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EC number: 309-916-8 | CAS number: 101357-19-1
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 16.5 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 75
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 1 234 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
No repeated dose inhalation toxicity study is available. Therefore, the DNEL is derived on basis of an OECD TG 422 toxicity study with oral test material administration performed in the rat. This oral NOEL of 1000 mg/kg bw/day for rats was converted to the corresponding air concentration using a standard breathing volume for the rat of 0.38 m³ /kg (for 8 hours exposure of workers). In the absence of substance-specific data on absorption via the different exposure routes, the worst case assumption of a 2 -fold higher absorption via inhaltory exposure compared to oral exposure was made. The resulting air concentration was additionally corrected for the difference between basal caloric demand and caloric demand under light activity. This correction factor derives from the inhalative volumes in 8 hours under the respective conditions (6.7 m³ for base level, 10 m³ for light activity). Furthermore, the dose descriptor starting point was corrected for differences in experimental exposure conditions (7d/w) versus worker exposure conditions (5d/w).
See "Additional Information" for more details.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose response relationship is considered unremarkable, therefore no additional factor is used.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- The default assessment factor for subacute to chronic duration extrapolation is used.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Respiratory interspecies differences are fully covered by the factors used for route to route extrapolation.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- The default value for interspecies differences is used.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- The default value for the relatively homogenous group "worker" is used.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The study according to OECD TG 422 was conducted according to regulatory standards and was adequately reported. On this basis the quality of the database is not considered to contribute uncertainty and it is therefore not necessary to apply an additional factor.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- The approach used for DNEL derivation is conservative. No further assessment factors are required.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 4.7 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 300
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 1 400 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
Correction for experimental versus worker exposure condition: Frequency of exposure in study: 7 days/week; frequency of worker exposure: 5 days/week.
See "Additional Information" for more details.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose response relationship is considered unremarkable, therefore no additional factor is used.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- The default assessment factor for subacute to chronic duration extrapolation is used.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- The default allometric scaling factor for the differences between rats and humans is used.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- The default value for interspecies differences is used.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- The default value for the relatively homogenous group "worker" is used.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The study according to OECD TG 422 was conducted according to regulatory standards and was adequately reported. On this basis the quality of the database is not considered to contribute uncertainty and it is therefore not necessary to apply an additional factor.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- The approach used for DNEL derivation is conservative. No further assessment factors are required.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- high hazard (no threshold derived)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- high hazard (no threshold derived)
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - workers
General
DNEL derivation for the registered substance is performed under consideration of the recommendations of ECHA, Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R.8: Characterization of dose-response for human health (Version: 2.1, November 2012).
Inhalation
Long term, systemic DNEL – exposure via inhalation (workers)
Using a conservative approach, a worker DNEL (long-term inhalation exposure) is calculated. This worker long-term DNEL is considered to ensure an appropriate level of protection with regard to acute inhalation exposure (no high peaks of exposure expected).
No repeated dose inhalation toxicity study with the registered substance is available. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain a long-term DNEL by route-to-route extrapolation:
An OECD TG 422 study with the registered substance is available. Here, daily oral administration of the test item to Wistar rats did not elicit any signs of systemic, reproductive or developmental toxicity up to the limit dose. The NOEL for systemic toxicity, developmental toxicity and fertility was established at ≥ 1000 mg/kg bw/day. This NOEL is used as Point of Departure (PoD) for DNEL derivation.
Step 1: PoD: NOEL = 1000 mg/kg bw/day
Step 2: Modification of PoD:
Standard respiratory volume of the rat (sRVrat) for 8 hours: 0.38 m³/kg bw
Standard respiratory volume, human (sRVhuman): 6.7 m³
Worker respiratory volume (wRV) for 8 hours with light physical activity: 10 m³
Oral absorption of the rat/ inhalation absorption of humans (ABS oral-rat / ABS inh-human): 50 %/100 % (default)
Correction for difference between human and experimental exposure conditions: 7 d rat/5 d worker
Corrected NOEC (inhalation) for workers:
= 1000 mg/kg bw/day x 0.5 x 1/0.38 m³/kg bw/day x (6.7 m³/10 m³) x (7/5)
= 1234 mg/m³
Step 3: Overall AF= 75
Intraspecies AF (workers): 5
Interspecies AF, remaining differences: 2.5
Interspecies, allometric scaling: 1 (Covered by route to route extrapolation)
Dose response relationship AF: 1
Exposure duration AF: 6
Whole database AF: 1
In conclusion, long term systemic inhalation DNEL, workers = 16.5 mg/m³
Acute, systemic DNEL- exposure via inhalation (workers)
In two acute aerosol inhalation studies in rats with analogue substances no hazard was identified. As the registered substance is not classified for acute inhalation toxicity no DNEL was derived.
Long term & acute, local DNEL- exposure via inhalation (workers)
A DNEL long term & acute - local effects is not established because no local irritation or sensitisation of the respiratory system is expected based on the results of two acute aerosol inhalation studies with analogue substances.
Dermal
Long term, systemic DNEL- exposure via dermal route (workers)
No repeated dose dermal toxicity study with the target substance is available. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain a long-term dermal DNEL by route-to-route extrapolation.
The NOEL of ≥ 1000 mg/kg bw/day derived from an OECD TG 422 study performed with the registered substance was used as the PoD.
Step 1: PoD: NOEL = 1000 mg/kg bw/day
Step 2: Modification into a correct starting point:
Correction for difference between human and experimental exposure conditions: 7 d rat/5 d worker
Corrected NOEL (dermal) for workers:
= 1000 mg/kg bw/day x (7/5)
= 1400 mg/kg bw/day
Step 3: Overall AF= 300
Interspecies AF, allometric scaling (rat to human): 4
Interspecies AF, remaining differences: 2.5
Intraspecies AF (worker): 5
Dose-response relationship AF: 1
Exposure duration AF: 6
Whole database AF: 1
In conclusion, long term systemic dermal DNEL, workers = 4.7 mg/kg bw/day
Acute, systemic DNEL- dermal exposure (workers)
A DNEL for acute systemic-dermal exposure was not derived since the substance is not classified for acute dermal toxicity based on the results of an acute dermal toxicity study in rats with an analogue substance.
Long term & acute, local DNEL- dermal exposure (workers)
The substance is a skin sensitiser according to Regulation EC No 1272/2008 (CLP), and allocated to the high hazard band for qualitative risk assessment.
Hazard to the eye-local effects (workers)
The registered substance is classified with Eye Dam. 1, H318 according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP), and allocated to the medium hazard band for qualitative risk assessment.
References
ECHA (2012). Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Chapter R.8:
Characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for human health. Version 2.1, November 2012
ECHA (2016). Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Part E: Risk Characterisation, Version 3.0, May 2016
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 2.9 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 150
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 434.8 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
No repeated dose inhalation toxicity study is available. The DNEL is derived on basis of an OECD TG 422 study with oral administration of the test material. This oral NOAEL for rats was converted to the corresponding air concentration using a standard breathing volume for the rat of 1.15 m³/kg for 24 hours exposure, and assuming a two-times higher absorption via inhalation than oral absorption (see "Additional Information").
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose response relationship is considered unremarkable, therefore no additional factor is used.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- The default assessment factor for subacute to chronic duration extrapolation is used.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Respiratory interspecies differences are fully covered by the factors used for route to route extrapolation.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- The default value for interspecies differences is used.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- The default value for the relatively homogenous group "general population" is used.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The study according OECD TG 422 was conducted according to regulatory standards and was adequately reported. On this basis the quality of the database is not considered to contribute uncertainty and it is therefore not necessary to apply an additional factor.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- The approach used for DNEL derivation is conservative. No further assessment factors are required.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 1.7 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 600
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose response relationship is considered unremarkable, therefore no additional factor is used.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- The default assessment factor for subacute to chronic duration extrapolation is used.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- The default allometric scaling factor for the differences between rats and humans is used.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- The default value for interspecies differences is used.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- The default value for the relatively homogenous group "general population" is used.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The OECD TG 422 toxicity study performed with the test item was conducted according to regulatory standards and was adequately reported. On this basis the quality of the database is not considered to contribute uncertainty and it is therefore not necessary to apply an additional factor.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- The approach used for DNEL derivation is conservative. No further assessment factors are required.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 1.7 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 600
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose response relationship is considered unremarkable, therefore no additional factor is used.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- The default assessment factor for subacute to chronic duration extrapolation is used.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- The default allometric scaling factor for the differences between rats and humans is used.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- The default value for interspecies differences is used.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- The default value for the relatively homogenous group "general population" is used.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The study according OECD TG 422 was conducted according to regulatory standards and was adequately reported. On this basis the quality of the database is not considered to contribute uncertainty and it is therefore not necessary to apply an additional factor.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- The approach used for DNEL derivation is conservative. No further assessment factors are required.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Additional information - General Population
General
DNEL derivation for the test item is performed under consideration of the recommendations of ECHA, Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R.8: Characterization of dose-response for human health (Version: 2.1, November 2012).
Inhalation
Long term, systemic DNEL – exposure by inhalation (general population)
No repeated dose inhalation toxicity study with the target substance is available. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain a long-term DNEL by route-to-route extrapolation:
An OECD TG 422 study with the registered substance is available. Here, daily oral administration of the test item to Wistar rats did not elicit any signs of systemic, reproductive or developmental toxicity up to the limit dose. The NOEL for systemic toxicity, developmental toxicity and fertility was established at ≥1000 mg/kg bw/day. This NOEL is used as PoD for DNEL derivation.
Step 1: PoD: NOEL = 1000 mg/kg bw/day
Correction for difference between human and experimental exposure conditions: 7 d rat, 24 h / 7 d, 24 h general population
Step 2: Modification of PoD:
Standard respiratory volume of the rat (sRVrat) for 24 hours: 1.15 m³/kg bw
Oral absorption of the rat/ inhalation absorption of humans (ABS oral-rat / ABS inh-human): 50 %/100 % (default)
Corrected NOEC (inhalation) for general population:
= 1000 mg/kg bw/day x 0.5 x 1/1.15 m³/kg bw/day
= 434.8 mg/m³
Step 3: Overall AF = 150
Intraspecies AF (General population): 10
Interspecies AF, remaining differences: 2.5
Interspecies, allometric scaling: 1
Dose response relationship AF: 1
Exposure duration AF: 6
Whole database AF: 1
In conclusion, long term systemic inhalation DNEL, general population = 2.9 mg/m³
Acute, systemic DNEL- exposure via inhalation (general population)
In two acute aerosol inhalation studies in rats with analogue substances no hazard was identified. As the registered substance is not classified for acute inhalation toxicity no DNEL was derived.
Long term & acute, local DNEL- exposure via inhalation (general population)
A DNEL long term & acute - local effects is not established because no local irritation or sensitisation of the respiratory system is expected based on the results of two acute aerosol inhalation studies with analogue substances.
Dermal
Long term, systemic DNEL- exposure via dermal route (general population)
No repeated dose dermal toxicity study with the target substance is available. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain a long-term dermal DNEL by route-to-route extrapolation.
The NOEL of 1000 mg/kg bw/day derived from an OECD TG 422 study performed with the registered substance was used as the PoD.
Step 1: PoD: NOEL= 1000 mg/kg bw/day
Oral absorption of the rat/ dermal absorption of humans (ABS oral-rat / ABS dermal-human): 100 %/ 100 % (default)
Correction for difference between human and experimental exposure conditions: 7 d rat, 24 h/7 d, 24h general population
Step 2: Overall AF= 600
Interspecies AF, allometric scaling (rat to human): 4
Interspecies AF, remaining differences: 2.5
Intraspecies AF (general population): 10
Dose-response relationship AF: 1
Exposure duration AF: 6
Whole database AF: 1
In conclusion, long term systemic dermal DNEL, general population = 1.7 mg/kg bw/day.
Acute, systemic DNEL- dermal exposure (general population)
A DNEL for acute systemic-dermal exposure was not derived since the substance is not classified for acute dermal toxicity based on the results of an acute dermal toxicity study in rats with an analogue substance.
Long term & acute, local DNEL- dermal exposure (general population)
The registered substance is a skin sensitiser according to Regulation EC No 1272/2008 (CLP). As the substance is only used in very low concentrations (max. 0.1% w/w) for shading applications in paper and board, no hazard of colored paper and board regarding local effects after dermal exposureis to be expected.
Oral
Long term, systemic DNEL- exposure by oral route (general population)
A study according OECD TG 422 with the target substance is available. Here, daily oral administration of the test item to Wistar rats did not elicit any signs of systemic, reproductive or developmental toxicity up to the highest dose tested. The NOEL for systemic toxicity, developmental toxicity and fertility was considered to be ≥1000 mg/kg bw/day. This NOEL is used as PoD for DNEL derivation.
Step 1: PoD: NOEL = 1000 mg/kg bw/day
No modifications were done as same exposure route is considered.
Step 2: Overall AF= 600
Interspecies AF, allometric scaling (rat to human): 4
Interspecies AF, remaining differences: 2.5
Intraspecies AF (general population): 10
Dose-response relationship AF: 1
Exposure duration AF: 6
Whole database AF: 1
In conclusion, long term systemic oral DNEL, general population = 1.7 mg/kg bw/day
Acute, systemic DNEL- exposure by oral route (general population)
According to ECHA Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety, Chapter R.8, Appendix R. 8-8, „a DNEL for acute toxicity should be derived if an acute toxicity hazard (leading to C&L) has been identified". The registered substance has very low acute oral toxicity with the LD50 of >2000 mg/kg. Therefore, the DNEL is not required.
Hazard to the eye-local effects (general population)
The registered substance is classified with Eye Dam. 1, H318 according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP). As the substance is only used in very low concentrations (max. 0.1% w/w) for shading applications in paper and board, no hazard of coloured paper and board for the eyes has to be expected.
References
ECHA (2012). Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Chapter R.8:
Characterization of dose [concentration]-response for human health. Version 2.1, November 2012
ECHA (2016). Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Part E: Risk Characterization, Version 3.0, May 2016
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.