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EC number: 232-140-5 | CAS number: 7789-00-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Genetic toxicity: in vivo
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vivo mammalian somatic cell study: cytogenicity / erythrocyte micronucleus
- Remarks:
- Type of genotoxicity: chromosome aberration
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Published NTP study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 007
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: NTP protocol
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The induction of peripheral blood erythrocyte micronuclei was investigated in mice follwoing the oral administration of sodium dichromate for 3 months.
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Type of assay:
- micronucleus assay
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- sodium dichromate dihydrate
- IUPAC Name:
- sodium dichromate dihydrate
- Reference substance name:
- 7789-12-0
- EC Number:
- 616-541-6
- Cas Number:
- 7789-12-0
- IUPAC Name:
- 7789-12-0
- Details on test material:
- See details presented in the other 90-day NTP studies. A coded aliquot of the test material was sent to the testing laboratory.
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
Test animals
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- other: various: B6C3F1, BALB/c, and am3-C57BL/6
- Sex:
- male/female
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: drinking water
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 90 days
- Frequency of treatment:
- Continuous (administration via drinking water)
- Post exposure period:
- None
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
62.5-100 mg/l
Basis:
nominal in water
sodium dichromate dihydrate
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Five
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent no treatment
Examinations
- Tissues and cell types examined:
- Peripheral blood erythrocytes
Results and discussion
Test results
- Sex:
- male/female
- Genotoxicity:
- ambiguous
- Remarks:
- Positive in one strain
- Toxicity:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Reduced PCE count in one assay
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not applicable
- Negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- not applicable
Any other information on results incl. tables
The results of the micronucleus tests conducted in three strains of mice were variable:
Study 1
Micronucleus frequencies were determined in peripheral blood erythrocytes of male and female B6C3F1 mice administered sodium dichromate dihydrate over an exposure concentration range of 62.5 to 1000 mg/L for 3 months. No significant increases were seen in micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes in male or female mice over the exposure concentration range tested; there was a decrease in the percentage of polychromatic erythrocytes among total erythrocytes (an indication of bone marrow toxicity), but the changes were small and did not clearly correlate with exposure concentration.
Study 2
Micronucleus frequencies were evaluated in male B6C3F1, BALB/c, and am3 -C57BL/6 mice administered sodium dichromate dihydrate over an exposure concentration range of 62.5 to 250 mg/L in drinking water for 3 months. An increase in micronucleated erythrocytes that was judged to be equivocal was noted in male B6C3F1 mice, based on the trend test (P=0.031), which showed an increase in micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes that did not reach statistical significance (required P value of 0.025); no exposed groups were significantly increased over the control group in this study. No increase in micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes was observed in male BALB/c mice (Table B4). A significant exposure concentration-related increase (P<0.001) in micronucleated erythrocytes was noted in male am3-C57BL/6 mice (Table B5). In this study, two of three dose groups were significantly (P<0.008) elevated over the control group. No significant effect of chemical exposure on the percentage of polychromatic erythrocytes was observed in any of the three micronucleus tests conducted in study 2.
Study 1 |
B6C3F1 |
|||
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
|
Micronucleated NCEs (/1000) |
PCEs (%) |
|||
0 |
2.70 |
1.70 |
4.1 |
3.6 |
62.5 |
2.60 |
1.20 |
3.5 |
2.5 |
125 |
2.20 |
1.60 |
3.1 |
3.4 |
250 |
3.70 |
1.80 |
3.3 |
3.9 |
500 |
2.50 |
2.10 |
2.7 |
3.2 |
1000 |
2.00 |
1.90 |
3.3 |
2.7 |
Study 2 |
B6C3F1 |
|||
0 |
2.20 |
- |
3.3 |
- |
62.5 |
3.20 |
- |
3.6 |
- |
125 |
3.00 |
- |
3.2 |
- |
250 |
3.80* |
- |
2.8 |
- |
BALB/c |
||||
0 |
4.70 |
- |
3.7 |
- |
62.5 |
3.90 |
- |
4.0 |
- |
125 |
3.30 |
- |
3.3 |
- |
250 |
4.20 |
- |
3.5 |
- |
am3-C57BL/6 |
||||
0 |
1.65 |
- |
2.9 |
- |
62.5 |
2.50 |
- |
2.8 |
- |
125 |
3.05 |
- |
2.9 |
- |
250 |
3.72* |
- |
2.6 |
- |
*significant by the trend test
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results: ambiguous
A significant increase in the frequency of peripheral blood erythrocyte micronuclei was seen in one (transgenic) mouse strain under the conditions of this study; similar findings were not apparent in the other strains. - Executive summary:
The potenital of sodium dichromate to induce micronuclei was investigated in the peripheral blood erythrocytes of three strains of mice following administration via drinking water for 3 months. A significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei was seen in the transgenic am3 -C57/BL6 strain, however similar findings were not apparent in B6C3F1 of BALB/c mice. The results of this study are therefore equivocal.
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