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Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 219-351-8 | CAS number: 2422-91-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.048 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- irritation (respiratory tract)
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 5
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The starting point for the DNEL calculation is a NOAEL according to ECHA Guidance (November 2012), R.8.4.3.1 the default assessment factor, as a standard procedure, is 1.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 1
- Justification:
- The assessment factor suggested by the ECHA TGD for exposure duration from subacute to chronic should be 6, but the relevant effect (port of entry toxicity) is deemed to be more concentration rather than dose dependent, thus the duration of exposure is likely to be of little consequence, and hence, time extrapolation would be inappropriate. In the depicted case no systemic effects were observed, and the observed local effects lead to LOAECs that does not give evidence for a major time-dependent change of the response threshold (for comparison LOAECacute vs. LOAECsubacute 1.9 : 3.9 mg/m³). On this basis it is not expected that a longer duration of the study would change the outcome and an AF of 1 is warranted.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- As long as route-to-route extrapolation is not needed, allometric scaling should not be applied in cases where doses in experimental animal studies are expressed as concentrations according to ECHA Guidance (November 2012), chapter R.8.4.3.1.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 1
- Justification:
- A factor 2.5 is suggested by the ECHA TGD for remaining interspecies differences, but justified deviations are possible. Rodents like the rat are in general more sensitive compared to humans as the rat’s ventilation frequency is higher. Therefore, as a general rule a AF of 1 for remaining interspecies differences provides sufficient protection.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- According to ECHA Guidance (November 2012) Chapter R.8.4.3.1 the default AF to be applied for intraspecies differences in workers is 5.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- According to ECHA Guidance (November 2012) R.8.4.3.1 the default AF to be applied for good/standard quality of the database, taking into account completeness, consistency and the standard information requirements, is 1.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- For effects on the respiratory tract, where the mechanism of effect is direct chemical reactivity, no further kinetic considerations apply. Furthermore, in terms of dynamics, one might assume that animals and humans will respond to the insult in the same way. In this case, the default factor for remaining uncertainties of 2.5 could be reduced to 1 according to ECHA Guidance (November 2012), R.8.4.3.1.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.096 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- irritation (respiratory tract)
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- DNEL extrapolated from long term DNEL
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- other: extrapolated from long tern DNEL
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- sensitisation (skin)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no DNEL required: short term exposure controlled by conditions for long-term
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - workers
The assessment factor suggested by the ECHA TGD for exposure duration from subacute to chronic should be 6, but the relevant effect (port of entry toxicity) is deemed to be more concentration rather than dose dependent, thus the duration of exposure is likely to be of little consequence, and hence, time extrapolation would be inappropriate. In the depicted case no systemic effects were observed, and the observed local effects lead to LOAECs that does not give evidence for a major time-dependent change of the response threshold (for comparison LOAECacute vs. LOAECsubacute 1.9 : 3.9 mg/m³). On this basis it is not expected that a longer duration of the study would change the outcome and an AF of 1 is warranted.
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- irritation (respiratory tract)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- sensitisation (skin)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no DNEL required: short term exposure controlled by conditions for long-term
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - General Population
Exposure of the General Population (Consumer/humans via the environment) is expected to be negligible. As displayed in IUCLID section 3.6 all consumer uses are strongly advised against. Therefore the substance is not used in the public domain and exposure of consumers is thus not to be expected. Emissions of the substance in the environmental compartments water, air and soil are negligible therefore human exposure via environment can be considered as negligible as well.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.