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Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 428-100-3 | CAS number: 94239-04-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.687 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 75
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 54.41 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
DNEL related information
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 37.5
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.13 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 300
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Additional information - workers
The DNEL for worker acute inhalation exposure is derived as follows:
Step 1)
Description: Relevant dose-descriptor
Value: NOAEL: 451 ppm = 451 ppm X 165.0883 (MW) = 74454.8233 / 24.45 = 3045.18705 mg/m3
Remark: This is the concentration where no mortality was produced in a 4-hour LC50 rat inhalation study. Effects at this level included clinical observations that resolved within 2-4 days.
Step 2)
Description: Modification of starting point for differences in respiratory volumes
Value: 0.67 (6.7 m3/10 m3)
Remark: A modification was applied to account for the increased respiratory volumes in active workers as compared to individuals at rest per REACH guidance R.8.4.2.
Step 3)
Description: Assessment Factor: Route–to-route extrapolation
Value: 1
Remark: A factor of 1 is appropriate per REACH guidance R.8.4.2 (inhalation to inhalation).
Description: Assessment Factor: Animal-to-man scaling factor (Allometric scaling)
Value: 1
Remark: A factor of 1 is appropriate since the adjusted start point was via mg/m3(inhalation) and thus this assessment factor is not applicable per REACH guidance R.8.4.3.1.
Description: Assessment factor - Interspecies
Value: 2.5
Remark: A default factor of 2.5 is appropriate per REACH guidance R.8.4.3.1.
Description: Assessment factor – Intraspecies
Value: 5
Remark: This is a default assessment factor for workers per REACH Guidance R.8.4.3.1.
Description: Assessment factor – Exposure duration
Value: 1
Remark: Acute to acute.
Description: Assessment factor – Dose response
Value: 3
Remark: A factor of 3 s appropriate since the dose descriptor is a concentration at which reversible clinical observations were produced.
Description: Assessment factor – Quality of database
Value: 1
Remark: A factor of 1 is appropriate because the database is considered to be adequately robust.
Description: DNEL worker acute inhalation
Value: 54.41 mg/m3
Remark: 3045.18705 x 0.67 = 2040.27532/ (1 x 1 x 2.5 x 5 x 1 x 3 x 1) = 54.41 mg/m3
The DNEL for worker long-term dermal exposure is derived as follows:
Step 1)
Description: Relevant dose-descriptor
Value: NOAEL: 15.2 ppm = 15.2 ppm X 165.0883 (MW) = 2509.3422 / 24.45 = 102.6 mg/m3
Remark: This is the concentration where no significant adverse effects were seen in a 28-day rat inhalation study.
Step 2)
Description: Modification of starting point for rat respiratory volume (Allometric scaling)
Value: 0.38 m3/kg bw (rat 8-hour respiratory volume)
Remark: A modification of starting point for rat respiratory volume was applied per REACH guidance R.8.4.2.
Step 3)
Description: Assessment Factor: Route–to-route extrapolation
Value: 1
Remark: A factor of 1 is appropriate per REACH guidance R.8.4.2 (inhalation to dermal).
Description: Assessment Factor: Animal-to-man scaling factor (Allometric scaling)
Value: 4
Remark: A factor of 4 is appropriate since the adjusted start point was via mg/kg per REACH guidance R.8.4.3.1.
Description: Assessment factor - Interspecies
Value: 2.5
Remark: A default factor of 2.5 is appropriate per REACH guidance R.8.4.3.1.
Description: Assessment factor – Intraspecies
Value: 5
Remark: This is a default assessment factor for workers per REACH Guidance R.8.4.3.1.
Description: Assessment factor – Exposure duration
Value: 6
Remark: This is a default assessment factor for a sub-acute study per REACH Guidance R.8.4.3.1.
Description: Assessment factor – Dose response
Value: 1
Remark: A factor of 1 is appropriate since the dose descriptor is a NOAEL.
Description: Assessment factor – Quality of database
Value: 1
Remark: A factor of 1 is appropriate because the database is considered to be adequately robust.
Description: DNEL worker long term dermal
Value: 0.9 mg/kg
Remark: 102.6 x 0.38 / (1 x 4 x 2.5 x 5 x 6 x 1 x 1) = 0.13 mg/kg
The DNEL for worker long-term inhalation exposure is derived as follows:
Step 1)
Description: Relevant dose-descriptor
Value: NOAEL: 15.2 ppm = 15.2 ppm X 165.0883 (MW) = 2509.3422 / 24.45 = 102.6 mg/m3
Remark: This is the concentration where no significant adverse effects were seen in a 28-day rat inhalation study.
Step 2)
Description: Modification of starting point for worker exposure time
Value: 0.75 (6-hr/8-hr)
Remark: A modification of starting point for worker exposure time as compared to animals exposure time was applied per REACH guidance R.8.4.2.
Description: Modification of starting point for differences in respiratory volumes
Value: 0.67 (6.7 m3/10 m3)
Remark: A modification was applied to account for the increased respiratory volumes in active workers as compared to individuals at rest per REACH guidance R.8.4.2.
Step 3)
Description: Assessment Factor: Route–to-route extrapolation
Value: 1
Remark: A factor of 1 is appropriate per REACH guidance R.8.4.2 (inhalation to inhalation).
Description: Assessment Factor: Animal-to-man scaling factor (Allometric scaling)
Value: 1
Remark: A factor of 1 is appropriate since the adjusted start point was via mg/m3 (inhalation) and thus this assessment factor is not applicable per REACH guidance R.8.4.3.1.
Description: Assessment factor - Interspecies
Value: 2.5
Remark: A default factor of 2.5 is appropriate per REACH guidance R.8.4.3.1.
Description: Assessment factor – Intraspecies
Value: 5
Remark: This is a default assessment factor for workers per REACH Guidance R.8.4.3.1.
Description: Assessment factor – Exposure duration
Value: 6
Remark: This is a default assessment factor for a sub-acute study per REACH Guidance R.8.4.3.1.
Description: Assessment factor – Dose response
Value: 1
Remark: A factor of 1 is appropriate since the dose descriptor is a NOAEL.
Description: Assessment factor – Quality of database
Value: 1
Remark: A factor of 1 is appropriate because the database is considered to be adequately robust.
Description: DNEL worker long term inhalation
Value: 0.687 mg/m3
Remark: 102.6 X 0.75 x 0.67 / (1 x 1 x 2.5 x 5 x 6 x 1 x 1) = 0.687 mg/m3
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.17 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 150
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 1.1 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 200
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Additional information - General Population
The DNEL for general population long-term inhalation exposure is derived as follows:
Step 1)
Description: Relevant dose-descriptor
Value: NOAEL: 15.2 ppm = 15.2 ppm X 165.0883 (MW) = 2509.3422 / 24.45 = 102.6 mg/m3
Remark: This is the concentration where no significant adverse effects were seen in a 28-day rat inhalation study.
Step 2)
Description: Modification of starting point for general population exposure time
Value: 0.25 (6-hr/24-hr)
Remark: A modification of starting point for general population exposure time as compared to animals exposure time was applied per REACH guidance R.8.4.2. – p. 27
Step 3)
Description: Assessment Factor: Route–to-route extrapolation
Value: 1
Remark: A factor of 1 is appropriate per REACH guidance R.8.4.2 (inhalation to inhalation).
Description: Assessment Factor: Animal-to-man scaling factor (Allometric scaling)
Value: 1
Remark: A factor of 1 is appropriate since the adjusted start point was via mg/m3(inhalation) and thus this assessment factor is not applicable per REACH guidance R.8.4.3.1.
Description: Assessment factor - Interspecies
Value: 2.5
Remark: A default factor of 2.5 is appropriate per REACH guidance R.8.4.3.1.
Description: Assessment factor – Intraspecies
Value: 10
Remark: This is a default assessment factor for general population per REACH Guidance R.8.4.3.1.
Description: Assessment factor – Exposure duration
Value: 6
Remark: This is a default assessment factor for a sub-acute study per REACH Guidance R.8.4.3.1.
Description: Assessment factor – Dose response
Value: 1
Remark: A factor of 1 is appropriate since the dose descriptor is a NOAEL.
Description: Assessment factor – Quality of database
Value: 1
Remark: A factor of 1 is appropriate because the database is considered to be adequately robust.
Description: DNEL general population long term inhalation
Value: 0.17 mg/m3
Remark: 102.6 x 0.25/ (1x1x2.5x10x6x1x1) = 0.17 mg/m3
The DNEL for general population long-term oral exposure is derived as follows:
Step 1)
Description: Relevant dose-descriptor
Value: NOAEL: 218.8 mg/kg/day
Remark: This is the concentration where no significant adverse effects were seen in a 90-day rat inhalation study.
Step 2)
Description: Assessment Factor: Route–to-route extrapolation
Value: 1
Remark: A factor of 1 is appropriate per REACH guidance R.8.4.2 (oral to oral).
Description: Assessment Factor: Animal-to-man scaling factor (Allometric scaling)
Value: 4
Remark: A factor of 4 is appropriate since the adjusted start point was via mg/kg per REACH guidance R.8.4.3.1.
Description: Assessment factor - Interspecies
Value: 2.5
Remark: A default factor of 2.5 is appropriate per REACH guidance R.8.4.3.1.
Description: Assessment factor – Intraspecies
Value: 10
Remark: This is a default assessment factor for general population per REACH Guidance R.8.4.3.1.
Description: Assessment factor – Exposure duration
Value: 2
Remark: This is a default assessment factor for a sub-chronic study per REACH Guidance R.8.4.3.1.
Description: Assessment factor – Dose response
Value: 1
Remark: A factor of 1 is appropriate since the dose descriptor is a NOAEL.
Description: Assessment factor – Quality of database
Value: 1
Remark: A factor of 1 is appropriate because the database is considered to be adequately robust.
Description: DNEL general population long term oral
Value: 1.1 mg/kg
Remark: 218.8 / (1 x 4 x 2.5 x 10 x 2 x 1 x 1) = 218.8/200 = 1.1 mg/kg
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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