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EC number: 234-829-6 | CAS number: 12035-72-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Genetic toxicity: in vitro
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells
- Remarks:
- Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 19 December 2008 - 16 July 2009
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Followed OECD Guideline 476 (In vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test)
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 009
- Report date:
- 2009
Materials and methods
Test guidelineopen allclose all
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 476 (In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.17 (Mutagenicity - In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPPTS 870.5300 - In vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Type of assay:
- mammalian cell gene mutation assay
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Trinickel disulphide
- EC Number:
- 234-829-6
- EC Name:
- Trinickel disulphide
- Cas Number:
- 12035-72-2
- Molecular formula:
- Ni3S2
- IUPAC Name:
- (trinickel-1-ylidene)-1λ⁴-disulfene
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Nickel subsulfide (N19A)
- Molecular weight (if other than submission substance): 240.1
- Physical state: grey powder
- Analytical purity: not provided
- Stability under test conditions: stable
- Storage condition of test material: room temperature
Constituent 1
Method
- Target gene:
- thymidine kinase
Species / strain
- Species / strain / cell type:
- mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
- Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
- - Type and identity of media: RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 3% (4 hr exposure), 7.5% (24 hr exposure), or 15% (complete medium) horse serum, 100U/100 ug/ml penicillin/streptomycin, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 2 mM L-glutamine, 25 mM HEPES, and 250 ug/ml amphotericin B
- Properly maintained: yes
- Periodically checked for Mycoplasma contamination: yes
- Periodically checked for karyotype stability: no data
- Periodically "cleansed" against high spontaneous background: yes - Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
- not specified
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- S9 liver microsomal fraction prepared at BSL using Male Wistar rats orally induced with phenobarbital and beta-naphthoflavone
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- Experiment I, with metabolic activation: 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4 mM
Experiment I, without metabolic activation: 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 mM
Experiment II, with metabolic activation: 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7 mM
Experiment II, without metabolic activation: 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 mM - Vehicle / solvent:
- - Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: cell culture medium (RPMI 1640 + 3% horse serum or + 7.5% horse serum for long term exposure)
Controls
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- vehicle alone
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- vehicle alone
- True negative controls:
- not specified
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- multiple positive controls
- Positive control substance:
- other: With metabolic activation - 3.5 ug/ml benzo[a]pyrene; without metabolic activation - 200 and 500 ug/ml ethylmethanesulfonate, and 10 ug/ml methylmethanesulfonate
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- METHOD OF APPLICATION: in medium
DURATION
- Preincubation period: no data
- Exposure duration: 4 hrs for all Experiments, except Experiement II without metabolic activation (24 hrs)
- Expression time (cells in growth medium): 72 hrs for all Experiments, except Experiement II without metabolic activation (48 hrs)
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent): 11 to 14 days
- Fixation time (start of exposure up to fixation or harvest of cells): not applicable
SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays): 200 uL RPMI 1640 complete medium with 5 ug/ml trifluorothymidine
NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED: 2000 cells/well, 4 wells per experimental group
DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: relative cloning efficiency - Evaluation criteria:
- There are 4 criteria for considering a mutation assay acceptable:
1. At least three out of four 96-well-plates from the TFT resistance-testing portion of the experiment are scorable.
2. The absolute cloning efficiency: ([number of positive cultures x 100] / total number of seeded cultures) of the negative and/or solvent controls is > 50%.
3. The spontaneous mutant frequency in the negative and/or solvent controls is in the range of BSL historical control data: about 84-245 mutants per 10^6 cells.
4. The positive controls (EMS, MMS and B[a]P) induce significant increases (at least 2-fold increase of mutant frequencies related to the comparable negative control values and higher than the historical range of negative controls) in the mutant frequencies.
There are 3 criteria for determining a positive result:
1. clear and dose-related increase in the mutant frequency,
2. biologically relevant response (at least a 2-fold increase of mutant frequencies related to the comparable negative control values and higher than the historical range of negative controls) for at least one of the dose groups,
3. combined with a positive effect in the mutant frequency, an increased occurrence of small colonies (slow growth colonies) indicated by a low large/small colonies ratio (ratio of the clastogenic controls MMS and/or B[a]P with a coefficient of 1.5) is an indication for potential clastogenic effects and/or chromosomal aberrations. - Statistics:
- Mutation frequency = [-ln(NC/TC(selective medium))]/[-ln(NC/TC(non-selective medium))] x 800, where NC = number of negative cultures, and TC = total number of cultures seeded.
According to the OECD guidelines, the biological relevance of the results is the criterion for the interpretation of results. A statistical evaluation of
the results is not regarded as necessary. A test item is considered to be negative if there is no biologically relevant increase in the induction of mutant cells above concurrent control levels, at any dose level.
Results and discussion
Test resultsopen allclose all
- Species / strain:
- mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
- Metabolic activation:
- with
- Genotoxicity:
- ambiguous
- Remarks:
- highest concentration (1.4 mM) resulted in mutation factor >2, and reduction in colony size similar to BaP
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- highest concentration resulted in severe inhibition of relative growth suspension (11.05%)
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Species / strain:
- mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
- Metabolic activation:
- without
- Genotoxicity:
- ambiguous
- Remarks:
- highest concentration (1.0 mM) resulted in mutation factor >2; reduction in colony size was greater than vehicle control, but less than MMS
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- highest concentration resulted in severe inhibition of relative growth suspension (13.95%)
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Species / strain:
- mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
- Metabolic activation:
- with
- Genotoxicity:
- ambiguous
- Remarks:
- 3 highest concentrations (1.3, 1.5, 1.7 mM) resulted in mutation factor >2; reduction in colony size was similar to vehicle control except for 1.3 mM (between vehicle control and BaP).
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- 3 highest concentrations (1.3, 1.5, 1.7 mM) resulted in severe inhibition of relative growth suspension (23.11%, 15.74%, and 10.07%, respectively).
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Species / strain:
- mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
- Metabolic activation:
- without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Remarks:
- no dose resulted in mutation factor greater than 2; reduction in colony size was between vehicle control and MMS for 3 highest concentrations (0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 mM).
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- 3 highest concentrations (0.3, 0.4, 0.5 mM) resulted in severe inhibition of relative growth suspension (22.52%, 14.77%, 10.96%, respectively).
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Precipitation: yes, noted in experiments I and II, with and without metabolic activation, at dose 0.05 mM Ni3S2 and higher
- Other confounding effects:
RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES: Three range finding studied were performed.
1. Pre-test for toxicity with metabolic activation (4 hr exposure), using doses of 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM Ni3S2. Relative suspension growth began to decrease at 0.5 mM Ni3S2.
2. Pre-test for toxicity without metabolic activation (4 hours exposure), using doses of 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM Ni3S2. Relative suspension growth began to decrease at 0.25 mM Ni3S2.
3. Pre-test for toxicity without metabolic activation (24 hr exposure), using doses of 0.02, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, and 1.25 mM Ni3S2. Relative suspension growth began to decrease at 0.02 mM Ni3S2.
COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA:
1. In experiment I with metabolic activation most mutant values found were within the historical control data of the test facility BSL (about 93-245 mutants per 10^6 cells). In three dose groups (0.6, 1.2 and 1.4 mM) the mutant values exceeded the historical control data range.
2. In experiment I without metabolic activation nearly all mutant values found were within the historical control data of the test facility BSL (about 84-218 mutants per 10^6 cells). Only in the highest dose group tested (1 mM) did the number of mutants/10^6 cells exceed the range of the historical control data.
3. In experiment II with metabolic activation the mutant values of the negative controls and of the dose groups up to 1.1 mM were within the historical control data of the test facility BSL (about 93-245) mutants per 10^6 cells). In the three highest dose groups (1.3-1.7 mM) the range of the historical control data range was slightly exceeded.
4. In experiment II without metabolic activation all mutant values found were within or slightly above the historical control data of the test facility BSL (about 84-218 mutants per 10^6 cells). - Remarks on result:
- other: other: Experiement I - 4 hr exposure
- Remarks:
- Migrated from field 'Test system'.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Report contains 16 Data Tables.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results (migrated information):
ambiguous The threshold value of 2 was exceeded in at least one dose group for all short term exposure experiements (4 hr). However, no clear dose-response relationships were noted and, in addition, the positive finding in the experiment without metabolic activatio
The authors conclude that the test item Ni subsulfide (N19A) showed inconclusive mutagenicity results in the mouse lymphoma thymidine kinase locus using the cell line L5178Y under the experimental conditions reported. If followed strictly the international relevant guidelines the test item would have to be considered as mutagenic since in the experiments with metabolic activation the threshold value of 2 was exceeded in at least one dose group each. But since the positive finding in the first main experiment without metabolic activation could not be verified in the independent repetition and the hint for clastogenicity could not be verified as well in the independent repetition of the experiment with metabolic activation, the evaluated hint for mutagenicity might be the result of high cytotoxicity with accompanying precipitation of the test item. Therefore the test item is considered to be equivocal in this test system. - Executive summary:
BSL Bioservice conducted an in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation bioassay in mouse lymphoma thymidine kinase locus using the cell line L5178Y according to OECD Test #476 guidelines and using GLP standards. Testing was completed on 2009-05-04 and the final report issued on 2009-07-16. Pre-experiments were performed to determine test concentrations: Experiment I 1.4 mM (with metabolic activation) and 1 mM (without metabolic activation) were selected as the highest concentrations; Experiment II 1.7 mM (with metabolic activation) and 0.5 mM (without metabolic activation) were selected as the highest concentrations. Four hour Ni3S2 exposures were run in Experiment I (with and without metabolic activation) and Experiment II (without metabolic activation only); Experiment II without metabolic activation was performed as a 24 hr long-term exposure assay. The pH-value of the test item was adjusted to 7.0.
Precipitation of the test item was noted in Experiments I and II (with and without metabolic activation) at doses from 0.05 mM and higher. Cytotoxicity in the form of growth inhibition relative to vehicle control was noted in Experiment I (with and without metabolic activation) at 0.4 mM and higher concentrations. Most of the doses utilized in Experiment II (with and without metabolic concentrations) resulted in cytotoxicity. The degree of relative growth inhibition increased with dose, with the most severe cytotoxicity observed at the highest doses in both Experiments I and II (with and without metabolic activation).
Three criteria needed to be met to conclude that a result was positive: 1) a clear and dose-related increase in mutant frequency; 2) at least a 2-fold increase in mutation frequency related to vehicle control for at least one dose; 3) an increased occurrence of slow growth (small) colonies (considered a clastogenic effect). In Experiment I (with metabolic activation), the highest concentration (1.4 mM) resulted in mutation factor >2, and reduction in colony size similar to positive control (BaP). However, this dose corresponded with severe cytotoxicity (total growth relative to negative control of 11.05%). Similar mutation frequency and cytotoxicity results were observed in Experiment I without metabolic activation: mutation factor >2 and relative total growth of 13.95% at the highest dose (1 mM). However, colony size was not considered biologically different relative to vehicle control. Experiment II (with metabolic activation) demonstrated mutagenic frequencies >2 at the three highest doses (1.3, 1.5, 1.7 mM), though the slightly reduced colony size ratios relative to vehicle control were not considered to be indicative of clastogenicity (as demonstrated by reduced colony sizes induced by BaP). Cytotoxicity was apparent at all three doses (relative total growths of 23.11%, 15.74%, and 10.07%, respectively). Finally, the long-term assay (Experiment II without metabolic activation) produced no increases in mutagenic frequency at any dose, and colony size ratios were not considered biologically significant. Though these results contain elements of the necessary criteria for positive mutagenicity results, there were no results from any of the experimental conditions that satisfied all three criteria for a positive result. In addition, the doses at which some criteria were met coincided with high cytotoxicity. Combined with the fact that precipitation of the item was found in all these dose groups, those positive results observed across experiments may be the result of side effects. Based on these facts the final estimation of this assay is equivocal. STUDY RATED BY AN INDEPENDENT REVIEWER
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