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EC number: 231-820-9 | CAS number: 7757-82-6
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From Source: SODIUM SULPHATE CAS N°: 7757-82-6 OECD SIDS April 2005
Toxicokinetics, Metabolism and Distribution
Sulfate is a normal constituent of the blood and is a normal metabolite of sulfur-containing amino acids, and excess sulfate is excreted in the urine. Daily sulfate excretion is reported to be 0.20 to 0.25 mmol/kg bw/day and higher in children (Health Canada, 1994).
In humans, absorption of small amounts of sulfate from the gut occurs rapidly and almost completely. In a study with 8 volunteers, small amounts (60-80 mCi) of radioactive sulfate-35 (35S) were administered orally or intravenously. Plasma equilibrium was reached within 60 to 105 and 60 to 90 minutes respectively, and in both cases 80% or more of the administered amount of radioactivity was recovered in the urine within 24 hours (Bauer et al.,1976). In contrast, absorption studies with very large amounts of sodium sulfate (18.1 gram as decahydrate = 8 g as Na2SO4) demonstrated incomplete absorption (53% urinary recovery of sulfate in 72 hours), which was associated with severe diarrhea (Cocchetto and Levy, 1981). When the same amount was given in four fractions over several hours, urinary recovery was 62% in 72 hours and no or only mild diarrhea occurred. Similar results were obtained with magnesium sulfate, although absorption seems to be less complete and more erratic, thus leading to more adverse effects (Morris and Levy, 1983). Apparently, the capacity of intestinal transport mechanism for sulfates can be exceeded. In a human volunteer study described 3.1.2 (Heizer 1999), 40-80% of a single dose of 63 mg/kg of sodium sulfate was resorbed and excreted in urine. Effects of saturation of absorption could not be detected over a dose range of 21-63 mg/kg/day in the range-finding part of this study.
After absorption free sulfate ions rapidly distribute over the extracellular space, the apparent volume of distribution being ~ 20% of the body volume. The serum concentration of sulfate in humans ranges between 1.4 and 4.8 mg/100 mL, with a mean of about 3.1 mg/100 mL. Excretion is mainly in urine. The renal clearance is approximately one third of the glomerular filtration rate, indication tubular re-absorption. However, the total free sulfate excretion rate is not dependent on urine flow rate. Organically bound sulfate may follow different excretion patterns. (Cocchetto and Levi, 1981).
About 800 mg of elemental sulfur are eliminated daily through the urine of humans, compared with 140 mg in the faeces. (ICRP, 1984) Some 85% of urinary sulfur is present as inorganic sulfates and a further 10% as organic sulfates, whereas the remainder is excreted as conjugated alkyl sulfates (Diem, 1972).
Similar data are available from experimental animals: In a study on male Wistar rats using 35S labeled Na2SO4, rapid and almost complete absorption occurred. When the radioactively labeled material was added to a large amount of unlabeled sodium sulfate and subsequently orally administered, the plasma peak occurred at the same time, but the amount of radioactivity decreased as the dose of unlabeled sulfate increased. This indicates that there is a saturation of the absorption mechanism (Krijgsheld, 1979). In male adult Wistar rats, approximately 73% of dietary calcium or magnesium sulfate salts was absorbed, although absorption was partly dependent on other dietary elements (Health Canada, 1994).
Since disturbances in sulfate metabolism are possibly associated with only one rare form of inherited dwarfism, this area is largely unexplored. Therefore, no attempts have been made to fully describe sulfate metabolism. Sulfate incorporation has been observed with such biologically important compounds as chondroitin, fibrinogen, l-tyrosine derivatives, bilirubin, and steroids. A number of amino acids contain sulfur and take part in the sulfate cycle. Hydrolytic (sulfatase) activity has been demonstrated in liver, kidney, pancreas, serum, and urine. Sulfates play an important role in sulfoconjugation processes, which are of great importance in a variety of detoxification/excretion processes (Percy, 1964).
In ruminants, excess amounts of sodium sulfate in feed may result in considerable toxicity due to formation of sulfides through bacterial action in the rumen.
Conclusion: relatively large amounts of sodium sulfate are normally taken up by the gut from food and drinking water through a saturable mechanism. Absorbed sodium and sulfate ions circulate freely throughout the entire body and form part of a large intra- and extracellular sodium and sulfate pool respectively. Sulfates are normally incorporated in a great variety of body compounds and as such essential to life.
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