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Phenol, paraalkylation products with C10-15 branched olefins (C12 rich) derived from propene oligomerization, carbonates, calcium salts, overbased, sulfurized, including distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated, solvent-refined, solvent-dewaxed, or catalytic dewaxed, light or heavy paraffinic C15-C50
EC number: 701-251-5 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Skin sensitisation
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- skin sensitisation: in vivo (non-LLNA)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 5th August to 20th September 1996
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: The study is a well-documented study in humans. The study was subject to a Quality Assurance review.
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- A Repeated Insult Patch Test with the test material was conducted by Hill Top Research, Inc., for Chevron Research and Technology Company. The test site location for this study was Norwood, Ohio.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the test article for the induction of contact sensitization by repetitive applications to the skin of human volunteers and to report any irritation observed with the test article. The design utilized was an adaptation of the Draize Patch Test.
The testing design consisted of the following:
A. INDUCTION PERIOD - Repetitive application of test article to the same site on the skin for approximately three weeks.
B. REST PERIOD - Following the induction period, the subjects did not receive any application of test article for approximately two weeks.
C. CHALLENGE - Application of test article to a naive site to test for reactions indicative of contact sensitization.
The two test articles listed below were tested simultaneously in this study employing the referenced concentrations, dose quantities, and patch types:
HTR Code Sponsor Code Patch Type Concentration Method and Quantity of Application Patch
A Mineral Oil, U.S.P. * Undiluted 0.1 ml dispensed using an Eppendorf® Semi-Automatic pipette
B Chevron test material * Undiluted 0.1 ml dispensed using a 2.5 cc syringe
C Chevron tes material * 50% w/w in Mineral Oil 0.1 ml dispensed using a 2.5 cc syringe
*Semi-occluded using Webril® pads (Professional Medical Products, Inc.) secured on two opposing sides with hypoallergenic tape (Blenderm®). Patches for the main phase of this study were occluded patches instead of semi-occluded.
Each test article was applied to sites on the skin of the deltoid region of the upper arm for a contact period of 24 (±1) hours per application. Induction applications were made three times per week for three successive weeks. The nine applications made during these three weeks were termed Induction Application Nos. 1 through 9, respectively. During the fourth week (on Monday), any subject who was absent for one of the regularly scheduled induction applications received a make-up induction application.
All induction applications for an individual test article were made to the same site (the site receiving the original test article at Induction Application No. 1) unless reactions become so strong as to make this inadvisable. Assessment of a score of Grade 2 or greater is considered to be a strong reaction. In this case, subsequent applications of the offending test article was made to an adjacent area, and a second change of site was made if a second strong reaction occurred. If a third strong reaction to the test article was manifested, patches of this test article were discontinued until after the rest period has been completed. The use of a first and second adjacent site was identified on the source document as M and M-1 sites, respectively, to indicate movement of test site from the original (O) application site.
A 10 to 17-day rest period followed the final induction application. Following the rest period, on the sixth week, a challenge application of the test articles were made to each subject. During the challenge application, the test articles remained in contact with the skin for a period of 24 (±1) hours. Challenge consisted of application to a naive site located away from the original (O) application site on the opposite arm. Observations at a naive site provided a basis for an interpretation of contact sensitization.
The study protocol was followed.
In the opinion of the Investigator, none of the deviations that occurred affected the integrity of the study. - GLP compliance:
- no
- Remarks:
- Not applicable, however, the study was reviewed by the Quality Assurance Department of the test facility.
- Type of study:
- patch test
- Justification for non-LLNA method:
- Existing study
- Species:
- human
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals and environmental conditions:
- Prior to entrance into the study, written informed consent was obtained from each subject. Urine pregnancy tests were given to all females of childbearing potential at study start, week three, and study end.
One hundred forty-six (115 females and 31 males) subjects were enrolled in the study.
Twenty-six subjects dropped from the study.
A total of twenty-four (24) subjects completed the pilot phase. Eleven (11) subjects tested Test Article B, and thirteen (13) subjects tested Test Article C.
A total of ninty-six subjects completed the main phase of this study. One hundred twenty subjects completed the study.
Twenty-four subjects (17 females and 7 males) completed the pilot phase of this study. One hundred and four subjects (84 females and 20 males) completed the main phase of this study. All subjects were between the ages of 25 and 60. - Route:
- epicutaneous, occlusive
- Vehicle:
- other: Mineral Oil used in pilot study
- Concentration / amount:
- Pilot Study: 0.1 ml of mineral oil, undiluted test material & 50% diluted test material in mineral oil
Main Study Induction phase: 0.1 ml of mineral oil & undiluted test material
Main Study Challenge phase: 0.1 ml of mineral oil & undiluted test material - Route:
- epicutaneous, occlusive
- Vehicle:
- other: Mineral Oil used in pilot study
- Concentration / amount:
- Pilot Study: 0.1 ml of mineral oil, undiluted test material & 50% diluted test material in mineral oil
Main Study Induction phase: 0.1 ml of mineral oil & undiluted test material
Main Study Challenge phase: 0.1 ml of mineral oil & undiluted test material - No. of animals per dose:
- Human Pilot Study: 24 total (17 females, 7 males)
Main Study: 104 (84 females, 20 males) - Details on study design:
- The study was a human repeat insult patch study.
No chemical analysis of dosing solution was performed.
For the pilot study a semi occluded Webril patch was used.
For the main studies occluded Webril patches were used.
During the pilot study the test material was tested diluted 50% in mineral oil and undiluted. Mineral oil served as a negative control. Testing was
conducted under semi-occluded patch conditions. Twenty-four subjects were tested; one half with each formulation. The pilot study included both induction and challenge phases.
The main study included 104 subjects. Each subjects was exposed to 100% concentration of the test material. Mineral oil served as the negative
control. Testing was conducted under occluded patch conditions.
The test material was applied to the skin of the deltoid region of the upper arm for 24 hours/application. Induction applications were made three
times/week for three successive weeks. During the fourth week any subject who was absent for one regularly scheduled induction application
received a make-up induction application. A 10 to 17 day rest period followed the last induction application. Following the rest period a challenge
application remained in contact with a naive skin site, on the opposite arm, for 24 hours. - Challenge controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance(s):
- not required
- Positive control results:
- n/a
- Reading:
- 1st reading
- Hours after challenge:
- 24
- Group:
- test chemical
- Dose level:
- Undiluted
- No. with + reactions:
- 0
- Total no. in group:
- 124
- Clinical observations:
- A small incidence of mild erythema (grade 1) was noted during induction. At challenge, there was no evidence of contact sensitization
- Remarks on result:
- no indication of skin sensitisation
- Interpretation of results:
- GHS criteria not met
- Conclusions:
- The test material was non-irritating and non-sensitizing under the conditions of this study.
- Executive summary:
A standard Repeated Insult Patch Test was conducted on the test material. This was preceded by a Pilot Phase to select a proper concentration of the test material. The test material was tested undiluted and diluted to 50% in Mineral Oil. The negative control was Mineral Oil. The testing was conducted under semi-occluded patch conditions.
A total of 24 subjects was tested; one half to undiluted test material and one half to 50% test material in mineral oil. Only minimal reactions were noted during the inductions and challenge so that undiluted test material was selected for testing in the Main Phase.
A total of 104 additional subjects completed the Main Phase. The test material was tested undiluted. The negative control was Mineral Oil. The testing was conducted under occluded patch conditions. Only mild to moderate responses were noted during the main phase of the study, and it is concluded that the test material is non-irritating and non-sensitizing under the condition of this test.
Reference
A total of 24 subjects completed the pilot study. 11 of 24 were exposed to the undiluted test material, 13 of 24 were exposed to the 50% concentration of the test material. All subjects were exposed to the mineral oil negative control. A small incidence of mild (+1) erythema was noted in response to all three materials during induction. Responses were sporadic and transient. Following challenge there was no evidence of contact sensitization.
A total of 104 subjects completed the main phase of the study. All subjects tested the undiluted test material and the mineral oil negative control. A small incidence of mild (+1) erythema was noted in response to the test material and the negative control during the challenge phase. Responses were sporadic and transient. Following challenge there was no evidence of contact sensitization.
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed (not sensitising)
- Additional information:
The key study for skin sensitisation (Morris et al, 1997, HTR report number: 96-1104-70A,B) was chosen as the study was conducted in humans which are the most relevant species. There is no recognised guideline for this type of test however a well documented study with good scientific principles was undertaken at a certified GLP laboratory which followed a protocol.
A standard Repeated Insult Patch Test was preceded by a Pilot Phase to select a proper concentration of the test material. The test material was tested undiluted and diluted to 50% in Mineral Oil. The negative control was Mineral Oil. The testing was conducted under semi-occluded patch conditions. A total of 24 subjects was tested; one half to undiluted test material and one half to 50% test material in mineral oil. Only minimal reactions were noted during the inductions and challenge so that undiluted test material was selected for testing in the Main Phase. A total of 104 additional subjects completed the Main Phase. The test material was tested undiluted. The negative control was Mineral Oil. The testing was conducted under occluded patch conditions. Only mild to moderate responses were noted during the main phase of the study, and it is concluded that the test material is non-irritating and non-sensitizing under the condition of this test.
A reliability rating of 1 according to the criteria of Klimisch, 1997.
The lack of skin sensitization in the human study is consistent with the negative results in multiple animal studies, including guinea pig Maximisation and Buehler studies.
The following supporting animal studies are available to corroborate the results from the above key study:
- The Denton, 1994 study was conducted to the OECD Guideline 406 (Skin Sensitisation) and GLP. A reliability rating of 1 was assigned according to the criteria of Klimisch, 1997.
In this study the test material produced evidence of skin sensitisation (delayed contact hypersensitivity) in five of the test animals out of 25. This is below the 30% classification criteria for an adjuvant test method and, therefore, does not meet the CLP criteria.
- The Mercier, 1995b study (Report number: 63394) was conducted to the OECD Guideline 406 (Skin Sensitisation) and GLP. A reliability rating of 1 was assigned according to the criteria of Klimisch, 1997.
During induction, signs of irritation were noted in the treated group. No irritation was noted in the control group.
After challenge, the macroscopic and histopathological examinations did not show evidence of any pathological lesion of delayed hypersensitivity in the 20 guinea-pigs of the treated group. No noticeable cutaneous abnormality was noted in the 10 guinea-pigs of the control group.
From the results obtained under the experimental conditions employed, the test article did not provoke any reaction of cutaneous sensitization.
- The Thompson, 1985 study (Report number: SOCAL 2320) had no guideline specified but is similar to the OECD Guideline 406 (Skin Sensitisation) with deviations, including less animals used in the study than specified in current guidelines. Skin irritation was observed in naive control animals. A reliability rating of 2 was assigned according to the criteria of Klimisch, 1997.
The skin reactions observed in the test material and irritation control groups were very similar. Well-defined irritation was only observed at the 72-hour reading. No animals were found to be sensitized in this study.
- The Douds, 1996 study (Report number: 3356.2) was conducted according to the method EPA OPP 81 -6 (Skin Sensitisation) under conditions of GLP, based on the results of this study the test material does not meet the criteria to be considered a contact sensitizer. While there was a higher incidence of grade 1 responses in the treated animals compared to the control animals, the presence of irritation in naive control animals and the decrease from 14 to 6 positive responses from 24 to 48 hours is indicative of excessive irritation, not skin sensitization. Considering the weight of evidence, including multiple negative animal studies and negative human study, this data is not applied for classification purposes.
- The Mercier, 1995a study (Report number: 63294) was conducted according to the OECD Guideline 406 (Skin Sensitisation) and GLP. A reliability rating of 1 was assigned according to the criteria of Klimisch, 1997.
During induction, signs of irritation were noted in the treated group. No irritation was noted in the control group.
After challenge, the macroscopic and histopathological examinations did not show evidence of any pathological lesion of delayed hypersensitivity in the 20 guinea-pigs of the treated group. No noticeable cutaneous abnormality was noted in the 10 guinea-pigs of the control group.
From the results obtained under the experimental conditions employed, the test article did not provoke any reaction of cutaneous sensitization.
- The Morris, 1994 study (Report number: 94-8256 -21 (A)) was conducted according to the OECD Guideline 406 (Skin Sensitisation) and GLP, however there was no skin sensitisation seen in the positive control data and so the study is considered to be invalid. On this basis a reliability rating of 3 was assigned according to the criteria of Klimisch, 1997. In addition, the naive control group also had a high incidence of skin irritation such that interpretation of any results would be confounded.
- The Waid, 1993 study (Report number: CEHC 3206) was similar to the OECD Guideline 406 (Skin Sensitisation). A reliability rating of 2 was assigned according to the criteria of Klimisch, 1997.
Dermal irritation observed in animals induced with 10% of the test material and challenged twice with 5% of the test material were equivalent in severity and incidence compared to that observed in corresponding control animals. Therefore, while this study indicates sensitization did not occur, it is not used for classification based on the high level of background irritation observed.
Respiratory sensitisation
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Justification for classification or non-classification
No classification for skin sensitisation is warranted based on a negative HRIPT and multiple negative guinea pig studies.
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