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EC number: 247-304-1 | CAS number: 25869-00-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
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- Nanomaterial pour density
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- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
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- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
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- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Exposure related observations in humans: other data
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- exposure-related observations in humans: other data
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Acceptable, well documented publication
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Measurement of Internal Contamination with Radioactive Caesium released from the Chernobyl Accident and Enhanced Elimination by Prussian Blue.
- Author:
- Tang, M., Gong, Y., Shen, C., Ye, C & Wu, D.
- Year:
- 1 988
- Bibliographic source:
- J. Radiol. Prot.8, 1, 25-28.
Materials and methods
- Type of study / information:
- A serious accident occurred in the number 4 reactor of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station on 26th April 1986 as a result of which considerable quantities of radioactive materials were released to the environment. Fifteen members of a Chinese Foreign Exhibition Group were working at Sofia and Profdef, Bulgaria from 18th April to 23rd May 1986. During 5-10 May they occasionally found a rise in gamma- background dose rate with a FD-301 dosimeter, which indicated that it might be contaminated with radioactive material released from the Chernobyl-4 reactor. Fifteen internally contaminated Chinese subjects were monitored from 12th June to 21st June in Beijing. This paper describes the results of measurements and of the effects of Prussian blue (Ferric ferrocyanide) on the rate of elimination of radiocaesium.
- Endpoint addressed:
- not applicable
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- This paper describes the results of measurements and of the effects of Prussian blue (ferric ferrocyanide) on the rate of elimination of radiocaesium in humans.
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Prussian blue
- IUPAC Name:
- Prussian blue
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Prussian blue
Constituent 1
Method
- Ethical approval:
- not specified
- Details on study design:
- The gamma activities of radionuclides in the 15 subjects were measured with the low background whole body counter in the laboratory. The characteristics of this counter where as follows:
1) The spectrometric resolution for 137Cs was 8.9%.
2) The minimum detectable activity was 38- 48 Bq of 137Cs and 3 Bq 131I at the 99% confidence level.
3) The 137Cs background activity in 80 male Beijing residents (age range of 20 -49) was 58 -65 Bq.
4) The non-uniformity of response is less than 20% for constant speed scanning.
5) The long time stability of background was better than 4%.
Utilising a 9 x 4 inch NaI (T1), the measurement were performed in two ways; a single crystal measurement at the site of the thyroid, and a single, constant scanning speed detector moving along the length of the body. The counts were obtained by subtracting the counts in non-contaminated cases from the counts obtained from contaminated cases. The activities of radionuclides in the body were calculated by a matrix inversion method using calibration factors. The biological half-life of radiocaesium in the body was observed in three volunteers.
Prussian blue (PB) was given to the three volunteers to investigate the effect on caesium excretion. One gram of Prussian blue was given three times per day, for a six day course. Three courses were given with a time interval of 6 days between each subsequent course. During the investigation period of 114 -141 days after contamination, the biological half-life of radiocaesium was observed and compared with that of control period. - Exposure assessment:
- measured
Results and discussion
- Results:
- From the biological half-life it can be seen that the body retention of radiocaesium declined more rapidly following Prussian blue administration than in those of controls. It is evident that shortening of biological half-life results in a more pronounced decrease of cumulative activity of radiocaesium in the body. The percentage excess of cumulative activity during the period of 114- 141 days after internal contamination was calculated by using each subject's own biological half-life by means of the following equation:
Excess decrease of cumulative activity (%)
= A -B/ A x 100
where A is the cumulative activity without treatment and B is the cumulative activity with treatment.
The results in table 3 indicates that the cumulative activities decrease significantly (p<0.05), showing that Prussian blue treatment can enhance the excretion of radiocaesium.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table 1. Internal contamination of 15 Chinese subjects, resident in Bulgaria at the time of the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident.
Subject |
Date of Measurement |
Activity in body (Bq+) |
Intake estimated (Bq) |
||
137Cs |
134Cs |
137Cs |
134Cs |
||
ZN |
12 June 1986 |
700 |
360 |
950 |
500 |
FU |
19 |
470 |
370 |
660 |
550 |
GO |
17 |
600 |
340 |
850 |
500 |
MU |
18 |
470 |
380 |
660 |
560 |
CE |
20 |
440 |
300 |
640 |
450 |
HO |
21 |
430 |
330 |
620 |
490 |
CN |
19 |
340 |
300 |
490 |
440 |
YU |
18 |
390 |
300 |
550 |
430 |
TN |
20 |
840 |
630 |
1200 |
930 |
HU |
18 |
280 |
170 |
390 |
260 |
EI |
19 |
350 |
240 |
500 |
350 |
SO |
19 |
440 |
250 |
620 |
270 |
WE |
19 |
320 |
210 |
460 |
300 |
JA |
18 |
370 |
260 |
530 |
380 |
LI |
17 |
68 |
110 |
95 |
170 |
+ The relative errors of all the, measured values, except LI, are in the range of 5-12%, while for LI the figures are 30% for 137Cs and 31% for 134Cs.
Table 2. Biological half-life of 137Cs and 134Cs in man and the effect of oral administration of Prussian blue (PB).
Subject |
Biological half-life+(days) |
|||
137Cs |
134Cs |
|||
Control |
PB Administration |
Control |
PB Administration |
|
YN |
71 |
43 |
46 |
23 |
ZN |
54 |
48 |
42 |
33 |
MU |
60 |
29 |
51 |
++ |
+The relative errors of biological half-life were in the range of 16-30%
++134Cs activity in the body was near to the minimum detectable level.
Table 3. Diminution of radiocaesium body burden in man by Prussian Blue (PB).
Subject |
Radiocaesium |
Cumulative activity |
Activity decreased (%) |
|
No PB |
PB Administration |
|||
YN |
134Cs |
4400 |
3600 |
18 |
137Cs |
9900 |
9100 |
8 |
|
ZN |
134Cs |
2100 |
2000 |
5 |
137Cs |
5700 |
5600 |
2 |
|
MU |
137Cs |
4200 |
3500 |
17 |
Table 4. Effect of Prussia Blue on the enhancement of the elimination of radiocaesium in man.
Start of admin. Of PB (days after contam.) |
Cases |
Admin. Program |
Biological half-life (day) |
Reference |
|
Control |
PB Admin |
||||
114 |
1 |
1.0 g x 3/d for 6d |
71 |
43 |
Present study (1988) |
|
1 |
3 courses |
54 |
48 |
|
|
1 |
|
60 |
29 |
|
67 |
1 |
1.0 g x 3/d for 5 d. 2 courses |
110 |
70 |
Ye Gen-yao et al (1981) |
35 |
1 |
1.0 g x 3/d for 100 d |
124 |
38 |
Ma Ru-Wei et al. |
35 |
1 |
1.0 g x 3/d for 75 d |
54 |
39 |
|
35 |
1 |
1.0 g x 3/d for 82 d |
61 |
25 |
|
35 |
1 |
1.0 g x 3/d for 100 d |
36 |
17 |
|
35 |
1 |
1.0 g x 3/d for 100 d |
36 |
16 |
|
12 |
1 |
0.2 g x 10/d for 5 d. 2 courses |
140 |
50 |
C R Richmond (1967) |
300 |
1 |
1.0 g x 3/d |
115 |
40 |
K Madhaus (1966) |
300 |
1 |
1.0 g x 3/d |
110 |
40 |
|
Applicant's summary and conclusion
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