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EC number: 233-343-1 | CAS number: 10124-56-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Basic toxicokinetics
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics in vitro / ex vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Enzymic hydrolysis of polyphosphate in the gastrointestinal tract
- Author:
- Ivey FJ, Shaver K
- Year:
- 1 977
- Bibliographic source:
- J. Agric. Food Chem., 25(1): 128–30; DOI: 10.1021/jf60209a021
Materials and methods
- Objective of study:
- metabolism
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Aqueous solutions of different sodium meta- and polyphosphates were incubated in isolated small intestine obtained from rat or pig. The resulting phosphate species were analyzed by the paper chromatography method according to Karl-Krupa (Anal. Chem. 1956, 28: 1091) with slight modifications. Two-dimensional development was used for analysis of the hexametaphosphate samples.
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Sodium metaphosphate
- EC Number:
- 233-343-1
- EC Name:
- Sodium metaphosphate
- Cas Number:
- 10124-56-8
- Molecular formula:
- H6O18P6.6Na
- IUPAC Name:
- Sodium metaphosphate
- Reference substance name:
- sodium hexametaphosphate
- IUPAC Name:
- sodium hexametaphosphate
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): sodium hexametaphosphate
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
- Radiolabelling:
- no
Test animals
- Species:
- other: rat and pig
- Strain:
- other: rat: Wistar; pig: no data
- Sex:
- not specified
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Adult male Wistar derived rats of about 250 g were fasted for 2 days to clear the intestine and then sacrificed with CO2. The small intestine was immediately excised. The small intestine was flushed with 20 ml of warm saline and tied off into thee sections.
Porcine small intestines were excised from hogs during slaughter at a local slaughter house and were taken to the laboratory. The first 2 m of each small intestine was used. These were flushed with 200 ml of warm saline and cut into 50 cm sections.
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- infusion
- Vehicle:
- water
- Details on exposure:
- In each section of the tied rat intestine, 1 mL of 3% phosphate salt solution was injected. The phosphate solutions had been adjusted to pH 7.5 with 0.2 N NaOH or 0.5 N HCl prior to use. The sections were incubated in 37°C saline for 10, 30, and 60 minutes. After the period of incubation, the section was cut above a funnel and the contents and a 3 mL saline wash were collected and frozen until analysed. Two intestines were used per salt and the sections of each intestine used for each incubation period were randomised.
The tied sections of porcine small intestine were filled with 25 ml of 3% phosphate solution and incubated in 37°C saline for 10, 30, and 60 minutes. After the period of incubation, the section was cut above a funnel and the contents and a 50-ml saline wash were collected and frozen until analysed. The phosphate solutions had been adjusted to pH 7.5 with 0.2 N NaOH or 0.5 N HCl prior to use. One intestine was used per salt and the sections used for incubation periods were randomised. - Duration and frequency of treatment / exposure:
- 24 hours
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
not applicable
- No. of animals per sex per dose / concentration:
- not applicable
- Control animals:
- no
Results and discussion
- Preliminary studies:
- not performed
Toxicokinetic / pharmacokinetic studies
- Details on absorption:
- not examined
- Details on distribution in tissues:
- not examined
- Details on excretion:
- not examined
Metabolite characterisation studies
- Metabolites identified:
- yes
- Details on metabolites:
- Hydrolysis of polyphosphates occurred rapidly in in vitro rat intestine. In 60 minutes, metaphosphates with n>4 are substantially hydrolyzed (Table 1). This rate suggests that enzymatic hydrolysis is likely to be involved, since for polyphosphates with n>4 at best marginal hydrolysis in water is reported at this pH.
Porcine intestine also gave significant hydrolysis of both ring and chain phosphates (Table 2). In general, the rate of hydrolysis for each compound was similar to that in rat intestine.
Identified metabolites comprised ortho-, pyro-, trimeta-, tripoly-, and tetrapolyphosphates, as depicted in tables 1 and 2.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table 1: Phosphate distribution with time of incubation at 37°C in rat small intestine (average of 2 determinations per salt).
|
Time [min] |
Ortho |
Pyro |
Trimeta |
Tripoly |
Tetrameta |
Tetrapoly |
n>4 |
Sodium trimeta-phosphate |
0 |
1.1 |
4.3 |
0.3 |
95.7 |
|
|
|
10 |
42.1 |
8.9 |
0.4 |
48.7 |
|
|
|
|
30 |
80.7 |
4.2 |
0.2 |
15.0 |
|
|
|
|
60 |
74.8 |
7.5 |
0.0 |
17.7 |
|
|
|
|
Sodium trimeta-phosphate |
0 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
96.9 |
2.0 |
|
|
|
10 |
4.0 |
0.3 |
91.9 |
3.8 |
|
|
|
|
30 |
13.9 |
0.3 |
82.5 |
3.2 |
|
|
|
|
60 |
25.8 |
0.4 |
72.5 |
1.3 |
|
|
|
|
Sodium hexameta-phosphate |
0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.8 |
1.5 |
1.1 |
1.7 |
90.8 |
10 |
10.1 |
1.0 |
5.8 |
1.6 |
0.0 |
2.0 |
79.6 |
|
30 |
14.7 |
0.4 |
4.2 |
1.0 |
0.0 |
1.0 |
78.6 |
|
60 |
15.5 |
0.4 |
3.6 |
0.9 |
0.0 |
0.9 |
78.9 |
Table 2: Phosphate distribution with time of incubation at 37°C in porcine small intestine (average of 2 determinations per salt).
|
Time [min] |
Ortho |
Pyro |
Trimeta |
Tripoly |
Tetrameta |
Tetrapoly |
n>4 |
Sodium trimeta-phosphate |
0 |
1.1 |
4.3 |
0.3 |
95.7 |
|
|
|
10 |
8.0 |
10.0 |
0.5 |
81.5 |
|
|
|
|
30 |
11.5 |
12.7 |
0.6 |
75.2 |
|
|
|
|
60 |
18.1 |
16.4 |
0.6 |
65.0 |
|
|
|
|
Sodium trimeta-phosphate |
0 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
96.9 |
2.0 |
|
|
|
10 |
6.6 |
0.8 |
91.6 |
1.1 |
|
|
|
|
30 |
8.4 |
1.0 |
88.8 |
1.8 |
|
|
|
|
60 |
10.9 |
2.0 |
86.8 |
1.5 |
|
|
|
|
Sodium hexameta-phosphate |
0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.8 |
1.5 |
1.1 |
1.7 |
90.8 |
10 |
9.0 |
1.2 |
3.9 |
1.4 |
0.0 |
1.5 |
80.1 |
|
30 |
7.5 |
1.5 |
8.8 |
1.5 |
0.0 |
1.8 |
78.9 |
|
60 |
12.5 |
0.7 |
7.3 |
1.5 |
0.0 |
1.2 |
75.9 |
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results (migrated information): bioaccumulation potential cannot be judged based on study results
Linear as well as circular polyphosphates are hydrolysed in both rat and porcine small intestine. This reaction is mediated by enzymes of the brush border membrane. The resulting metabolite is mainly orthophosphate. - Executive summary:
Cyclic ring as well as linear polyphosphates including sodium trimeta-, tetrameta-, tripoly-, and hexametaphosphate (Graham's salt) were found to be enzymatically hydrolyzed in in vitro rat and porcine small intestine.
Sodium trimetaphosphate was reduced by 27.5% and 13.2% in rat and porcine small intestine after 1h, respectively. Sodium hexametaphosphate was reduced by 21.1% and 24.1% in rat and porcine small intestine after 1h, respectively. Sodium tripolyphosphate was reduced by 82.3% and 35% in rat and porcine small intestine after 1h, respectively.
The rate of hydrolysis in the in vitro intestine indicated an enzymic mechanism. The lack of polyphosphatase activity in heat treated intestines, with normal hydrolysis in intestines treated with antibiotic, confirms previous reports of phosphatase activity on the intestinal brush border membrane.
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