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EC number: 231-128-7 | CAS number: 7440-19-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Skin Irritation
In accordance with Section 2 of REACH Annex XI, this study does not need to be conducted as testing is not technically possible. It is not possible to produce a powdered form of the substance suitable for testing as the powdered form is flammable.
The smallest form of the substance that can be produced occurs as sharp needle-like flakes. Application to a surface is likely to result in physical damage to the surface. Any effects would relate to the physical state of the substance rather than be the result of chemical irritation from the substance itself.
It is not considered appropriate to test an extract following dissolution of the massive form in aqueous media as the substance is highly insoluble meaning there would be an insufficient concentration of dissolved metal ions in the extract solution to be tested.
Furthermore, an acute dermal toxicity study conducted with the read across substance, samarium oxide did not indicate skin irritation up to the limit dose level of 2 000 mg/kg bw. The surface of samarium metal oxidises on contact with air to form an outer layer of samarium oxide. It is therefore considered appropriate to read across information from samarium oxide to the metal where testing on the metal is not technically possible.
- Supporting information on the read-across substance, samarium oxide
Under the conditions of the study no signs of dermal irritation were noted. The Primary Dermal Irritation Index was 0. The test material was therefore concluded not to be a skin irritant.
Eye irritation
In accordance with Section 2 of REACH Annex XI, this study does not need to be conducted as testing is not technically possible. It is not possible to produce a powdered form of the substance suitable for testing as the powdered form is flammable.
The smallest form of the substance that can be produced occurs as sharp needle-like flakes. Application to a surface is likely to result in physical damage to the surface. Any effects would relate to the physical state of the substance rather than be the result of chemical irritation from the substance itself.
It is not considered appropriate to test an extract following dissolution of the massive form in aqueous media as the substance is highly insoluble meaning there would be an insufficient concentration of dissolved metal ions in the extract solution to be tested.
The surface of samarium metal oxidises on contact with air to form an outer layer of samarium oxide. It is therefore considered appropriate to read across information from samarium oxide to the metal where testing on the metal is not technically possible.
- Supporting information on the read-across substance, samarium oxide
Samarium oxide was concluded to be minimally irritating to both the unwashed and washed eye under the conditions of the study.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Skin irritation / corrosion
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- skin irritation: in vitro / ex vivo
- Data waiving:
- study technically not feasible
- Justification for data waiving:
- other:
- Justification for type of information:
- JUSTIFICATION FOR DATA WAIVING
In accordance with Section 2 of REACH Annex XI, this study does not need to be conducted as testing is not technically possible. It is not possible to produce a powdered form of the substance suitable for testing as the powdered form is flammable.
The smallest form of the substance that can be produced occurs as sharp needle-like flakes. Application to a surface is likely to result in physical damage to the surface. Any effects would relate to the physical state of the substance rather than be the result of chemical irritation from the substance itself.
It is not considered appropriate to test an extract following dissolution of the massive form in aqueous media as the substance is highly insoluble meaning there would be an insufficient concentration of dissolved metal ions in the extract solution to be tested.
Furthermore, an acute dermal toxicity study conducted with the read across substance, samarium oxide did not indicate skin irritation up to the limit dose level of 2 000 mg/kg bw.
Since the surface of samarium metal oxidises on contact with air to form an outer layer of samarium oxide. It is therefore considered appropriate to read across information from samarium oxide to the metal where testing on the metal is not technically possible. - Endpoint:
- skin irritation: in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- not reported
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- documentation insufficient for assessment
- Justification for type of information:
- The surface of samarium metal oxidises on contact with air to form an outer layer of samarium oxide. It is therefore considered appropriate to read across information from samarium oxide to the metal where testing on the metal is not technically possible.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- other: read-across target
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- 0.5 g dose was applied to one intact and one abraded skin site (approx. 2.5 cm²) of six rabbits (New Zealand Albino) and occluded for 24 hours. The patches were then removed and the test sites wiped. The sites were evaluated 24 and 72 hours after initial exposure according to the method of Draize.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- New Zealand White
- Type of coverage:
- occlusive
- Preparation of test site:
- other: one intact and one abraded skin site per animal
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Controls:
- no
- Amount / concentration applied:
- TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied: 0.5 g - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 24 hours
- Observation period:
- 72 hours following test material application.
- Number of animals:
- 6
- Details on study design:
- TEST SITE
- Area of exposure: 2.5 cm²
REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
The patches were removed 24 hours after test material application and the test sites wiped.
OBSERVATION TIME POINTS
The sites were evaluated 24 and 72 hours after initial exposure.
SCORING SYSTEM:
Sites were evaluated according to the method of Draize. - Irritation parameter:
- primary dermal irritation index (PDII)
- Basis:
- mean
- Time point:
- other: not specified
- Score:
- 0
- Remarks on result:
- no indication of irritation
- Irritant / corrosive response data:
- There were no signs of dermal irritation.
- Interpretation of results:
- other: Not classified in accordance with EU criteria
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of the study no signs of dermal irritation were noted. The Primary Dermal Irritation Index was 0. The test material was therefore concluded not to be a skin irritant.
- Executive summary:
The skin irritation potential of the test material, samarium oxide, was investigated.
During the study, a 0.5 g dose was applied to one intact and one abraded skin site (approx. 2.5 cm²) of six rabbits (New Zealand Albino) and occluded for 24 hours. The patches were then removed and the test sites wiped. The sites were evaluated 24 and 72 hours after initial exposure according to the method of Draize.
Under the conditions of the study no signs of dermal irritation were noted. The Primary Dermal Irritation Index was 0. The test material was therefore concluded not to be a skin irritant.
- Endpoint:
- skin irritation: in vivo
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Study conducted on read-across material
- Justification for type of information:
- The surface of samarium metal oxidises on contact with air to form an outer layer of samarium oxide. It is therefore considered appropriate to read across information from samarium oxide to the metal where testing on the metal is not technically possible.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Irritation parameter:
- primary dermal irritation index (PDII)
- Basis:
- mean
- Time point:
- other: not specified
- Score:
- 0
- Remarks on result:
- no indication of irritation
Referenceopen allclose all
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed (not irritating)
Eye irritation
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- eye irritation: in vitro / ex vivo
- Data waiving:
- study technically not feasible
- Justification for data waiving:
- other:
- Justification for type of information:
- JUSTIFICATION FOR DATA WAIVING
In accordance with Section 2 of REACH Annex XI, this study does not need to be conducted as testing is not technically possible. It is not possible to produce a powdered form of the substance suitable for testing as the powdered form is flammable.
The smallest form of the substance that can be produced occurs as sharp needle-like flakes. Application to a surface is likely to result in physical damage to the surface. Any effects would relate to the physical state of the substance rather than be the result of chemical irritation from the substance itself.
It is not considered appropriate to test an extract following dissolution of the massive form in aqueous media as the substance is highly insoluble meaning there would be an insufficient concentration of dissolved metal ions in the extract solution to be tested. - Endpoint:
- eye irritation: in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- not reported
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- documentation insufficient for assessment
- Justification for type of information:
- The surface of samarium metal oxidises on contact with air to form an outer layer of samarium oxide. It is therefore considered appropriate to read across information from samarium oxide to the metal where testing on the metal is not technically possible.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- other: read-across target
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- A 0.1 g dose was applied to the left eye of six rabbits (New Zealand Albino). Three of the treated eyes were rinsed with saline 30 seconds post-installation. Eyes were examined at 24, 48 and 72 hours by the method of Draize.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- New Zealand White
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Controls:
- yes, concurrent no treatment
- Amount / concentration applied:
- TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied: 0.1 g - Observation period (in vivo):
- Eyes were examined at 24, 48 and 72 hours.
- Number of animals or in vitro replicates:
- 6
- Details on study design:
- REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
Three of the treated eyes were rinsed with saline 30 seconds post-installation.
SCORING SYSTEM:
Eyes were evaluated according to the method of Draize. - Irritation parameter:
- other: Draize score
- Remarks:
- (unwashed eyes)
- Basis:
- mean
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 2.4
- Reversibility:
- not specified
- Irritation parameter:
- other: Draize score
- Remarks:
- (washed eyes)
- Basis:
- mean
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 3.1
- Reversibility:
- not specified
- Interpretation of results:
- study cannot be used for classification
- Conclusions:
- Samarium oxide was concluded to be minimally irritating to both the unwashed and washed eye under the conditions of the study.
- Executive summary:
The eye irritation potential of the substance samarium oxide was evaluated.
During the study, a 0.1 g dose was applied to the left eye of six rabbits (New Zealand Albino). Three of the treated eyes were rinsed with saline 30 seconds post-installation. Eyes were examined at 24, 48 and 72 hours by the method of Draize.
The mean Draize scores of the three rabbits with unwashed treatment eyes were 5.3, 2.0 and 0.0 at 24, 48 and 72 hours, respectively.
The mean Draize scored of the three rabbits with washed treatment eyes were 5.3, 3.3 and 0.7 at 24, 48 and 72 hours, respectively.
Samarium oxide was concluded to be minimally irritating to both the unwashed and washed eye under the conditions of the study.
- Endpoint:
- eye irritation: in vivo
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Study conducted on read-across material
- Justification for type of information:
- The surface of samarium metal oxidises on contact with air to form an outer layer of samarium oxide. It is therefore considered appropriate to read across information from samarium oxide to the metal where testing on the metal is not technically possible.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Irritation parameter:
- other: Draize score
- Remarks:
- (unwashed eyes)
- Basis:
- mean
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 2.4
- Reversibility:
- not specified
- Irritation parameter:
- other: Draize score
- Remarks:
- (washed eyes)
- Basis:
- mean
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 3.1
- Reversibility:
- not specified
Referenceopen allclose all
Draize scores:
- Unwashed (3 rabbit mean) 24h 5.3 48h 2.0 72h 0.0
- Washed (3 rabbit mean) 24h 5.3 48h 3.3 72h 0.7
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed (not irritating)
Respiratory irritation
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
Skin Irritation
In accordance with Section 2 of REACH Annex XI, this study does not need to be conducted as testing is not technically possible. It is not possible to produce a powdered form of the substance suitable for testing as the powdered form is flammable.
The smallest form of the substance that can be produced occurs as sharp needle-like flakes. Application to a surface is likely to result in physical damage to the surface. Any effects would relate to the physical state of the substance rather than be the result of chemical irritation from the substance itself.
It is not considered appropriate to test an extract following dissolution of the massive form in aqueous media as the substance is highly insoluble meaning there would be an insufficient concentration of dissolved metal ions in the extract solution to be tested.
Furthermore, an acute dermal toxicity study conducted with the read across substance, samarium oxide did not indicate skin irritation up to the limit dose level of 2 000 mg/kg bw.
Since the surface of samarium metal oxidises on contact with air to form an outer layer of samarium oxide. It is therefore considered appropriate to read across information from samarium oxide to the metal where testing on the metal is not technically possible.
- Supporting information on the read-across substance, samarium oxide
The skin irritation potential of the test material, samarium oxide, was investigated.
During the study, a 0.5 g dose was applied to one intact and one abraded skin site (approx. 2.5 cm²) of six rabbits (New Zealand Albino) and occluded for 24 hours. The patches were then removed and the test sites wiped. The sites were evaluated 24 and 72 hours after initial exposure according to the method of Draize.
Under the conditions of the study no signs of dermal irritation were noted. The Primary Dermal Irritation Index was 0. The test material was therefore concluded not to be a skin irritant.
Eye Irritation
In accordance with Section 2 of REACH Annex XI, this study does not need to be conducted as testing is not technically possible. It is not possible to produce a powdered form of the substance suitable for testing as the powdered form is flammable.
The smallest form of the substance that can be produced occurs as sharp needle-like flakes. Application to a surface is likely to result in physical damage to the surface. Any effects would relate to the physical state of the substance rather than be the result of chemical irritation from the substance itself.
It is not considered appropriate to test an extract following dissolution of the massive form in aqueous media as the substance is highly insoluble meaning there would be an insufficient concentration of dissolved metal ions in the extract solution to be tested.
The surface of samarium metal oxidises on contact with air to form an outer layer of samarium oxide. It is therefore considered appropriate to read across information from samarium oxide to the metal where testing on the metal is not technically possible.
- Supporting information on the read-across substance, samarium oxide
The eye irritation potential of the substance samarium oxide was evaluated.
During the study, a 0.1 g dose was applied to the left eye of six rabbits (New Zealand Albino). Three of the treated eyes were rinsed with saline 30 seconds post-installation. Eyes were examined at 24, 48 and 72 hours by the method of Draize.
The mean Draize scores of the three rabbits with unwashed treatment eyes were 5.3, 2.0 and 0.0 at 24, 48 and 72 hours, respectively.
The mean Draize scored of the three rabbits with washed treatment eyes were 5.3, 3.3 and 0.7 at 24, 48 and 72 hours, respectively.
Samarium oxide was concluded to be minimally irritating to both the unwashed and washed eye under the conditions of the study.
Justification for classification or non-classification
In accordance with the criteria for classification as defined in Annex I, Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008, the substance does not require classification with respect to skin or eye irritation or corrosion.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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