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EC number: 947-964-7 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- May 2019
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacteria, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Version / remarks:
- adopted 23rd March, 2006, corrected 28 July 2011
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.3 (Algal Inhibition test)
- Version / remarks:
- 2016
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Amount of total organic carbon (TOC) was determined in the highest test concentration and the control at the start and at the end of the test. Three replicates were analysed from the test concentration and the control respectively at each analytical occasion. Measured control values were used as blank for calculation of TOC concentration of test item treated samples
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- The test item is a poorly water soluble UVCB material therefore a water-accommodated fraction (WAF) was be prepared as follows: a supersaturated solution (100 mg/L nominal loading) was prepared by dispersing/dissolving the test item amount into the test medium (OECD medium) in a sealed Erlenmeyer flask filled up fully, thus allowing no headspace. This solution was stirred for 24 hours using magnetic stirrer and then settled for approx. one hour to allow phase separation. The saturated solution was removed from the approximate middle of flask. The test solutions of subsequent lower test concentrations was prepared by appropriate dilution of this stock WAF.
- Test organisms (species):
- Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (previous names: Raphidocelis subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Green algae
- Strain: 61.81 SAG (identical strains: CCAP 278/4; UTEX 1648; ATCC 22662)
- Source: SAG, Collection of Algal Cultures, Inst. Plant Physiology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Age of inoculum: 2-4 days
- Method of cultivation: on agar
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: no
- Culturing media and conditions: same as test conditions
- Any deformed or abnormal cells observed: no - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Test temperature:
- 22.3 – 22.6 °C
- pH:
- 7.46 – 10.60
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentration: 0.3, 1.0, 3.1, 9.8, 31.3 and 100.0 mg/L (loading rate), no measured concentrations
The nominal concentrations were recalculated based on the water solubility of 17.817 mg/L (see IUCLID section 4.8). The calculated concentrations were: 0.05, 0.18, 0.55, 1.75, 5.58 and 17.8 mg/L. - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: Erlenmeyer flasks
- Type: closed (sealed by parafilm and aluminium foil)
- Material, headspace, fill volume: glass, no headspace, 114 mL
- Aeration: no
- Initial cells density: 10^4 cells/mL
- Control end cells density: 27.33 x 10^4 cells/mL
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 3
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 6
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: yes, OECD medium
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Preparation of dilution water: OECD Medium, according to OECD 201
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Sterile test conditions: yes/no
- Adjustment of pH: no
- Photoperiod: continuously
- Light intensity and quality: 6171 lux, fluorescent lamps (with a spectral range of 400 - 700 nm)
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED
- Determination of cell concentrations: with counting chamber after 24, 48 and 72 hours
- Other: Temperature every 24h, pH at start and end of the test, light intensity at start of test
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 3
Range finding study:
- Test concentrations: 0.1, 1, 10, 100 mg/L nominal loading rate
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: yes, the EC50 was between 1 and 100 mg/L for Inhibition of growth and yield. - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 8.7 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: recalculated based on the water solubility
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 3.4 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Yield
- Remarks on result:
- other: recalculated based on the water solubility
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 0.8 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: recalculated based on the water solubility
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 0.1 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Yield
- Remarks on result:
- other: recalculated based on the water solubility
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1.7 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: recalculated based on the water solubility
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.05 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Yield
- Remarks on result:
- other: recalculated based on the water solubility
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 5.6 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: recalculated based on the water solubility
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Yield
- Remarks on result:
- other: recalculated based on the water solubility
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL50
- Effect conc.:
- 48.8 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: based on nominal loading rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL50
- Effect conc.:
- 18.8 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Yield
- Remarks on result:
- other: based on nominal loading rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL10
- Effect conc.:
- 4.4 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: based on nominal loading rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL10
- Effect conc.:
- 0.6 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Yield
- Remarks on result:
- other: based on nominal loading rate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOELR
- Effect conc.:
- 9.8 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: based on nominal loading rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOELR
- Effect conc.:
- 0.3 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Yield
- Remarks on result:
- other: based on nominal loading rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOELR
- Effect conc.:
- 31.3 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: based on nominal loading rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOELR
- Effect conc.:
- 1 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Yield
- Remarks on result:
- other: based on nominal loading rate
- Details on results:
- The pH of the control cultures varied by more than 1.5 units during the test (mean difference: 3.1 units). However, this higher pH drift was considered to be due to the closed system used for the test by ensuring less CO2 mass transfer rate from the surrounding air. The closed system (i.e. sealed test vessels) was used for maintaining the test item concentrations as constant as possible and therefore the drift of pH can be considered to be acceptable and have not any effect on the output of the study.
Cell density in the control cultures increased by a factor of more than 16 (by a factor of 27.33) within 72 hours. This corresponds to a specific growth rate of 1.10 day-1. The mean coefficient of variation for section-by-section specific growth rates (days 0-1, 1-2 and 2-3, for 72 h-tests) in the control cultures did not exceed 35 %. CV for section-by-section growth rate day 0-1: 31.15 %; CV for section-by-section growth rate day 1-2: 16.40 %; CV for section-by-section growth rate day 2-3: 15.83 %. The mean coefficient of variation for section-by-section specific growth rates: 21.13 %. The coefficient of variation of average specific growth rates during the whole test period in replicate control cultures did not exceed 7 % in test. CV for average specific growth rate day 0-3: 3.58 %. All validity criteria were met, therefore, the study is considered as valid. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- The date of the last study (Study Number: 392-201-4465) with the reference item Potassium dichromate was: 11 – 14 March 2019. The following results were obtained: The 72h ErC50: 0.83 mg/L (95 % confidence limits: could not be calculated). The 72h EyC50: 0.57 mg/L (95 % confidence limits: 0.45 – 0.72 mg/L).
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Mean values and standard deviations of cell concentrations were calculated for each treatment at the start, after 24 h and 48 h, and at the end of the test (72 hours after the start of the test) using Excel for Windows software. Percentage inhibition of growth rate (µ) and yield (y) were calculated using Excel for Windows software. The ELx values and their confidence limits for growth rate and yield were calculated using Probit analysis by SPSS software. For the determination of the LOELR and NOELR, the calculated mean growth rates and yield at the test concentrations were tested on significant differences to the control values using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Dunnett’s test (Dunnett T3; α = 0.05) by SPSS software.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- In a static short term study the test item was found to inhibit the growth of the freshwater green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata after 72 hours with the following effect values: The EC50 and EC10-values for inhibition of growth rate were 8.7 mg/L and 0.8 mg/L respectively. The NOEC-values for inhibition of growth rate and yield after 72 hours were 1.7 mg/L and 0.05 mg/L, respectively. All values were recalculated based on the water solubility of the test item.
- Executive summary:
The purpose of this study according to OECD guideline 201 was to determine the effect of the test item on the growth of a unicellular green algal species Raphidocelis subcapitata (formerly known as Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Selenastrum capricornutum). The algal growth in relation to a control culture was determined over a fixed test period of 72 hours and, thus, over several algal generations. The test method of application and the test species Raphidocelis subcapitata are recommended by the test guidelines. Based on the results of the preliminary experiment, nominal concentrations of 0.3, 1.0, 3.1, 9.8, 31.3 and 100.0 mg/L (loading rate) were investigated in the main study. Biological results are based on the nominal loading rates, recalculated with the water solubility. The test design included three replicates at each test concentration and six replicates for the untreated control. The alga cell concentration was approximately 10^4 cells/mL at the start of the test in all of the test cultures. Sealed glass Erlenmeyer flasks with a total capacity of approx. 100-120 mL filled up fully, thus allowing no headspace were used as test vessels. The volume of the test liquid in the vessels was 114 mL. The alga cell concentration was determined by manual cell counting by microscope in each testing flask during the 72-hour test, in 24-hour intervals. Amount of total organic carbon (TOC) was determined in the highest test concentration and the control at the start and at the end of the test immediately after sampling. The endpoints used in this study are EL10, EL50, NOELR and LOELR for both response variables (i.e. average specific growth rate and yield). For the determination of the LOELR and NOELR, ANOVA and Dunnett’s test was used and for the determination of the ELx values Probit analysis was used (by SPSS software) if necessary. All validity criteria were met and, therefore, the study is considered as valid. The measured mean total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations of the highest test concentration (100.0 mg/L loading rate) was 4.07 mg/L at the start and 2.44 mg/L (below the quantification limit) at the end of the test. The following results for the inhibition of algae were determined: EL50 = 48.8 mg/L, EL10 = 4.4 mg/L, NOELR = 9.8 mg/L, LOELR = 31.1 mg/L for growth rate. The results for yield were: EL50 = 18.8 mg/L, EL10 = 0.6 mg/L, NOELR = 0.3 mg/L, LOELR = 1.0 mg/L. The results were recalculated based on the water solubility to be: EC50 = 8.7 mg/L, EC10 = 0.8 mg/L, NOEC = 1.7 mg/L, LOEC = 5.6 mg/L for growth rate. The results for yield were: EC50 = 3.4 mg/L, EC10 = 0.1 mg/L, NOEC = 0.05 mg/L, LOEC = 0.2 mg/L.
Reference
Table 1: Growth Rates (µ), Yield (y) and percentage inhibition of µ during the test period
Concentration |
Growth Rates (µ) and % Inhibition of µ |
Yield y and % Inhibition of y |
||||||
0–24 h |
0–48 h |
0–72 h |
0–72 h |
|||||
µ |
% |
µ |
% |
µ |
% |
y |
% |
|
Control |
0.0393 |
– |
0.0583 |
– |
0.0459 |
– |
26.33 |
– |
0.3 |
0.0401 |
-2.1 |
0.0577 |
1.2 |
0.0445 |
2.9 |
23.67 |
10.1 |
1.0 |
0.0345 |
12.2 |
0.0601 |
-3.1 |
0.0435 |
5.1 |
22.00 |
16.5 |
3.1 |
0.0193 |
51.0 |
0.0615 |
-5.5 |
0.0416 |
9.4 |
19.00 |
27.8 |
9.8 |
0.0000 |
100.0 |
0.0573 |
1.8 |
0.0416 |
9.4 |
19.00 |
27.8 |
31.3 |
0.0193 |
51.0 |
0.0541 |
7.2 |
0.0409 |
10.9 |
18.00 |
31.6 |
100.0 |
0.0000 |
100.0 |
0.0000 |
100.0 |
0.0032 |
93.0 |
0.33 |
98.7 |
Table 2: Morphological changes of algal cells
Concentration |
Symptoms |
||
24 h |
48 h |
72 h |
|
Control |
normal cells |
normal cells |
normal cells |
0.3 |
normal cells |
normal cells |
normal cells |
1.0 |
normal cells |
normal cells |
normal cells |
3.1 |
normal cells |
normal cells |
normal cells |
9.8 |
normal cells |
normal cells |
normal cells |
31.3 |
normal cells |
normal cells |
normal cells |
swollen cells |
swollen cells |
swollen cells |
|
100.0 |
normal cells |
normal cells |
normal cells |
swollen cells |
swollen cells |
swollen cells |
Description of key information
In a static short term study the test item was found to inhibit the growth of the freshwater green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata after 72 hours with the following effect values: The EC50 and EC10-values for inhibition of growth rate were 8.7 mg/L and 0.8 mg/L respectively. The NOEC-values for inhibition of growth rate and yield after 72 hours were 1.7 mg/L and 0.05 mg/L, respectively. All values were recalculated based on the water solubility of the test item.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC50 for freshwater algae:
- 8.7 mg/L
- EC10 or NOEC for freshwater algae:
- 0.8 mg/L
Additional information
The purpose of this study according to OECD guideline 201 was to determine the effect of the test item on the growth of a unicellular green algal species Raphidocelis subcapitata (formerly known as Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Selenastrum capricornutum). The algal growth in relation to a control culture was determined over a fixed test period of 72 hours and, thus, over several algal generations. The test method of application and the test species Raphidocelis subcapitata are recommended by the test guidelines. Based on the results of the preliminary experiment, nominal concentrations of 0.3, 1.0, 3.1, 9.8, 31.3 and 100.0 mg/L (loading rate) were investigated in the main study. Biological results are based on the nominal loading rates, recalculated with the water solubility. The test design included three replicates at each test concentration and six replicates for the untreated control. The alga cell concentration was approximately 10^4 cells/mL at the start of the test in all of the test cultures. Sealed glass Erlenmeyer flasks with a total capacity of approx. 100-120 mL filled up fully, thus allowing no headspace were used as test vessels. The volume of the test liquid in the vessels was 114 mL. The alga cell concentration was determined by manual cell counting by microscope in each testing flask during the 72-hour test, in 24-hour intervals. Amount of total organic carbon (TOC) was determined in the highest test concentration and the control at the start and at the end of the test immediately after sampling. The endpoints used in this study are EL10, EL50, NOELR and LOELR for both response variables (i.e. average specific growth rate and yield). For the determination of the LOELR and NOELR, ANOVA and Dunnett’s test was used and for the determination of the ELx values Probit analysis was used (by SPSS software) if necessary. All validity criteria were met and, therefore, the study is considered as valid. The measured mean total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations of the highest test concentration (100.0 mg/L loading rate) was 4.07 mg/L at the start and 2.44 mg/L (below the quantification limit) at the end of the test. The following results for the inhibition of algae were determined: EL50 = 48.8 mg/L, EL10 = 4.4 mg/L, NOELR = 9.8 mg/L, LOELR = 31.1 mg/L for growth rate. The results for yield were: EL50 = 18.8 mg/L, EL10 = 0.6 mg/L, NOELR = 0.3 mg/L, LOELR = 1.0 mg/L. The results wererecalculated based on the water solubility to be:EC50 = 8.7 mg/L, EC10 = 0.8 mg/L, NOEC = 1.7 mg/L, LOEC = 5.6 mg/L for growth rate. The results for yield were: EC50 = 3.4 mg/L, EC10 = 0.1 mg/L, NOEC = 0.05 mg/L, LOEC = 0.2 mg/L.
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