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EC number: 843-143-1 | CAS number: 709647-81-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Biodegradation in water: screening tests
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Justification for type of information:
- Please refer to Section 13.2 for read-across justification.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Test performance:
- The procedural control, aniline, biodgraded 61% and 70% within 7 and 14 days respectively. As this is above 40 % and 65 %, for day 7 and 14, this test validity criterion was fulfilled. The inoculum blank had an oxygen demand <60 mg O2/L. The difference of extremes of the 3 replicates of the removal of the test item is less than 20 %. Therefore, in accordance with the OECD 301 guideline, the test is considered valid.
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Value:
- 60
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Mean of 3 replicates incubates
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (DOC removal)
- Value:
- 99
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Mean of 3 replicates analysis
- Parameter:
- % degradation (test mat. analysis)
- Value:
- 100
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Mean of 3 replicate analysis
- Details on results:
- BOD method: After 28 days cultivation the BOD (mg) of three samples consisting of sludge and test substance was measured. Using BOD the percentage of biodegradation (%Degr.) of each sample and the mean percentage of biodegradation (mean %Degr.) was determined.
A comparatively low value of 60 % mean biodegradability was observed by the BOD method. The reason for the reduced BOD presumably was that some test substance was incorporated in the body of the microorganisms.
TOC method: After 28 days also the DOC (mgC/l) of the three samples consisting of sludge and test substance was measured. Using TOC apparatus, the percentage of biodegradation (%Degr.) was determined by using DOC (mg C/L) of each sample and the mean percentage of biodegradation (mean %Degr.) was also determined from the 3 replicates.
HPLC method: After 28 days also HPLC of the three samples consisting of sludge and test substance was performed. From the residual amount of test substance the percentage of biodegradation (%Degr.) of each sample and the mean percentage of biodegradation (mean %Degr.) was determined.
Additionally, the nitrification of the samples was determined by FIA. The average percentage production of the theoretical amount of converted product (NH4-N) of the three samples consisting of sludge and test substance was found to be 97%. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Interpretation of results:
- readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- The substance was reported to be 60, 99 and 100 % degraded by Day 28 using BOD, TOC and HPLC analytical techniques. The substance is readily biodegradable.
- Executive summary:
OECD 301C (1993) - A ready biodegradability test was performed in accordance with OECD Test Guideline 301C (Modified MITI Test; 1992) and the Environmental Protection Agency No. 5, Pharmaceutical Affairs Bureau No. 615, 49 Basic Industries Bureau No. 392, on July 13, 1974.
The test item (concentration 100 mg/L) was added to three test vessels containing mineral medium inoculated with activated sludge (30 mg/L concentration of suspended solids) from a cultivated laboratory culture. The inoculum originated from 10 different sites with the following origins: sewage treatment plant, surface waters (river and lake) and overlying beach surface waters in contact with the atmosphere. One abiotic control, one inoculum blank and one reference control were run concurrently. Aniline was used as the reference substance.
A closed system oxygen consumption measurer was used to monitor BOD of the test solutions continuously during the incubation period of 28 days.
At the end of the incubation period, the following analyses were conducted for the test solutions and control blank:
- Determination of DOC (using a TOC analyser);
- Determination of the test item concentration in test solution by HPLC;
- Measurement of pH.
The mean percentage biodegradation on Day 28 was 60 % by BOD. DOC analysis indicated that the test item had gone through ultimate degradation, with 100 % removal after 28 days. concluded that the test item had fully degraded. Three replicate HPLC analyses indicated that 100 % of the applied test item had degraded, showing the test item had undergone full primary degradation, supporting the conclusion of completer test item removal and the ultimate degradations seen in the BOD (60 %) and DOC (100 %) measures. The pH was adjusted from 8.1 to 7.0 at the start of the test in all BOD test vessels. In all measured BOD vessels the pH ranged from 8.7-8.9 at the end of the test period. Although test solution pH was not within pH 6.0-8.5 at the end of the test the oxygen consumption of the test item was ≥ 60 % at Day 28, therefore repeat testing at a lower test item concentration was not required as stipulated in the OECD 301C Guideline (Paragraph 19, 1992).
The procedural (reference) control, aniline, biodgraded 61% and 70% within 7 and 14 days respectively. As this is above 40 % and 65 %, for day 7 and 14, this test validity criterion was fulfilled. The inoculum blank had an oxygen demand <60 mg O2/L. The difference of extremes of the 3 replicates of the removal of the test item is less than 20 %. Therefore, in accordance with the OECD 301 guideline, all validity criteria for this test were fulfilled.
With an average 28 d biodegradation value of 60 % and 99 % as per BOD and DOC analysis, the test item can be considered to be readily biodegradable under the conditions of this test. Based on DOC the test item is considered to have undergone full ultimate degradation (i.e. tranformed full to water and CO2).
The difference in the BOD and DOC measures is possibly due to the incorporation/use of arginine in the microorganisms, as it is an essential amino acid to prokaryotes and an energy source for many microorganisms. As the microorganisms and solids are separated by centrifugation before DOC analysis, this DOC would not be present.
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 14 May - 30 June 1993
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Remarks:
- Study conducted in accordance with GLP and OECD Guideline 301C.
- Justification for type of information:
- Please refer to the read-across justification attached in Section 13.2.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 301 C (Ready Biodegradability: Modified MITI Test (I))
- Version / remarks:
- 17 July 1992
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- activated sludge, non-adapted
- Details on inoculum:
- - Source of inoculum/activated sludge (e.g. location, sampling depth, contamination history, procedure): Municipal wastewater (returned sewage sludge from STP) and "river, lake and sea water" (surface water and surface soil of beach which is contact with atmosphere).
- Laboratory culture: Yes, after collection
- Method of cultivation: 500 mL of sludge filtrate was used from the varying sample sites, and 5 L of old activated sludge filtrate were mixed to obtain 10 L. The pH was adjusted to 7.0 ± 1.0, and the mixture was aerated (outdoor air passed through a prefilter was used for aeration) in a cultivation tank. After stopping the aeration for about 30 minutes, the supernatant was removed, this was about ⅓ of total amount (i.e. 3.3 L). An equal amount of dechlorinated water (ca. 3.3 L) was added and the mixture was again aerated. Sewage (glucose, peptone and monopotassium phosphate dissolved in dechlorinated water so as to make the content of each substance 5 (W/V)% with pH adjusted to 7.0 ± 1.0 using sodium hydroxide was used for sewage) was added so as to make the concentration of supernatant-exchanged liquid 0.1%. This operation was repeated once a day, and the liquid was cultivated to obtain the activated sludge. The cultivation temperature was 25°C ± 2°C.
- Storage conditions: Not reported
- Storage length: From 13 April - 14 May 1993
- Preparation of inoculum for exposure: See "method of cultivation".
- Pretreatment: No.
- Concentration of sludge: Suspended solids concentration of the activated sludge was 4800 mg/L. The prepared activated sludge was added into the test system so as to obtain a suspended solids concentration of 30 mg/L.
- Water filtered: Not reported.
- Type and size of filter used, if any: Not reported. - Duration of test (contact time):
- 28 d
- Initial conc.:
- 100 mg/L
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- O2 consumption
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- DOC removal
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- test mat. analysis
- Details on study design:
- TEST CONDITIONS
- Composition of medium: 3 mL of each solution A, B, C, and D stipulated in the factory wastewater testing method, biochemical oxygen consumption (21. of JIS K 0102-1986) (assumed to be similar to, or equivalent to solutions A,B, C and D of the OECD 301C guideline, Paragraph 5, 1992), were diluted with purified water to obtain a solution of 1 L by mixing, and pH was adjusted to 7.0.
- Additional substrate: No.
- Solubilising agent (type and concentration if used): No.
- Test temperature: 25±1ºC
- pH: Mineral medium and sewage innoculum adjusted to pH 7.
- pH adjusted: yes
- CEC (meq/100 g): Not reported.
- Aeration of dilution water: Not reported.
- Suspended solids concentration: Activated sludge was inoculated to test solutions so as to obtain a concentration of suspended solids of 30 mg/L.
- Continuous darkness: Not reported
- Other: -
TEST SYSTEM
- Culturing apparatus: 300 mL cultivation bottle
- Number of culture flasks/concentration: 3
- Method used to create aerobic conditions: Not reported
- Method used to create anaerobic conditions: Not reported
- Measuring equipment: Closed system oxygen consumption measuring instrument (Curo Meter manufactured by Okura Electric) (Data Processor manufactured by Asahi Gauge Manufacturing).
- Test performed in closed vessels due to significant volatility of test substance: No
- Test performed in open system: No
- Details of trap for CO2 and volatile organics if used: Soda lime traps.
- Other: -
SAMPLING
- Sampling frequency: BOD continuously monitored by equipment. Test item and DOC analysis conducted at Day 28.
- Sampling method: BOD continuosly monitored by equipment. For HPLC and TOC analysis, subsamples (10 mL) of pre-treated test solution were taken from replicate flasks and prepared for analysis.
- Sterility check if applicable: Not applicable.
- Sample storage before analysis: Not reported.
- Other: -
CONTROL AND BLANK SYSTEM
- Inoculum blank: Yes
- Abiotic sterile control: No
- Toxicity control: No
- Other: Aniline reference control.
STATISTICAL METHODS: Not required - Reference substance:
- aniline
- Test performance:
- Since the degrees of decomposition of aniline after 7 and 14 days obtained from BOD were 61% and 70%, respectively, the test condition of this test was recognized to be effective.
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Value:
- 60
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Mean of 3 replicates
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (DOC removal)
- Value:
- 99
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Mean of 3 replicates
- Parameter:
- % degradation (test mat. analysis)
- Value:
- 100
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Mean of 3 replicates
- Details on results:
- BOD method: After 28 days cultivation the BOD (mg) of three samples consisting of sludge and test substance was measured. Using BOD the percentage of biodegradation (%Degr.) of each sample and the mean percentage of biodegradation (mean %Degr.) was determined.
A comparatively low value of 60% mean biodegradability was observed by the BOD method. The reason for the reduced BOD presumably was that some test substance was incorporated in the body of the microorganisms.
TOC method: After 28 days also the TOC (mgC/l) of the three samples consisting of sludge and test substance was measured. Using TOC and DOC the percentage of biodegradation (%Degr.) of each sample and the mean percentage of biodegradation (mean %Degr.) was determined.
HPLC method: After 28 days also HPLC of the three samples consisting of sludge and test substance was performed. From the residual amount of test substance the percentage of biodegradation (%Degr.) of each sample and the mean percentage of biodegradation (mean %Degr.) was determined.
Additionally, the nitrification of the samples was determined by FIA. The average percentage production of the theoretical amount of converted product (NH4-N) of the three samples consisting of sludge and test substance was found to be 97%. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Interpretation of results:
- readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- The substance was reported to be 60, 99 and 100 % degraded by Day 28 using BOD, TOC and HPLC analytical techniques. The substance is readily biodegradable.
- Executive summary:
OECD 301C (1993) - A ready biodegradability test was performed in accordance with OECD Test Guideline 301C (Modified MITI Test; 1992) and the Environmental Protection Agency No. 5, Pharmaceutical Affairs Bureau No. 615, 49 Basic Industries Bureau No. 392, on July 13, 1974.
The test item (concentration 100 mg/L) was added to three test vessels containing mineral medium inoculated with activated sludge (30 mg/L concentration of suspended solids) from a cultivated laboratory culture. The inoculum originated from a sewage treatment plant and overlying beach surface waters and soil. One abiotic control, one inoculum blank and one reference control were run concurrently. Aniline was used as the reference substance.
A closed system oxygen consumption measurer was used to monitor BOD of the test solutions continuously during the incubation period of 28 days.
At the end of the incubation period, the following analyses were conducted for the test solutions and control blank:
- Determination of DOC (using a TOC analyser);
- Determination of the test item concentration in test solution by HPLC;
- Measurement of pH.
The mean percentage biodegradation on Day 28 was 60 % by BOD. Three replicate HPLC analyses indicated that 100 % of the applied test item had degraded, which supports the fact the test item was fully degraded. DOC analysis also concluded that the test item had fully degraded. The pH in all measured BOD vessels was in the range of 8.1-8.9 through the test period. Although test solution pH was out with the 6.5-8.5 range stipulated in the OECD 301C Guideline, it did not negatively impact the rate of biodegradation (i.e. biodegradation was ≥60 % at Day 28) and therefore repeat testing was not required at a lower test item concentration.
In the reference test solution containing aniline, the percentage biodegradation by BOD was 61 and 70 % on Days 7 and 14, respectively. As per the OECD 301C Guideline, testing proficiency can be demonstrated when the percent degradation of aniline exceeds 40 % at Day 7 and 65 % at Day 14. In this experiment the reference item met the validity criteria.
With an average 28 d biodegradation value of 60 % (BOD), the test item can be considered to be readily biodegradable under the conditions of this test.
All validity criteria for this test were fulfilled as described above.
Referenceopen allclose all
In order to know the final state of nitrogen, the analysis of ammonia state was performed in a flow injection analysing method. The average generation rate of ammonia was 97 %. In addition, the analyses of nitrous acid state and nitric acid state were performed in a similar manner, however there was no generation of nitrous acid or nitric acid in both cases. Therefore, TOD was calculated by assuming transformation of nitrogenous bases to ammonia.
The biodegradation of the test substance was calculated based on the following formulae:
BOD
% degradation = ((BOD – B) / TOD) X 100
where:
BOD = Biochemical oxygen demand of (Sludge + Test substance) base (Measured value) (mg)
B = Biochemical oxygen demand of sludge blank base (Measured value) (mg)
TOD = Theoretical oxygen demand required when test substance is completely oxidized (Calculated value) (mg) (assuming test item purity = 100 % and assuming the form of N as NH3)
TOC
% degradation = ((DOCw – DOCs) / DOCw) X 100
where:
DOCs = Residual amount of dissolved organic carbon in (Sludge + Test substance) base (Measured value) (mg C)
DOCw = Residual amount of dissolved organic carbon in (Water + Test substance) base (Measured value) (mg C)
HPLC
% degradation = ((Sw – Ss) / Sw) X 100
where:
Ss = Residual amount of test substance in (Sludge + Test substance) base (Measured value) (mg)
Sw = Residual amount of test substance in (Water + Test substance) base (Measured value) (mg)
Table 1 Results of test liquid analysis
|
Abiotic control |
Test Replicates |
Theoretical amount |
|||
1 |
2 |
3 |
(mg) |
|||
BOD |
(mg) |
1.8 |
17.1 |
18.3 |
19.0 |
30.3 |
DOC residual |
(mg C) |
12.0 |
0.2 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
12.4 |
(%)* |
97 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
||
Test substance residual (HPLC) |
(mg)
|
29.9 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
30 |
(%)* |
100 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
||
Ammonia state nitrogen generation (FIA) |
(mg N) |
0.3 |
9.6 |
8.8 |
9.4 |
9.6 (mgN) |
(%)* |
3 |
100 |
92 |
98 |
* calculated from the following equations;
Residual rate (%) = (Residual amount mg / Theoretical amount mg) X 100
Generation rate (%) = (Generation amount mg / Theoretical amount mg) X 100
Table 2 Biodegradation results after 28 days
|
Rate of biodegradation (%) |
||
Rep 1 |
Rep 2 |
Rep 3 |
|
Result by BOD (NH3) |
56 |
60 |
63 |
Result by TOC |
98 |
100 |
100 |
Result by HLPC |
100 |
100 |
100 |
In order to know the final state of nitrogen, the analysis of ammonia state nitrogen was performed in the flow injection analyzing method. As a result, the average generation rate was 97 %. In addition, the analyses of nitrous acid state nitrogen and nitric acid state nitrogen were performed in the similar way without recognizing the generation in both cases. Therefore, TOD was calculated by assuming the state of nitrogen as that of ammonia.
The degree of decomposition of test substance was calculated based on the following formulae;
BOD
% degradation = ((BOD – B) / TOD) X 100
where:
BOD = Biochemical oxygen demand of (Sludge + Test substance) base (Measured value) (mg)
B = Biochemical oxygen demand of sludge blank base (Measured value) (mg)
TOD = Theoretical oxygen demand required when test substance is completely oxidized (Calculated value) (mg) (assuming test item purity = 100 % and assuming the form of N as NH3)
TOC
% degradation = ((DOCw – DOCs) / DOCw) X 100
where:
DOCs = Residual amount of dissolved organic carbon in (Sludge + Test substance) base (Measured value) (mg C)
DOCw = Residual amount of dissolved organic carbon in (Water + Test substance) base (Measured value) (mg C)
HPLC
% degradation = ((Sw – Ss) / Sw) X 100
where:
Ss = Residual amount of test substance in (Sludge + Test substance) base (Measured value) (mg)
Sw = Residual amount of test substance in (Water + Test substance) base (Measured value) (mg)
Table 1 Results of test liquid analysis
|
Abiotic control |
Test Replicates |
Theoretical amount |
|||
1 |
2 |
3 |
(mg) |
|||
BOD |
(mg) |
1.8 |
17.1 |
18.3 |
19.0 |
30.3 |
DOC residual |
(mg C) |
12.0 |
0.2 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
12.4 |
(%)* |
97 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
||
Test substance residual (HPLC) |
(mg)
|
29.9 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
30 |
(%)* |
100 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
||
Ammonia state nitrogen generation (FIA) |
(mg N) |
0.3 |
9.6 |
8.8 |
9.4 |
9.6 (mgN) |
(%)* |
3 |
100 |
92 |
98 |
* calculated from the following equations;
Residual rate (%) = (Residual amount mg / Theoretical amount mg) X 100
Generation rate (%) = (Generation amount mg / Theoretical amount mg) X 100
Table 2 Biodegradation results after 28 days
|
Rate of biodegradation (%) |
||
Rep 1 |
Rep 2 |
Rep 3 |
|
Result by BOD (NH3) |
56 |
60 |
63 |
Result by TOC |
98 |
100 |
100 |
Result by HLPC |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Description of key information
Readily biodegradable: 28-day biodegradation (based on BOD) (read-across) = 60 %; OECD 301C; Anon. (1993)
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Biodegradation in water:
- readily biodegradable
- Type of water:
- freshwater
Additional information
OECD 301C (1993) - A ready biodegradability test was performed in accordance with OECD Test Guideline 301C (Modified MITI Test; 1992) and the Environmental Protection Agency No. 5, Pharmaceutical Affairs Bureau No. 615, 49 Basic Industries Bureau No. 392, on July 13, 1974.
The test item (concentration 100 mg/L) was added to three test vessels containing mineral medium inoculated with activated sludge (30 mg/L concentration of suspended solids) from a cultivated laboratory culture. The inoculum originated from a sewage treatment plant and overlying beach surface waters and soil. One abiotic control, one inoculum blank and one reference control were run concurrently. Aniline was used as the reference substance.
A closed system oxygen consumption measurer was used to monitor BOD of the test solutions continuously during the incubation period of 28 days.
At the end of the incubation period, the following analyses were conducted for the test solutions and control blank:
- Determination of DOC (using a TOC analyser);
- Determination of the test item concentration in test solution by HPLC;
- Measurement of pH.
The mean percentage biodegradation on Day 28 was 60 % by BOD. Three replicate HPLC analyses indicated that 100 % of the applied test item had degraded, which supports the fact the test item was fully degraded. DOC analysis also concluded that the test item had fully degraded. The pH in all measured BOD vessels was in the range of 8.1-8.9 through the test period. Although test solution pH was out with the 6.5-8.5 range stipulated in the OECD 301C Guideline, it did not negatively impact the rate of biodegradation (i.e. biodegradation was ≥60 % at Day 28) and therefore repeat testing was not required at a lower test item concentration.
In the reference test solution containing aniline, the percentage biodegradation by BOD was 61 and 70 % on Days 7 and 14, respectively. As per the OECD 301C Guideline, testing proficiency can be demonstrated when the percent degradation of aniline exceeds 40 % at Day 7 and 65 % at Day 14. In this experiment the reference item met the validity criteria.
With an average 28 d biodegradation value of 60 % (BOD), the test item can be considered to be readily biodegradable under the conditions of this test.
All validity criteria for this test were fulfilled as described above.
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