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EC number: 205-440-9 | CAS number: 140-90-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
- Acute oral toxicity:The LD50 value of 730 mg/kg was determined in a reliable study. This show that 10% aqueous solution ofSodium O-ethyl dithiocarbonate (SEX) as the main constituent of sodium O-ethyl dithiocarbonate is of a Slightly order of acute oral toxicity . Based on the data provided in this review, Sodium ethyl xanthate shall be classified for acute oral toxicity.
-Acute Dermal Toxicity: An LD50 value of < 1000 mg/kg was obtained. Application of 1 gm/kg of Sodium O-ethyl dithiocarbonate (SEX) in the form of a paste resulted in the death of ten out of twelve animals within 24 hrs. The surviving animals developed irritant effects including oedema and pigmentation of the skin. The sulphide odour noted during the study suggests that decomposition of sodium ethyl xanthate occurred. The dermal LD50 was < 1000 mg/kg . This show that Sodium Ethyl Xanthate is of a moderately order of acute Dermal toxicity .
- Acute inhalation toxicity :Based on the results of thе study (Arkema Inc. 2010), the LC50 for Acute inhalation toxicity of carbon disulfide obtained was 32.19 mg/m³ air or 10.35 mg/L air (chemically determined mean atmosphere concentration). There was no indication of relevant sex-related differences in toxicity of the test item.
Carbon disulphide is both a reagent in the manufacture, as well as a decomposition product of xanthates. SEX readily decomposes to carbon disulphide, especially in the presence of moisture/water. Therefore, the health effects of carbon disulphide (CS2) need to be considered in the assessment ofReaction mass of SEX.
It is concluded that the substance SEX meet the criteria to be classified for human health hazards for acute oral and dermal effects.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Acute toxicity: via oral route
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 401 (Acute Oral Toxicity)
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The study was carried out in 1951 and complies generally with current test protocols such as the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines for testing of chemicals No. 401. This study predates the requirements for good laboratory practice, however the study was considered adequate for this assessment. A 10% aqueous solution of sodium ethyl xanthate was administered orally by gavage. The pH of the solution was approximately 10.5 to 11. The animals were observed for signs of gross toxicological effects for seven days.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Test type:
- other: LD50
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- other: albino mice
- Sex:
- male
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Doses:
- 500,600,750,900,1000,1500,2000,5000 mg
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 93 male
- Control animals:
- no
- Details on study design:
- - Duration of observation period following administration: 7 days
- Sex:
- male
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- 730 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Mortality:
- The majority of deaths occurred on the first day and the animals that survived appeared normal within two days. The study does not indicate how many animals developed the symptoms, at what doses and the day of development of the symptoms.
- Clinical signs:
- other: Depression followed by hyperexcitability, tremors, paralysis, exophthalmia and clonic followed by tonic convulsions. Pinkness of feet and nose, preening and salivation.
- Gross pathology:
- Consolidated lungs, pale granular livers, unusually small spleens and atonic
intestines. Surviving animals showed no abnormalities. - Interpretation of results:
- other: sligthly toxic
- Remarks:
- Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU
- Conclusions:
- The LD50 value of 730 mg/kg was determined in a reliable study. This show that 10% aqueous solution of sodium ethyl xanthate is of a Slightly order of acute oral toxicity .
Based on the data provided in this review, SEX shall be classified for acute oral toxicity. - Executive summary:
The results of this study indicate that a 10% aqueous solution of sodium ethyl xanthate has an oral LD50 of 730 mg/kg in male mice. The target organs for oral toxicity of sodium ethyl xanthate were the central nervous system, liver and spleen.
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 401 (Acute Oral Toxicity)
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Test type:
- acute toxic class method
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Weight at study initiation: 200-265g
- Fasting period before study: Over night
- Water: ad libitum - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Doses:
- 500,1000, 1290, 1700, 2000 mg
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10male
- Control animals:
- no
- Details on study design:
- - Duration of observation period following administration: 14 days
- Frequency of observations and weighing: Regular intervals on the day of dosing and daily thereafter for 14 days.
- Necropsy of survivors performed: yes
- Other examinations performed: clinical signs, body weight,organ weights, histopathology, other: Gross necropsies were performed on all survivors and any animals which died during the observation period. Body weights of survivors were recorded prior to sacrifice. - Sex:
- male
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- 1 700 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks on result:
- other: oral administration of Sodium ethyl xanthate to rats produced increased motor activity, cyanosis, irritability, increased respiration and convulsions with death occurring 1 to 2 hours after administration.
- Sex:
- male
- Dose descriptor:
- LD0
- Effect level:
- 500 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks on result:
- other: Lethal Dose 0% at which none of the population died.None of the animals died.
- Mortality:
- All death occurring 1 to 2 hours after administration of 1700 mg/kg bw. Administration of 500 mg/kg bw none of the animals died.
- Clinical signs:
- other: Administration of 500 mg/kg bw none of the animals died.Oral administration of 1700 mg/kg bw of sodium ethyl xanthate to rats produced increased motor activity, cyanosis, irritability, increased respiration and convulsions with death occurring 1 to 2 hou
- Gross pathology:
- Autopsy showed perivascular and pericellular oedema, multiple haemorrhages in the lungs, perivascular subarachnoid haemorrhages and acute
swelling of the cells of the cortex, subcortical ganglia and the brain stem. Fatty dystrophy of the liver and protein dystrophy of the twisted canaliculi of the kidneys were observed. - Other findings:
- The findings of these studies indicate that sodium ethyl xanthate produces adverse effects on the central nervous system, liver and kidneys.
- Interpretation of results:
- other: sligthly toxic
- Remarks:
- Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU
- Conclusions:
- Administration of 500 mg/kg bw none of the animals died.Oral administration of 1700 mg/kg bw of sodium ethyl xanthate to rats produced increased motor activity, cyanosis, irritability, increased respiration and convulsions with death occurring 1 to 2 hours after administration.
The LD50 value of 1700 mg/kg was determined in a reliable study. This show that SEX is of a Slightly order of acute oral toxicity .
Based on the data provided in this review, SEX shall be classified for acute oral toxicity. - Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- other: published data
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Justification for type of information:
- SEX is related compound to SIBX
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 401 (Acute Oral Toxicity)
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Method: other
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Test type:
- other: LD50
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Weight at study initiation: 200-265g
- Fasting period before study: Over night
- Housing: Group housing (5 of each sex per cage), in metal cages provided with white pine and cheddar shavings.
- Diet: Purina Laboratory Chow, ad libitum.
- Water: ad libitum - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on oral exposure:
- CLASS METHOD (if applicable)
- Rationale for the selection of the starting dose: Exploratory doses were administered to 8 rats to estimate the order of toxicity of the test compound. Based on the preliminary estimation, groups of 10 rats (5M, 5F) were administered the test compound at graded dosage levels designed to blanket the toxicity range. - Doses:
- 500,2000 mg
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 5 female, 5 male
- Control animals:
- no
- Details on study design:
- - Duration of observation period following administration: 14 days
- Frequency of observations and weighing: Regular intervals on the day of dosing and daily thereafter for 14 days.
- Necropsy of survivors performed: yes
- Other examinations performed: clinical signs, body weight,organ weights, histopathology, other: Gross necropsies were performed on all survivors and any animals which died during the observation period. Body weights of survivors were recorded prior to sacrifice. - Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- 500 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks on result:
- other: The findings of this study indicate that Sodium Isobutyl Xanthate produces adverse effects on the central nervous system, liver and kidneys.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- 2 000 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks on result:
- other: The findings of this study indicate that Sodium Isobutyl Xanthate produces adverse effects on the central nervous system, liver and kidneys.
- Mortality:
- All death occurring 1 to 2 hours after administration.
- Clinical signs:
- other: Oral administration of Sodium Isobutyl Xanthate to rats produced increased motor activity, cyanosis, irritability, increased respiration and convulsions with death occurring 1 to 2 hours after administration.
- Gross pathology:
- Autopsy showed perivascular and pericellular oedema, multiple haemorrhages in the lungs, perivascular subarachnoid haemorrhages and acute
swelling of the cells of the cortex, subcortical ganglia and the brain stem. Fatty dystrophy of the liver and protein dystrophy of the twisted canaliculi of the
kidneys were observed. - Other findings:
- The findings of this study indicate that Sodium Isobutyl Xanthate produces adverse effects on the central nervous system, liver and kidneys.
- Interpretation of results:
- other: moderately toxic
- Remarks:
- Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU
- Conclusions:
- The LD50 value of 500 mg/kg was determined in a reliable study. The SEX, the subject of this dossier is expected to exhibit very similar toxicity to Sodium isobutyl xanthate (CAS No. 25306-75-6),)), which is also xanthate compound. Comparable metabolism would occur.This show that the substance is of a moderately order of acute oral toxicity .
Based on the data provided in this review, SEX shall be classified for acute oral toxicity. - Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- other: published data
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Justification for type of information:
- SEX is related compound potassium O-butyl dithiocarbonate
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 401 (Acute Oral Toxicity)
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Test type:
- acute toxic class method
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- other: albino mice
- Sex:
- male
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Doses:
- 200, 411, 465 ,1000, 2000 mg
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10male
- Control animals:
- no
- Details on study design:
- - Duration of observation period following administration: 14 days
- Sex:
- male
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- 411 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks on result:
- other: oral administration of Potassium n-butyl xanthate to mice produced increased motor activity, cyanosis, irritability, increased respiration and convulsions with death occurring 1 to 2 hours after administration.
- Sex:
- male
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- 465 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks on result:
- other: oral administration of Potassium n-butyl xanthate to mice produced increased motor activity, cyanosis, irritability, increased respiration and convulsions with death occurring 1 to 2 hours after administration.
- Mortality:
- All death occurring 1 to 2 hours after administration.
- Clinical signs:
- other: Oral administration of potassium n-butyl xanthate to mice produced increased motor activity, cyanosis, irritability, increased respiration and convulsions with death occurring 1 to 2 hours after administration.
- Gross pathology:
- Autopsy showed perivascular and pericellular oedema, multiple haemorrhages in the lungs, perivascular subarachnoid haemorrhages and acute
swelling of the cells of the cortex, subcortical ganglia and the brain stem. Fatty dystrophy of the liver and protein dystrophy of the twisted canaliculi of the
kidneys were observed. - Other findings:
- The findings of these studies indicate that potassium n-butyl xanthate produces adverse effects on the central nervous system, liver and kidneys.
- Interpretation of results:
- other: moderately toxic
- Remarks:
- Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU
- Conclusions:
- The LD50 value of 411 mg/kg was determined in a reliable study. SEX, the subject of this dossier is expected to exhibit very similar toxicity to Potassium n-butyl xanthate (CAS No. 871-58-9), which is also xanthate compound. Comparable metabolism would occur.This show that the substance is of a moderately order of acute oral toxicity .
Based on the data provided in this review, SEX shall be classified for acute oral toxicity. - Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- other: published data
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Justification for type of information:
- SEX is related compound to PEX
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 401 (Acute Oral Toxicity)
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Test type:
- acute toxic class method
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- other: albino mice
- Sex:
- male
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Doses:
- 200, 480, 583,1000, 2000 mg
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10male
- Control animals:
- no
- Details on study design:
- - Duration of observation period following administration: 14 days
- Frequency of observations and weighing: Regular intervals on the day of dosing and daily thereafter for 14 days.
- Necropsy of survivors performed: yes
- Other examinations performed: clinical signs, body weight,organ weights, histopathology, other: Gross necropsies were performed on all survivors and any animals which died during the observation period. Body weights of survivors were recorded prior to sacrifice. - Sex:
- male
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- 583 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks on result:
- other: oral administration of potassium ethyl xanthate to mice produced increased motor activity, cyanosis, irritability, increased respiration and convulsions with death occurring 1 to 2 hours after administration.
- Mortality:
- All death occurring 1 to 2 hours after administration.
- Clinical signs:
- other: Oral administration of potassium ethyl xanthate to mice produced increased motor activity, cyanosis, irritability, increased respiration and convulsions with death occurring 1 to 2 hours after administration.
- Gross pathology:
- Autopsy showed perivascular and pericellular oedema, multiple haemorrhages in the lungs, perivascular subarachnoid haemorrhages and acute
swelling of the cells of the cortex, subcortical ganglia and the brain stem. Fatty dystrophy of the liver and protein dystrophy of the twisted canaliculi of the
kidneys were observed. - Other findings:
- The findings of these studies indicate that potassium ethyl xanthate produces adverse effects on the central nervous system, liver and kidneys.
- Interpretation of results:
- other: moderately toxic
- Remarks:
- Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU
- Conclusions:
- The LD50 value of 583 mg/kg was determined in a reliable study. This show that Potassium Ethyl Xanthate is of a moderately order of acute oral toxicity .
SEX, the subject of this dossier is expected to exhibit very similar toxicity to Potassium Ethyl Xanthate (CAS No. 140-89-6,), which is also xanthate compound. Comparable metabolism would occur.This show that the substance is of a moderately order of acute oral toxicity .
Based on the data provided in this review,SEX shall be classified for acute oral toxicity. - Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- other: published data
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Justification for type of information:
- SEX is related compound to PEX
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 401 (Acute Oral Toxicity)
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Test type:
- acute toxic class method
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Weight at study initiation: 200-265g
- Fasting period before study: Over night
- Water: ad libitum - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Doses:
- 500,1000, 1290, 1700, 2000 mg
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10male
- Control animals:
- no
- Details on study design:
- - Duration of observation period following administration: 14 days
- Frequency of observations and weighing: Regular intervals on the day of dosing and daily thereafter for 14 days.
- Necropsy of survivors performed: yes
- Other examinations performed: clinical signs, body weight,organ weights, histopathology, other: Gross necropsies were performed on all survivors and any animals which died during the observation period. Body weights of survivors were recorded prior to sacrifice. - Sex:
- male
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- 1 700 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks on result:
- other: oral administration of potassium ethyl xanthate to rats produced increased motor activity, cyanosis, irritability, increased respiration and convulsions with death occurring 1 to 2 hours after administration.
- Mortality:
- All death occurring 1 to 2 hours after administration.
- Clinical signs:
- other: Oral administration of potassium ethyl xanthate to rats produced increased motor activity, cyanosis, irritability, increased respiration and convulsions with death occurring 1 to 2 hours after administration.
- Gross pathology:
- Autopsy showed perivascular and pericellular oedema, multiple haemorrhages in the lungs, perivascular subarachnoid haemorrhages and acute
swelling of the cells of the cortex, subcortical ganglia and the brain stem. Fatty dystrophy of the liver and protein dystrophy of the twisted canaliculi of the kidneys were observed. - Other findings:
- The findings of these studies indicate that potassium ethyl xanthate produces adverse effects on the central nervous system, liver and kidneys.
- Interpretation of results:
- other: sligthly toxic
- Remarks:
- Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU
- Conclusions:
- The LD50 value of 1700 mg/kg was determined in a reliable study. This show that Potassium Ethyl Xanthate is of a Slightly order of acute oral toxicity .
SEX, the subject of this dossier) is expected to exhibit very similar toxicity to Potassium Ethyl Xanthate (CAS No. 140-89-6,), which is also xanthate compound. Comparable metabolism would occur.
Based on the data provided in this review, SEX shall be classified for acute oral toxicity.
Referenceopen allclose all
Table 3: |
Oral toxicity of xanthates (from: Kirk-Othmer, 1984)16 |
||||||
Xanthate |
Species |
LD0 |
(mg/kg) |
LD50 |
(mg/kg) |
References |
|
Sodium ethyl |
rat |
500 |
1700 |
17 |
|||
Potassium ethyl |
Rat mouse |
500 |
1700 583 |
17, 18 |
|||
Sodium isopropyl |
rat |
250 |
— |
17 |
|||
Potassium isopropyl |
rat mouse |
— — |
1700 583 |
18 — |
|||
Potassium n-butyl |
mouse |
— |
411 465 |
19,20 |
|||
Sodium isobutyl |
rat |
|
500 |
17 |
|||
Potassium isobutyl |
rat mouse |
— — |
1290 480 |
18 18 |
|||
Sodium sec-butyl |
rat |
— |
>2000 |
17 |
|||
Potassium amyl (mixed) |
rat |
1000 |
1000–2000 |
17, 21 |
|||
Potassium iso amyl |
rat mouse |
— — |
765 470 |
18 18 |
|||
C5-C6 mixture |
rat |
— |
1500 |
22 |
|||
Administration of 500 mg/kg bw none of the animals died.Oral administration of 1700 mg/kg bw of sodium ethyl xanthate to rats produced increased motor activity, cyanosis, irritability, increased respiration and convulsions with death occurring 1 to 2 hours after administration.
The LD50 value of 1700 mg/kg was determined in a reliable study. This show that Sodium Ethyl Xanthate is of a Slightly order of acute oral toxicity .
Based on the data provided in this review,Sodium ethyl Xanthate shall be classified for acute oral toxicity.
The LD50 of the various xanthates are similar, ranging from 411 to 583 mg/kg in mice and from 1000 to >2000 mg/kg in rats.
The acute oral toxic effects of one xanthate, potassium butyl xanthate, are providedin two summaries in Chemical Abstracts.
Similar symptoms and pathology findings were seen in these studies carried out by Babayan.
References :
16.Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology,Vol 24, 2nd ed, pp 645-661,John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
17.Dow Chemical Company, 1964, unpublished toxicological data to C.B. Shaffer,American Cyanamid; data from P. Avotin, American Cyanamid, privatecommunication, 1982 as cited in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical
18.Babayan, E.A., 1963, “Toxicology of Potassium Butyl Xanthate” Material 2-oi[Vtoroi] Itog. Nauchn. Konf. Inst. Gigieny Truda I Prof. Zabolevan Posvyashch.Vopr. Gigieny Truda I Prof. Patol. Erevan, pp 75-77 (Pub 1964)(Russ)Chem Abstract,64, 8836e (1966).
19.Babayan, E.A., “Toxicological Characteristics of the Flotation Agent PotassiumButyl Xanthate”, Mater. Itogovoi Nauch. Konf. Vop. Gig Tr Profpatol. Khim.Gornorud. Prom., 3rd 1966 (Pub 1968) 97-102 (Russ) inChemical Abstracts,Vol 73,1970.
20.Fronk, N.G., The Dow Chemical Company, private communication, 1982, as cited inKirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology,Vol 24, 2nd Ed, pp 645-661,John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
21.Buzina, A.Z., Burkhanov, A.I. and Abeuev, Kh.B., 1977 Zdravookhr. Kaz., 88 ascited inKirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology,Vol 24, 2nd Ed, pp645-661, John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
22.Chemical Abstracts,Vol 64, 1966.
Table 3: |
Oral toxicity of xanthates (from: Kirk-Othmer, 1984)16 |
||||||
Xanthate |
Species |
LD0 |
(mg/kg) |
LD50 |
(mg/kg) |
References |
|
Sodium ethyl |
rat |
500 |
1700 |
17 |
|||
Potassium ethyl |
Rat mouse |
500 |
1700 583 |
17, 18 |
|||
Sodium isopropyl |
rat |
250 |
— |
17 |
|||
Potassium isopropyl |
rat mouse |
— — |
1700 583 |
18 — |
|||
Potassium n-butyl |
mouse |
— |
411 465 |
19,20 |
|||
Sodium isobutyl |
rat |
|
500 |
17 |
|||
Potassium isobutyl |
rat mouse |
— — |
1290 480 |
18 18 |
|||
Sodium sec-butyl |
rat |
— |
>2000 |
17 |
|||
Potassium amyl (mixed) |
rat |
1000 |
1000–2000 |
17, 21 |
|||
Potassium iso amyl |
rat mouse |
— — |
765 470 |
18 18 |
|||
C5-C6 mixture |
rat |
— |
1500 |
22 |
|||
The LD50 value of 500 mg/kg was determined for Sodium Isobutyl Xanthate. This show that Sodium Isobutyl Xanthate is of a moderately order of acute oral toxicity .
The LD50 of the various xanthates are similar, ranging from 411 to 583mg/kg in mice and from 1000 to >2000 mg/kg in rats.
The acute oral toxic effects of one xanthate, potassium butyl xanthate, are providedin two summaries in Chemical Abstracts.
Similar symptoms and pathologyfindings were seen in these studies carried out by Babayan.
References :
16.Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology,Vol 24, 2nd ed, pp 645-661,John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
17.Dow Chemical Company, 1964, unpublished toxicological data to C.B. Shaffer,American Cyanamid; data from P. Avotin, American Cyanamid, privatecommunication, 1982 as cited in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical
18.Babayan, E.A., 1963, “Toxicology of Potassium Butyl Xanthate” Material 2-oi[Vtoroi] Itog. Nauchn. Konf. Inst. Gigieny Truda I Prof. Zabolevan Posvyashch.Vopr. Gigieny Truda I Prof. Patol. Erevan, pp 75-77 (Pub 1964)(Russ)Chem Abstract,64, 8836e (1966).
19.Babayan, E.A., “Toxicological Characteristics of the Flotation Agent PotassiumButyl Xanthate”, Mater. Itogovoi Nauch. Konf. Vop. Gig Tr Profpatol. Khim.Gornorud. Prom., 3rd 1966 (Pub 1968) 97-102 (Russ) inChemical Abstracts,Vol 73,1970.
20.Fronk, N.G., The Dow Chemical Company, private communication, 1982, as cited inKirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology,Vol 24, 2nd Ed, pp 645-661,John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
21.Buzina, A.Z., Burkhanov, A.I. and Abeuev, Kh.B., 1977 Zdravookhr. Kaz., 88 ascited inKirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology,Vol 24, 2nd Ed, pp645-661, John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
22.Chemical Abstracts,Vol 64, 1966.
Table 3: |
Oral toxicity of xanthates (from: Kirk-Othmer, 1984)16 |
||||||
Xanthate |
Species |
LD0 |
(mg/kg) |
LD50 |
(mg/kg) |
References |
|
Sodium ethyl |
rat |
500 |
1700 |
17 |
|||
Potassium ethyl |
Rat mouse |
500 |
1700 583 |
17, 18 |
|||
Sodium isopropyl |
rat |
250 |
— |
17 |
|||
Potassium isopropyl |
rat mouse |
— — |
1700 583 |
18 — |
|||
Potassium n-butyl |
mouse |
— |
411 465 |
19,20 |
|||
Sodium isobutyl |
rat |
|
500 |
17 |
|||
Potassium isobutyl |
rat mouse |
— — |
1290 480 |
18 18 |
|||
Sodium sec-butyl |
rat |
— |
>2000 |
17 |
|||
Potassium amyl (mixed) |
rat |
1000 |
1000–2000 |
17, 21 |
|||
Potassium iso amyl |
rat mouse |
— — |
765 470 |
18 18 |
|||
C5-C6 mixture |
rat |
— |
1500 |
22 |
|||
The LD50 value of 583 mg/kg in mice and 1700 mg/kg in rats were determined for Potassium Ethyl Xanthate. This show that Potassium Ethyl Xanthate is of a moderately to slightly order of acute oral toxicity .
The LD50 of the various xanthates are similar, ranging from 411 to 583 mg/kg in mice and from 1000 to >2000 mg/kg in rats.
The acute oral toxic effects of one xanthate, potassium butyl xanthate, are providedin two summaries in Chemical Abstracts.
Similar symptoms and pathology findings were seen in these studies carried out by Babayan.
References :
16.Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology,Vol 24, 2nd ed, pp 645-661,John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
17.Dow Chemical Company, 1964, unpublished toxicological data to C.B. Shaffer,American Cyanamid; data from P. Avotin, American Cyanamid, privatecommunication, 1982 as cited in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical
18.Babayan, E.A., 1963, “Toxicology of Potassium Butyl Xanthate” Material 2-oi[Vtoroi] Itog. Nauchn. Konf. Inst. Gigieny Truda I Prof. Zabolevan Posvyashch.Vopr. Gigieny Truda I Prof. Patol. Erevan, pp 75-77 (Pub 1964)(Russ)Chem Abstract,64, 8836e (1966).
19.Babayan, E.A., “Toxicological Characteristics of the Flotation Agent PotassiumButyl Xanthate”, Mater. Itogovoi Nauch. Konf. Vop. Gig Tr Profpatol. Khim.Gornorud. Prom., 3rd 1966 (Pub 1968) 97-102 (Russ) inChemical Abstracts,Vol 73,1970.
20.Fronk, N.G., The Dow Chemical Company, private communication, 1982, as cited inKirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology,Vol 24, 2nd Ed, pp 645-661,John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
21.Buzina, A.Z., Burkhanov, A.I. and Abeuev, Kh.B., 1977 Zdravookhr. Kaz., 88 ascited inKirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology,Vol 24, 2nd Ed, pp645-661, John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
22.Chemical Abstracts,Vol 64, 1966.
Table 3: |
Oral toxicity of xanthates (from: Kirk-Othmer, 1984)16 |
||||||
Xanthate |
Species |
LD0 |
(mg/kg) |
LD50 |
(mg/kg) |
References |
|
Sodium ethyl |
rat |
500 |
1700 |
17 |
|||
Potassium ethyl |
Rat mouse |
500 |
1700 583 |
17, 18 |
|||
Sodium isopropyl |
rat |
250 |
— |
17 |
|||
Potassium isopropyl |
rat mouse |
— — |
1700 583 |
18 — |
|||
Potassium n-butyl |
mouse |
— |
411 465 |
19,20 |
|||
Sodium isobutyl |
rat |
|
500 |
17 |
|||
Potassium isobutyl |
rat mouse |
— — |
1290 480 |
18 18 |
|||
Sodium sec-butyl |
rat |
— |
>2000 |
17 |
|||
Potassium amyl (mixed) |
rat |
1000 |
1000–2000 |
17, 21 |
|||
Potassium iso amyl |
rat mouse |
— — |
765 470 |
18 18 |
|||
C5-C6 mixture |
rat |
— |
1500 |
22 |
|||
The LD50 value of 583 mg/kg in mice and 1700 mg/kg in rats were determined for Potassium Ethyl Xanthate. This show that Potassium Ethyl Xanthate is of a moderately to slightly order of acute oral toxicity .
The LD50 of the various xanthates are similar, ranging from 411 to 583 mg/kg in mice and from 1000 to >2000 mg/kg in rats.
The acute oral toxic effects of one xanthate, potassium butyl xanthate, are providedin two summaries in Chemical Abstracts.
Similar symptoms and pathology findings were seen in these studies carried out by Babayan.
References :
16.Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology,Vol 24, 2nd ed, pp 645-661,John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
17.Dow Chemical Company, 1964, unpublished toxicological data to C.B. Shaffer,American Cyanamid; data from P. Avotin, American Cyanamid, privatecommunication, 1982 as cited in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical
18.Babayan, E.A., 1963, “Toxicology of Potassium Butyl Xanthate” Material 2-oi[Vtoroi] Itog. Nauchn. Konf. Inst. Gigieny Truda I Prof. Zabolevan Posvyashch.Vopr. Gigieny Truda I Prof. Patol. Erevan, pp 75-77 (Pub 1964)(Russ)Chem Abstract,64, 8836e (1966).
19.Babayan, E.A., “Toxicological Characteristics of the Flotation Agent PotassiumButyl Xanthate”, Mater. Itogovoi Nauch. Konf. Vop. Gig Tr Profpatol. Khim.Gornorud. Prom., 3rd 1966 (Pub 1968) 97-102 (Russ) inChemical Abstracts,Vol 73,1970.
20.Fronk, N.G., The Dow Chemical Company, private communication, 1982, as cited inKirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology,Vol 24, 2nd Ed, pp 645-661,John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
21.Buzina, A.Z., Burkhanov, A.I. and Abeuev, Kh.B., 1977 Zdravookhr. Kaz., 88 ascited inKirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology,Vol 24, 2nd Ed, pp645-661, John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
22.Chemical Abstracts,Vol 64, 1966.
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Value:
- 730 mg/kg bw
Acute toxicity: via inhalation route
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: inhalation
- Type of information:
- other: published data
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Justification for type of information:
- Carbon disulphide is both a reagent in the manufacture, as well as a decomposition product of xanthates. SEX readily decomposes to carbon disulphide, especially in the presence of moisture/water. Therefore, the health effects of carbon disulphide (CS2) need to be considered in the assessment of SEX. In addition, xanthates decompose on aging to form a number of byproducts, depending on the pH, temperature, etc. Risks associated with xanthate are, therefore, a function of the breakdown of the product or un-reacted raw materials remaining in the product.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 403 (Acute Inhalation Toxicity)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.2 (Acute Toxicity (Inhalation))
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPPTS 870.1300 (Acute inhalation toxicity)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Test type:
- standard acute method
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Harlan Laboratories B.V., Kreuzelweg 53, 5961 NM Horst, Netherlands
- Age at study initiation: 9 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: males: 254.6 to 274.2 g, females: 169.9 to 183.7 g
- Fasting period before study: none
- Housing: Animals were housed in groups of 5 of the same sex in Makrolon® type-IV cages with wire mesh tops and standard softwood bedding ("Lignocel" J. Rettenmaier & Söhne GmbH & Co KG, 73494 Rosenberg / Germany, imported by Provimi Kliba AG, 4303 Kaiseraugst / Switzerland) including paper enrichment (Enviro-dri from Lillico, Biotechnology, Surrey, UK)
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Animals were housed in groups of 5 of the same sex in Makrolon® type-IV cages with wire mesh tops and standard softwood bedding ("Lignocel" J. Rettenmaier & Söhne GmbH & Co KG, 73494 Rosenberg / Germany, imported by Provimi Kliba AG, 4303 Kaiseraugst / Switzerland) including paper enrichment (Enviro-dri from Lillico, Biotechnology, Surrey, UK)
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Community tap water from Füllinsdorf ad libitum in water bottles, except during the period when they were restrained in exposure tubes
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C):
- Humidity (%): 30-70 %
- Air changes (per hr): 10-15
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12
This study was performed in an AAALAC-accredited laboratory in accordance with the Swiss Animal Protection Law under license no. 49. - Route of administration:
- inhalation: gas
- Type of inhalation exposure:
- nose only
- Vehicle:
- clean air
- Details on inhalation exposure:
- GENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE / CHAMBER DESCRIPTION
- Exposure apparatus: The test atmosphere was generated using a Hudson nebulizer connected to a step dose pump. The entire polyethylene injector inside the nebulizer was replaced by a stainless steel injector. The concentration of the test item in the inhalation chamber was controlled by regulating the flow of the test item to the inhalation tower and by the addition of dilution air
- Exposure chamber volume: not applicable
- Method of holding animals in test chamber: The animals were confined separately in restraint tubes which were positioned radially around the exposure chamber
- Source and rate of air: compressed air was supplied by means of an oil free compressor and passed respiratory quality filters before it was introduced to the exposure system
- Method of conditioning air: respiratory quality filters
- System of generating particulates/aerosols: The test atmosphere was generated using a Hudson nebulizer connected to a step dose pump. The entire polyethylene injector inside the nebulizer was replaced by a stainless steel injector. The concentration of the test item in the inhalation chamber was controlled by regulating the flow of the test item to the inhalation tower and by the addition of dilution air
- Method of particle size determination: not applicable as test item was generated as gas
- Treatment of exhaust air: filtered
- Temperature, humidity, pressure in air chamber: 23.5 °C, 2.4 % relative humididty, 20.0 % oxygen
TEST ATMOSPHERE
- Brief description of analytical method used: The concentration was measured at least 4 times per hour of exposure per on-line gas chromatography. The analyses were performed according to the conditions listed below.
Column: DB-624 (30m x 0.320mm x 1.80µm)
Injector: 225°C
Oven: 100 °C for 0.1min; then 50°C/min to 250°C for 0 min.
Detector: µECD, 260°C
Calibration:
A calibration curve ranging between concentrations of approximately 2.5 mg/L to approximately 14 mg/L was constructed from the test item in gas bags as part of the technical trials. The calibration gas bags were prepared at each concentration.
Acceptance Criteria:
The coefficient of variation was < 10% for all calibration gas bag samples at each concentration. The correlation coefficient of the used regression was 0.995 and therefore within the acceptance criteria.
Standards constructed from the test item in gas bags were sampled prior to initiation of each exposure at the chamber-line and used to check the integrity of the sampling line and check the GC calibration. Plots of the peak area used for the calibration were used to assess trends regarding system stability. The acceptance criterion for standard samples was an accuracy of 90 - 110% of the theoretical value.
- Samples taken from breathing zone: yes
VEHICLE
- Composition of vehicle (if applicable): none
- Concentration of test material in vehicle (if applicable):
- Justification of choice of vehicle:
- Lot/batch no. (if required):
- Purity:
TEST ATMOSPHERE (if not tabulated)
- Particle size distribution: none
- MMAD (Mass median aerodynamic diameter) / GSD (Geometric st. dev.):
CLASS METHOD (if applicable)
- Rationale for the selection of the starting concentration: - Analytical verification of test atmosphere concentrations:
- yes
- Duration of exposure:
- 4 h
- Concentrations:
- Nominal: 2.23 mg/L air
chemical: 10.35 mg/L air - No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 5
- Control animals:
- no
- Details on study design:
- - Duration of observation period following administration: 14 days
- Frequency of observations and weighing: Observations for viability were recorded once before exposure on the day of exposure (test day 1), three times during exposure, immediately and 1 h after exposure on test day 1 and twice daily during the observation period. Each animal was examined three times during exposure, immediately and 1 h after exposure on test day 1 and once daily during the observation period. Observations were detailed and carefully recorded using explicitly defined scales as appropriate. Only grossly abnormal signs were detectable during exposure as the animals were restrained in the exposure tubes. The body weight of each animal was recorded on test days 1 (before exposure), 2, 4, 8 and 15 (before necropsy).
- Necropsy of survivors performed: yes
- Other examinations performed: clinical signs, body weight, - Statistics:
- no
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect level:
- 10.35 mg/L air (analytical)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Exp. duration:
- 4 h
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect level:
- 32.19 mg/m³ air (analytical)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Exp. duration:
- 4 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: Conversion factors :1 mg/l(ppm)=3.11 mg/m3
- Mortality:
- three males and two females
- Clinical signs:
- other: Tachypnea was recorded in all animals during and immediately after exposure. Tachypnea persisted in all surviving animals until test day 2. Hunched or prostrate posture and/or decreased activity were observed in most of the animals one hour after end of e
- Body weight:
- From test day 1 to test day 2, slight to moderate body weight loss was noted in all surviving animals. Thereafter normal body weight development was recorded in these animals.
- Gross pathology:
- There were no macroscopic findings that were considered to be related to treatment with the test item. Red discoloration of the lung was recorded in animals that died spontaneously. This finding was considered to be due to delayed necropsy.
- Other findings:
- none
- Interpretation of results:
- other: moderately toxic
- Remarks:
- Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU
- Conclusions:
- Based on the results of this study, the LC50 of carbon disulfide obtained in this study was 32.19 mg/m³ air or 10.35 mg/L air (chemically determined mean atmosphere concentration). There was no indication of relevant sex-related differences in toxicity of the test item.
Carbon disulphide is both a reagent in the manufacture, as well as a decomposition product of xanthates. SEX readily decomposes to carbon disulphide, especially in the presence of moisture/water. Therefore, the health effects of carbon disulphide (CS2) need to be considered in the assessment of SEX. - Executive summary:
Carbon disulphide is both a reagent in the manufacture, as well as a decomposition product of xanthates. SEX readily decomposes to carbon disulphide, especially in the presence of moisture/water. Therefore, the health effects of carbon disulphide (CS2) need to be considered in the assessment of SEX.
In addition, xanthates decompose on aging to form a number of byproducts, depending on the pH, temperature, etc. Risks associated with xanthate are, therefore, a function of the breakdown of the product or un-reacted raw materials remaining in the product.
A group of five male and five female albino rats was exposed by nose-only, flow-past inhalation for four hours to the test item at a chemically determined mean concentration of 10.35 mg/L air. All animals were observed for clinical signs and mortality during the inhalation exposure and the subsequent 14-day observation period. Body weights were recorded prior to exposure on test day 1, and during the observation period on test days 2, 4, 8 and 15 before necropsy. On test day 15 all animals were sacrificed and necropsied. The ranges of aerosol concentration, temperature, relative humidity, oxygen content and airflow rate measured during the exposure were considered to be satisfactory for a study of this type. In addition, the test item was considered to be respirable to rats. Five animals died during the first 24 hours after exposure. All other animals survived the scheduled observation period. Tachypnea was recorded in all animals during exposure and persisted until test day 2 in the surviving ones. Hunched or prostrate posture and / or decreased activity were recorded in most of the animals after exposure up to day 2. A transient effect on body weight was observed. There were no macroscopic findings that were considered to be related to treatment with the test item.
Based on the results of this study, the LC50 of Carbon Disulfide obtained in this study was 32.19 mg/m³ air or10.35 mg/L air (chemically determined mean atmosphere concentration).There was no indication of relevant sex-related differences in toxicity of the test item.
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: inhalation
- Type of information:
- other: published data
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Justification for type of information:
- Carbon disulphide is both a reagent in the manufacture, as well as a decomposition product of xanthates. Sodium ethyl xanthate readily decomposes to carbon disulphide, especially in the presence of moisture/water. Therefore, the health effects of carbon disulphide (CS2) need to be considered in the assessment of Sodium ethyl xanthate.
In addition, xanthates decompose on aging to form a number of byproducts, depending on the pH, temperature, etc. Risks associated with xanthate are, therefore, a function of the breakdown of the product or un-reacted raw materials remaining in the product. - Qualifier:
- no guideline required
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- not applicable for reviews
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- not applicable for reviews
- Test type:
- other: not applicable for reviews
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- other: not applicable for reviews
- Strain:
- other: not applicable for reviews
- Route of administration:
- inhalation
- Type of inhalation exposure:
- other: not applicable for reviews
- Vehicle:
- other: not applicable for reviews
- Analytical verification of test atmosphere concentrations:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- not applicable for reviews
- Concentrations:
- not applicable for reviews
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- not applicable for reviews
- Control animals:
- other: not applicable for reviews
- Details on study design:
- not applicable for reviews
- Interpretation of results:
- other: moderately toxic
- Remarks:
- Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU
- Conclusions:
- Carbon disulphide is both a reagent in the manufacture, as well as a decomposition product of xanthates. Sodium ethyl xanthate readily decomposes to carbon disulphide, especially in the presence of moisture/water. Therefore, the health effects of carbon disulphide (CS2) need to be considered in the assessment of Sodium ethyl xanthate.
In addition, xanthates decompose on aging to form a number of byproducts, depending on the pH, temperature, etc. Risks associated with xanthate are, therefore, a function of the breakdown of the product or un-reacted raw materials remaining in the product.
The nervous system, the cardiovascular system and the liver are regarded as target organs after acute inhalation exposure to CS2. In terms of lethality, there are indications that CS2 needs to be classified. - Executive summary:
Carbon disulphide is both a reagent in the manufacture, as well as a decomposition product of xanthates. SEX readily decomposes to carbon disulphide, especially in the presence of moisture/water. Therefore, the health effects of carbon disulphide (CS2) need to be considered in the assessment of SEX.
In addition,xanthates decompose on aging to form a number of byproducts, depending on the pH, temperature, etc.Risks associated with xanthate are, therefore, a function of the breakdown of the product or un-reacted raw materials remaining in the product.
CS2 is moderately toxic in terms of lethality. The lethal concentration depends on the animal species examined. The nervous system, the cardiovascular system and the liver are regarded as target organs for exerted sub-lethal effects after acute inhalation exposure.
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: inhalation
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 1985
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Justification for type of information:
- The study is reasonably well reported but there are deviations from an ideal protocol. It can be considered sufficiently well reported to be an acceptable study with sufficient basic documentation to demonstrate that it meets basic scientific principles and contains enough detail to be able to judge the results reliable. Ethanol/ Ethyl Alcohol is both reagents used in the manufacture of sodium O-ethyl dithiocarbonate . Therefore, Ethanol/ Ethyl Alcohol need to be considered in the assessment of sodium O-ethyl dithiocarbonate
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 403 (Acute Inhalation Toxicity)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Exposure period only 60 minutes. Species mouse rather than preferred rat. Observations reported for only 3 days rather than 14. Volume of chamber 29 litres (above 20 litres) . No detailed observations of effects. No pathology.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Test type:
- standard acute method
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- CD-1
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Laboratories, WIlmington, MA
- Age at study initiation: Not stated
- Weight at study initiation: 25 - 30 g
- Housing: standard mouse cages with wood chip bedding in groups of 6
- Diet at libitum (Rodent lab chow 5001, Ralston Purina Mills, St Louis, MO)
- Water ad libitum
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature: 22 - 24°C
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 hour light/12 hour dark cycle - Route of administration:
- inhalation: vapour
- Type of inhalation exposure:
- whole body
- Vehicle:
- other: unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on inhalation exposure:
- GENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE / CHAMBER DESCRIPTION
- Exposure apparatus: glass chambers
- Exposure chamber volume: 29 litre
- Method of holding animals in test chamber: not restrained
- System of generating vapour: Solvent placed on a filter paper in the chamber which was suspended beneath a fan.
TEST ATMOSPHERE
- Brief description of analytical method used: verified using a single wavelength infrared spectrometer through a closed loop re-circulating pump
- Samples taken from breathing zone: no. Samples taken from different parts of the chamber prior to the study to ensure homogenous atmosphere so sampling could be done with confidence from the top of the chamber during the study. - Analytical verification of test atmosphere concentrations:
- not specified
- Duration of exposure:
- 60 min
- Concentrations:
- 40,000, 50,000 and 60,000 ppm for different exposure duration.
- One exposure period per exposure level.
- Exposure duration: 60, 30, and 10 minutes. - No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 6
- Control animals:
- yes
- Details on study design:
- - Duration of observation period following administration: 72 days.
- Necropsy and target organs: not applicable. - Statistics:
- Analysis by the probit analysis of Bliss (Quart J Pharmac, 11, 192, 1938) after log transformation and LC50 plus confidence limits calculated.
- Sex:
- male
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect level:
- > 114 mg/L air
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Exp. duration:
- 60 min
- Remarks on result:
- other: 60,000ppm (114mg/l)
- Sex:
- male
- Dose descriptor:
- other: EC50
- Effect level:
- 94.18 mg/L air
- Based on:
- test mat.
- 95% CL:
- > 89.3 - < 99.9
- Exp. duration:
- 10 min
- Remarks on result:
- other: 49570 ppm (94.18 mg/l), based on motor performance test.
- Sex:
- male
- Dose descriptor:
- other: EC50
- Effect level:
- 61.75 mg/L air
- Based on:
- test mat.
- 95% CL:
- > 52.82 - < 71.72
- Exp. duration:
- 30 min
- Remarks on result:
- other: 32500 ppm (61.75 mg/l),based on motor performance test.
- Sex:
- male
- Dose descriptor:
- other: EC50
- Effect level:
- 57.57 mg/L air
- Based on:
- test mat.
- 95% CL:
- > 53.2 - < 62.22
- Exp. duration:
- 60 min
- Remarks on result:
- other: 30300 ppm(57.57 mg/l),based on motor performance test.
- Mortality:
- No LC50 was determined as no deaths occurred at any of the exposure concentrations
- Clinical signs:
- other: Slight to moderate ataxia was observed and recovery from this exceeded 4 hours at all exposure levels.
- Body weight:
- no data
- Gross pathology:
- not performed
- Interpretation of results:
- other: not classified
- Remarks:
- Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU
- Conclusions:
- Whilst exposures were only for 1 hour, the evidence suggests that exposures for 4 hours would not have significantly reduced the motor performance results and that this would also apply to the LC50.
Ethanol/ Ethyl Alcohol is both reagents used in the manufacture of sodium O-ethyl dithiocarbonate . Therefore, Ethanol/ Ethyl Alcohol need to be considered in the assessment of sodium O-ethyl dithiocarbonate - Executive summary:
In an acute toxicity inhalation study, mice were exposed to ethanol for different periods of time up to 1 hour in order to determine the LC50 and the EC50 for motor performance. An LC50 could not be obtained for inhalation exposure; no deaths were reported for exposures up to 60,000ppm (114mg/l), which can be considered the saturated vapour concentration. In the motor performance test, an EC50 60 min value of 30,300ppm was established, with a slope for the dose effect curve of 12.6. This result differered only slightly from the EC50 30 min. Whilst exposures were only for 1 hour, the evidence suggests that exposures for 4 hours would not have significantly reduced the motor performance results or the LC50. It should be noted that all of the reported EC50 values are above the lower explosive limit reported in chapter 4. On this basis and based on the result in mice, inhalation exposure poses little hazard at any feasible exposure concentration.
Referenceopen allclose all
Test Atmosphere Conditions
Temperature, relative humidity and oxygen concentration during exposure were considered to be satisfactory for this type of study. Relative humidity values were quite low as dry air was used for atmosphere generation.
Data on temperature, relative humidity and oxygen concentration are presented in the following table.
Recording Time [hours:min] |
O2Concentration [Vol %] |
Temperature [°C] |
Relative Humidity [% RH] |
08:00 |
20.2 |
23.9 |
3.6 |
08:30 |
20.1 |
23.4 |
2.5 |
09:00 |
20.1 |
23.6 |
2.4 |
09:30 |
20.0 |
23.9 |
2.3 |
10:00 |
19.9 |
23.4 |
2.3 |
10:30 |
19.9 |
23.4 |
2.3 |
11:00 |
19.8 |
23.3 |
2.2 |
11:30 |
19.8 |
23.3 |
2.2 |
12:00 |
19.8 |
23.4 |
2.2 |
Mean |
20.0 |
23.5 |
2.4 |
St. Dev. |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.5 |
N |
9 |
9 |
9 |
Determination of Nominal Atmosphere Concentration
The nominal atmosphere concentration was 12.23 mg/L air.
Chemical Determination of Atmosphere Concentrations
The mean chemical atmosphere concentration determined was 10.35 mg/L air as targeted. Details on chemically determined atmosphere concentrations are presented in the following tables:
Measurement |
Chemical Atmosphere |
1 |
14.01 |
2 |
12.03 |
3 |
14.13 |
4 |
13.88 |
5 |
11.52 |
6 |
12.42 |
7 |
11.54 |
8 |
6.36 |
9 |
10.51 |
10 |
9.65 |
11 |
10.67 |
12 |
10.57 |
13 |
9.39 |
14 |
12.08 |
15 |
11.41 |
16 |
12.30 |
17 |
6.86 |
18 |
11.24 |
19 |
9.98 |
20 |
10.74 |
21 |
11.16 |
22 |
9.17 |
23 |
10.26 |
24 |
12.22 |
25 |
6.98 |
26 |
11.22 |
27 |
6.10 |
28 |
12.67 |
29 |
11.22 |
30 |
5.34 |
31 |
11.29 |
32 |
10.97 |
33 |
6.62 |
34 |
10.47 |
35 |
5.13 |
36 |
10.96 |
37 |
8.40 |
38 |
8.50 |
39 |
12.75 |
40 |
13.41 |
41 |
8.79 |
42 |
9.42 |
43 |
12.02 |
44 |
11.14 |
45 |
8.10 |
46 |
9.38 |
47 |
13.00 |
48 |
7.92 |
Mean |
10.35 |
SD |
2.3 |
n |
48 |
Table 2 -4: Summary of lethal effects in animals after acute inhalation exposure to carbon disulfide (taken from the review with slight modifications).
Species |
Exposure |
Concentration |
Effects/Remarks |
Reference |
Rat |
2 h |
25000 mg/m3 (8025 ppm) |
LC50 |
Izmerov et al. 1982 |
4 h |
3500 ppm |
6/6 dead |
Du Pont 1966 |
|
4 h |
3000 ppm |
0/6 dead |
||
2 h |
0.15% (1500 ppm) |
0/12 dead |
Savolainen & Jarvisalo 1977 |
|
Mouse |
2 h |
10000 mg/m3 (3120 ppm) |
LC50 |
Izmerov et al. 1982 |
30 min |
4500 ppm |
Average lethal concentration, 17/30 animals dead |
Kuljak et al. 1974 |
|
30 min/d for 3 d |
3000 ppm |
21/30 dead |
||
6 h/d, 2-5 d |
800 ppm |
No deaths after one exposure; 21/57 dead in group on high-fat diet; no deaths in group on normal diet |
Lewis et al. 1999 |
|
1 h |
220 ppm |
LC50 |
Gibson & Roberts 1972 |
|
Rabbit |
6 h 15 min |
3220 ppm |
21/2h: lying on its side; narcosis at the end; death after 7 d |
Flury and Zernic 1931 |
6 h |
3000 ppm |
4/6 dead & 2/6 moribund & euthanized after exposure |
Pathology Associates Inc. 1991 |
|
6 h/d, 13 d |
1200 ppm |
Developmental toxicity study 2/24 dams dead |
||
Cat |
48 min |
112 mg/l (36000 ppm) |
Lying on its side, convulsions, 13/4h: narcosis, died after half a day |
Lehmann & Flury 1938 |
Cat |
3 h 8 min |
≥ 23 mg/l (≥ 7400 ppm) |
Died during exposure |
Lehmann 1894 |
|
2 h 15 min |
6450 ppm |
40 min: lying on its side, convulsions; after 4 h: narcosis, death after 1 d |
Flury & Zernik 1931 |
|
4h 15 min |
3220 ppm |
13/4h: : lying on its side, convulsions; after 4 h: narcosis, death after 1 d |
|
Guinea pig |
15 min |
≥ 54 mg/l (≥ 17300 ppm) |
Increasing paralysis, death |
Lehmann 1894 |
|
30 min |
≥ 23 mg/l (≥7400 ppm) |
Died without convulsions |
Recovery from the exposure as assessed using the motor performance test was slow. There was incomplete recovery up to 4 hours after exposure for all exposure period cohorts.
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Value:
- 32.19 mg/m³ air
Acute toxicity: via dermal route
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: dermal
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- This study was conducted in 1951 and was repeated later in the same year. Exposure in both studies was for 18 hrs and was not according to the OECD Guidelines for acute dermal irritation (4 hrs) or for dermal toxicity (24 hrs). The initial study was performed to assess dermal irritation but deaths during the study led to further studies. Sodium ethyl xanthate was administered by occlusive application to the shaved abdomen of the rabbits either as 1.0 ml/kg of a 10% aqueous solution or as 1 gm/kg of the 100% dry material in a paste formed with water. The animals were observed for 12 days.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Test type:
- other: LD50
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- male
- Type of coverage:
- occlusive
- Vehicle:
- water
- Details on dermal exposure:
- Sodium ethyl xanthate was administered by occlusive application to the shaved abdomen of the rabbits either as 1.0 ml/kg of a 10% aqueous solution or as 1 gm/kg of the 100% dry material in a paste formed with water. The animals were observed for 12 days.
- Duration of exposure:
- The animals were observed for 12 days.
- Doses:
- 1.0 ml/kg of a 10% aqueous solution or as 1 gm/kg
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 12
- Control animals:
- yes
- Details on study design:
- This study was conducted in 1951 and was repeated later in the same year. Exposure in both studies was for 18 hrs and was not according to the OECD Guidelines for acute dermal irritation (4 hrs)or for dermal toxicity (24 hrs).The initial study was performed to assess dermal irritation but deaths during the study led to further studies. Sodium ethyl xanthate was administered by occlusive application to the shaved abdomen of the rabbits either as 1.0 ml/kg of a 10% aqueous solution or as 1 gm/kg of the 100% dry material in a paste formed with water. The animals were observed for 12 days.
- Sex:
- male
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- < 1 000 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks on result:
- other: The dermal irritation/toxicity study in rabbits indicates that sodium ethyl xanthate powder has an LD50 of <1000 mg/kg and is a moderate irritant while the 10% solution is non irritating to the skin.
- Mortality:
- Application of 1 gm/kg of sodium ethyl xanthate in the form of a paste resulted in the death of ten out of twelve animals within 24 hrs. The surviving animals developed irritant effects including oedema and pigmentation of the skin.
- Clinical signs:
- other: Clinical Observations :surviving animal had moderate irritation with oedema and pigmentation of the skin.
- Gross pathology:
- Moderate amount of peritoneal fluid, visceral organs were normal.
Haemorrhagic lungs and peritoneal and pleural fluid. Other changes were markedly cyanotic ears (2/5), haemorrhagic conditions (2/5) and evidence of diarrhoea (3/5).
The liver appeared darkand mottled and the kidneys showed spotty haemorrhages - Interpretation of results:
- other: moderately toxic
- Remarks:
- Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU
- Conclusions:
- Acute Dermal Toxicity: An LD50 value of < 1000 mg/kg was obtained. Application of 1 gm/kg of sodium ethyl xanthate in the form of a paste resulted in the death of ten out of twelve animals within 24 hrs. The surviving animals developed irritant effects including oedema and pigmentation of the skin. The sulphide odour noted during the study suggests that decomposition of SEX occurred. The dermal LD50 was < 1000 mg/kg . This show that SEX is of a moderately order of acute Dermal toxicity .
- Executive summary:
Under the conditions of the study of Hazleton Laboratories, application of 10% solution of sodium ethyl xanthate (pH 10.5 to 11) for 18 hrs did not cause skin irritation in rabbits.
Similar application of 1 gm/kg of sodium ethyl xanthateas in the form of a paste resulted in the death of ten out of twelve animals within 24 hrs. The surviving animals developed irritant effects including oedema and pigmentation of the skin. The sulphide odour noted during the study suggests that decomposition of sodium ethyl xanthate occurred. The dermal LD50 was < 1000 mg/kg.
This show that SEX is of a moderately order of acute Dermal toxicity .
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: dermal
- Type of information:
- other: published data
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Justification for type of information:
- Dithiocarbamates are related compounds to xanthates. This is organosulfur compound is obtained by treating carbon disulfide with amine in the presence of sodium or potassium hydroxide: They arise from the reaction of the amine with CS2.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPP 81-2 (Acute Dermal Toxicity)
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 402 (Acute Dermal Toxicity)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- 24h exposure
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Test type:
- standard acute method
- Limit test:
- yes
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- New Zealand White
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- - Source: A. Smith, Warlingham, Surrey and Froxfield Rabbits, England
- Age at study initiation: 9-13 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: 2.2-2.9 kg - Type of coverage:
- occlusive
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Duration of exposure:
- 24h
- Doses:
- 2 g/kg
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 5
- Control animals:
- not required
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- > 2 000 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Mortality:
- No deaths occured.
- Clinical signs:
- other: There were no signs of toxicity.
- Gross pathology:
- Pale renal cortices were observed in the kidneys of one male at post-mortem. Terminal autopsy revealed no other macroscopic abnormalities.
- Other findings:
- Dermal responses:
Slight erythema only was observed in two males and two females. The reactions had resolved completely by Day 3 or 4 of the study. The remaining three males and three females showed no response to treatment. - Interpretation of results:
- Category 4 based on GHS criteria
- Conclusions:
- The dermal LD50 in male and female rabbits is >2000 .
Dithiocarbamates are related compounds to xanthates. This is organosulfur compound is obtained by treating carbon disulfide with amine in the presence of sodium or potassium hydroxide: They arise from the reaction of the amine with CS2.
Referenceopen allclose all
The dermal irritation/toxicity study in rabbits indicates that sodium ethyl xanthate powder has an LD50 of <1000 mg/kg and is a moderate irritant while the10% solution is non irritating to the skin.
Table 4: |
Effects of sodium ethyl xanthate following dermal application |
||
Animals |
Dose |
Clinical Observations |
Gross pathology |
3 rabbits |
1 ml/kg, as 10% solution
|
No skin irritation. |
No substance related changes.
|
3 rabbits |
1 gm/kg, as a paste |
2/3 died; surviving animalhad moderate irritationwith oedema andpigmentation of the skin.
|
Moderate amount of peritoneal fluid, visceral organs were normal.
|
5 male rabbits
|
1 gm/kg, as a paste |
5/5 died following overnight exposure; oedemaof the skin with pigmentation.
|
Haemorrhagic lungs andperitoneal and pleural fluid. Other changes were markedly cyanotic ears (2/5), haemorrhagic conditions (2/5) and evidence of diarrhoea (3/5).
|
1 male rabbit
|
1 gm/kg, as a more liquid paste than above
|
Moderate oedema and pigmentation of the skin.
|
No substance related changes.
|
3 rabbits |
1 gm/kg as a paste |
All 3 animals died within24 hrs; retropulsion,salivation, loss of rightingreflex and haemorrhagicand oedematous areas of the skin were noted.
|
The liver appeared dark and mottled and the kidneysshowed spotty haemorrhages.
|
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw
Additional information
Oral toxicity
Table 3: |
Oral toxicity of xanthates (from: Kirk-Othmer, 1984)16 |
||||||
Xanthate |
Species |
LD0 |
(mg/kg) |
LD50 |
(mg/kg) |
References |
|
Sodium ethyl |
rat |
500 |
1700 |
17 |
|||
Potassium ethyl |
Rat mouse |
500 |
1700 583 |
17, 18 |
|||
Sodium isopropyl |
rat |
250 |
1250 |
17 |
|||
Potassium isopropyl |
rat mouse |
— — |
1700 583 |
18 — |
|||
Potassium n-butyl |
mouse |
— |
411 465 |
19,20 |
|||
Sodium isobutyl |
rat |
500 |
17 |
||||
Potassium isobutyl |
rat mouse |
— — |
1290 480 |
18 18 |
|||
Sodium sec-butyl |
rat |
— |
>2000 |
17 |
|||
Potassium amyl (mixed) |
rat |
1000 |
1000–2000 |
17, 21 |
|||
Potassium iso amyl |
rat mouse |
— — |
765 470 |
18 18 |
|||
C5-C6 mixture |
rat |
— |
1500 |
22 |
|||
The LD50 value of 730 mg/kg in mice and 1700 mg/kg in rats were determined for Sodium Ethyl Xanthate as the main constituent of Reaction mass of ethanol and sodium O-ethyl dithiocarbonate and sodium hydroxide
This show that Reaction mass of SEX is of a moderately to slightly order of acute oral toxicity .
The LD50 of the various xanthates are similar, ranging from 411 to 583 mg/kg in mice and from 1000 to >2000 mg/kg in rats.
The acute oral toxic effects of one xanthate, potassium butyl xanthate, are provided in two summaries in Chemical Abstracts.
Similar symptoms and pathology findings were seen in these studies carried out by Babayan.
References :
16.Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology,Vol 24, 2nd ed, pp 645-661,John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
17.Dow Chemical Company, 1964, unpublished toxicological data to C.B. Shaffer,American Cyanamid; data from P. Avotin, American Cyanamid, privatecommunication, 1982 as cited in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical
18.Babayan, E.A., 1963, “Toxicology of Potassium Butyl Xanthate” Material 2-oi[Vtoroi] Itog. Nauchn. Konf. Inst. Gigieny Truda I Prof. Zabolevan Posvyashch.Vopr. Gigieny Truda I Prof. Patol. Erevan, pp 75-77 (Pub 1964)(Russ)Chem Abstract,64, 8836e (1966).
19.Babayan, E.A., “Toxicological Characteristics of the Flotation Agent PotassiumButyl Xanthate”, Mater. Itogovoi Nauch. Konf. Vop. Gig Tr Profpatol. Khim.Gornorud. Prom., 3rd 1966 (Pub 1968) 97-102 (Russ) inChemical Abstracts,Vol 73,1970.
20.Fronk, N.G., The Dow Chemical Company, private communication, 1982, as cited inKirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology,Vol 24, 2nd Ed, pp 645-661,John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
21.Buzina, A.Z., Burkhanov, A.I. and Abeuev, Kh.B., 1977 Zdravookhr. Kaz., 88 ascited inKirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology,Vol 24, 2nd Ed, pp645-661, John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
22.Chemical Abstracts,Vol 64, 1966.
Dermal toxicity
Table 4: |
Effects of sodium ethyl xanthate following dermal application |
||
Animals |
Dose |
Clinical Observations |
Gross pathology |
3 rabbits |
1 ml/kg, as 10% solution
|
No skin irritation. |
No substance related changes.
|
3 rabbits |
1 gm/kg, as a paste |
2/3 died; surviving animalhad moderate irritationwith oedema andpigmentation of the skin.
|
Moderate amount of peritoneal fluid, visceral organs were normal.
|
5 male rabbits
|
1 gm/kg, as a paste |
5/5 died following overnight exposure; oedemaof the skin with pigmentation.
|
Haemorrhagic lungs andperitoneal and pleural fluid. Other changes were markedly cyanotic ears (2/5), haemorrhagic conditions (2/5) and evidence of diarrhoea (3/5).
|
1 male rabbit
|
1 gm/kg, as a more liquid paste than above
|
Moderate oedema and pigmentation of the skin.
|
No substance related changes.
|
3 rabbits |
1 gm/kg as a paste |
All 3 animals died within24 hrs; retropulsion,salivation, loss of rightingreflex and haemorrhagicand oedematous areas of the skin were noted.
|
The liver appeared dark and mottled and the kidneysshowed spotty haemorrhages.
|
Based on the results of thе study (Arkema Inc. 2008), the LC50 for Acute inhalation toxicity of carbon disulfide obtained was 32.19 mg/m³ air or 10.35 mg/L air (chemically determined mean atmosphere concentration). There was no indication of relevant sex-related differences in toxicity of the test item.
Carbon disulphide is both a reagent in the manufacture, as well as a decomposition product of xanthates. Reaction mass of SEX readily decomposes to carbon disulphide, especially in the presence of moisture/water. Therefore, the health effects of carbon disulphide (CS2) need to be considered in the assessment of Reaction mass of SEX.
Justification for classification or non-classification
Based on the hazard assessment of SEX, in section 2.1 and 2.2. in IUCLID 6., available data for the substance and following the “Guidance on Information Requirement and Chemical Safety Assessment R.8. Characterisation of dose [concentration]- response for human health”, according to the EU’s list of dangerous substances (OJEC No L200/130.7.99)and according to the criteria described in Directive 67/548 and in the CLP Regulation:
Directive 67/548 |
Very Toxic (T+) R28: Very toxic if swallowed R27: Very toxic in contact with skin R26: Very toxic by inhalation R39/26 R39/27 R39/28: Dangerous of very serious irreversible effects Toxic (T): R25: Toxic if swallowed R24: Toxic in contact with skin R23: Toxic by inhalation R39/23 R39/24 R39/25: Danger of very serious irreversible effects Harmful (Xn): R22: Harmful if swallowed R21: Harmful in contact with skin R20: Harmful by inhalation R65: Harmful may cause lung damage if swallowed R21/22 Harmful; Harmful in contact with skin and if swallowed. R68/20 R68/21 R68/22: Possible risk of irreversible effects Other toxicological properties R67: Vapours may cause drowsiness and dizziness |
CLP |
H300 Acute Tox. 2 Fatal if swallowed H310 Acute Tox. 1 Fatal in contact with skin H330 Acute Tox. 2 Fatal if inhaled H370 STOT SE 1 H301 Acute Tox. 3 Toxic if swallowed H311 Acute Tox. 3 Toxic in contact with skin H331 Acute Tox. 3 Toxic if inhaled H370 STOT SE 1 H302 Acute Tox. 4 Harmful if swallowed H312 Acute Tox. 4 Harmful in contact with skin H332 Acute Tox. 4 Harmful if inhaled H304 Asp. Tox. 1 H371 STOT SE 2 (May cause damage to organs (or state all organsaffected if known) (state route of exposure if it is conclusively proventhat no other routes of exposure cause the hazard) Other toxicological properties H336 STOT SE 3 May cause drowsiness or dizziness
|
It is concluded that the substance SEX, meet the criteria to be classified for human health hazards for acute oral and dermal effects:
R22: Harmful if swallowed
R21: Harmful in contact with skin
H302 Acute Tox. 4 Harmful if swallowed
H312 Acute Tox. 4 Harmful in contact with skin
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