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EC number: 233-437-2 | CAS number: 10168-81-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- significant methodological deficiencies
- Remarks:
- Study was well performed, however, there was a high variation between the different measurements of dissolved Gd concentration (after centrifugation), for which no explanation was given. Although there was still an apparent concentration series when considering the mean measured dissolved Gd concentrations, the high variation between the different measurements results in a higher uncertainty around the results of the study. Much smaller variation was observed when considering total Gd concentrations, however, effect concentrations are preferentially expressed as/based on dissolved Gd concentrations and therefore the study is not considered reliable enough to serve as a key study.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- other: PhD thesis
- Title:
- Umweltverhalten und Ökotoxikologie von gadoliniumhaltigen Magnetresonanztomographie-Kontrastmitteln.
- Author:
- Neubert C
- Year:
- 2 008
- Bibliographic source:
- Fakultät III – Prozesswissenschaften Institut für Technischen Umweltschutz der Technischen Universität Berlin - Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften.
Materials and methods
Test guidelineopen allclose all
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 211 (Daphnia magna Reproduction Test)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.20 (Daphnia magna Reproduction Test)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Gadolinium trichloride
- EC Number:
- 233-386-6
- EC Name:
- Gadolinium trichloride
- Cas Number:
- 10138-52-0
- Molecular formula:
- Cl3Gd
- IUPAC Name:
- gadolinium trichloride
- Test material form:
- solid: crystalline
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material: GdCl3.6H2O (hexyhydrate was used)
- Source: Sigma-Aldrich
- Purity: 99.99%
Constituent 1
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- - Samples were taken in fresh medium at t=0, t=8 and t=15 days.
- Samples were taken in old medium at t=8, t=15 and t=22 days. The replicates were pooled before sampling.
- 5 mL for determination of total Gd and 5 mL for determination of dissolved Gd were sampled. The latter samples were centrifuged before analysis to remove any precipitated material.
- Samples were acidified 1/100 with 1% HNO3.
Test solutions
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- No details reported.
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- Test species: Daphnia magna
Strain: Strauss
Source: Umweltbundesambt
Test animals: Third brood of the 3rd generation was used for the test.
Feeding was carried out daily with an algae suspension of Chlorella vulgaris.
Study design
- Test type:
- semi-static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 21 d
Test conditions
- Test temperature:
- 20.7-21.9°C
- pH:
- Freshly prepared concentrations: 8.4-9.0
Old medium: 8.5-8.6 - Dissolved oxygen:
- 8.1-12.5 mg/L
- Salinity:
- not applicable
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations: 0-0.2-2.0-10.0 mg Gd/L
Mean measured total Gd concentrations in fresh test solutions: < LOD and 0.07, 0.70, 3.46 mg Gd/L
Mean measured total Gd concentrations in old test solutions: < LOD and 0.05, 0.58, 2.79 mg Gd/L
Mean measured dissolved Gd concentrations (after centrifugation) in fresh test solutions:Mean measured dissolved Gd concentrations (after centrifugation) in old test solutions: Arithmetic means for the total Gd concentrations over the whole test period: < LOD, 0.06, 0.64, 3.13 mg Gd/L
Arithmetic means for the dissolved Gd concentrations over the whole test period: < LOD, 0.005, 0.09, 0.28 mg Gd/L - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 100-mL glass bekaers
- Type (delete if not applicable): open
- Fill volume: 80 mL
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): 3 times a week
- No. of organisms per vessel: 1
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 10
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 10
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: not clearly reported
- Culture medium different from test medium: not clearly reported
- Intervals of water quality measurement: Once weekly, the pH, oxygen content and temperature were measured in the freshly prepared and old test media.
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: not clearly reported
- Photoperiod: not clearly reported
- Light intensity: not clearly reported
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable): mortality and reproduction (observations made after each medium renewal, i.e. 3 times per week) - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- potassium dichromate
Results and discussion
Effect concentrationsopen allclose all
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.64 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element (total fraction)
- Remarks:
- non-centrifuged samples
- Basis for effect:
- other:
- Remarks:
- reproduction and mortality
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1.07 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat. (total fraction)
- Remarks:
- anhydrous GdCl3, non-centrifuged samples
- Basis for effect:
- other:
- Remarks:
- reproduction and mortality
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.09 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element (dissolved fraction)
- Remarks:
- centrifuged samples
- Basis for effect:
- other: reproduction and mortality
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.15 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat. (dissolved fraction)
- Remarks:
- anhydrous GdCl3, centrifuged samples
- Basis for effect:
- other: reproduction and mortality
- Details on results:
- 21-d LOEC = 3.13 mg Gd/L (total, mean measured, non-centrifuged samples)
21-d LOEC = 5.25 mg GdCl3/L (total, mean measured, non-centrifuged samples)
21-d LOEC = 0.28 mg Gd/L (dissolved, mean measured, centrifuged samples)
21-d LOEC = 0.47 mg GdCl3/L (dissolved, mean measured, centrifuged samples)
SURVIVAL
Highest concentration: 50% mortality.
No mortality in other test solutions.
REPRODUCTION:
Total number of offspring: Between 615 and 668 offspring were produced in the control group and the groups exposed to the two lowest concentrations. 156 offspring were produced in the group exposed to the highest concentration.
Number of broods per parental daphnid: Between 3.9 and 4.3 broods were produced per parental daphnid in the control group and the groups exposed to the two lowest concentrations. 3.4 broods were produced per parental daphnid in the group exposed to the highest concentration. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- 48-h EC50 = 1.63-2.53 mg/L during test period.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- ToxRat Professional software was used for calculation of the effect concentrations.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Measured Concentration anhydrous GdCl3 (mg/L) (calculated based on measured total Gd concentrations) | Surviving mother daphnids/number of offspring | Number of juveniles (mean +/- SD) | Number of juveniles per surviving mother |
< LOD | 10/657 | 65.7 +/- 11.2 | 4.3 +/- 0.5 |
0.09 | 10/615 | 61.5 +/- 9.0 | 3.9 +/- 0.3 |
1.08 | 10/668 | 66.8 +/- 5.4 | 4.0 +/- 0.0 |
5.24 | 5/156 | 31.2 +/- 4.5 | 3.4 +/- 0.8 |
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- In a daphnid reproduction test performed according to OECD guideline 211, the 21-d NOEC was determined to be 0.64 mg Gd/L (1.07 mg GdCl3/L) based on mean measured total Gd concentrations in non-centrifuged samples and 0.09 mg Gd/L (0.15 mg GdCl3/L) based on mean measured dissolved Gd concentrations in centrifuged samples.
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