added amount is adsorbed, whereas when the added amount is twice the CEC, the fraction adsorbed is less than half. When the added amount of test chemical is 5-fold of the CEC or above, the adsorbed amount exceeds the CEC.It can be deduced that its binding coefficient for adsorption on montmorillonite is at least several fold larger than those of the exchangeable cations. The binding coefficient of test chemical was determined to be1500/M and 300/M, respectively. Based on these, it indicates that the test chemical was adsorbed onto the sodium montmorillonite clay.

 

Although study from peer reviewed journal indicates that the adsorption of test chemical on sodium montmorillonite clay takes place, but as this study has been performed using artificial sodium montmorillonite clay; thus as per proceeding with the experimental study report result (in which study has been performed using natural soil/sewage sludge), it has been concluded that the test chemical has a negligible sorption to soil and sediment and therefore have rapid migration potential to ground water.