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EC number: 248-765-1 | CAS number: 27987-25-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Repeated dose toxicity: oral
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- sub-chronic toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- compared to standard rep. dose studies, no blood examinations and limited number of organs
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
Reference
- Endpoint:
- two-generation reproductive toxicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 416 (Two-Generation Reproduction Toxicity Study)
- Version / remarks:
- 1983
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Crj: CD(SD)
- Details on species / strain selection:
- IGS (international genetic standard)
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Japan, Inc. (Astugi breeding center)
- Age at study initiation: (P) 5 wks; (F1) 3 wks (time of weaning)
- Housing: polycarbonate cages with bedding for lab. animals
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad lib (NIH-07M, CLEA, Japan Inc.)
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad lib.
- Acclimation period: 5 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 19 -25°C
- Humidity (%): 35-75%
- Air changes (per hr): 12 /hr
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12h - Route of administration:
- oral: feed
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on exposure:
- DIET PREPARATION
- Mixing appropriate amounts with (Type of food): NIH-07M, CLEA, Japan Inc. - Details on mating procedure:
- - M/F ratio per cage: 1:1
- Pre-mating period: >= 10 weeks
- Length of cohabitation: 2 weeks
- Proof of pregnancy: vaginal plug or sperm in vaginal smear referred to as day 0 of pregnancy
- Pregnancy was confirmed by investigating the existence/absence of delivery and/or implantation sites at time of necropsy. - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- - P0 females: from 5 weeks of age until necropsy through 10 weeks or more of pre-mating, mating, gestation, and lactation periods until weaning of the F1 offspring (PND 21)
- P0 males: from 5 weeks of age until necropsy through 10 weeks or more of pre-mating annd mating periods
- P1 females: from time of weaning (3 weeks of age) until necropsy through 10 weeks or more of pre-mating, mating, gestation, and lactation periods until weaning of the F2 offspring (PND 21)
- P1 males: from time of weaning (3 weeks of age) until necropsy through 10 weeks or more of pre-mating and mating periods
- Administration of non-delivering P0/P1 animals continued until necropsy, which was conducted at least 26 days after confirmation of copulation. - Frequency of treatment:
- continuous
- Details on study schedule:
- - F1 parental animals not mated until 11-12 weeks after selected from the F1 litters.
- Selection of parents from F1 generation when pups were 21 days of age.
- Age at mating of the mated animals in the study: 14-15 weeks - Dose / conc.:
- 240 ppm
- Remarks:
- approx. 16 mg/kg (P0 males), 21 mg/kg (P0 females), 18 mg/kg (P1 males), 21 mg/kg (P1 females)
- Dose / conc.:
- 1 200 ppm
- Remarks:
- approx. 80 mg/kg (P0 males), 104 mg/kg (P0 females), 90 mg/kg (P1 males), 107 mg/kg (P1 females)
- Dose / conc.:
- 6 000 ppm
- Remarks:
- approx. 402 mg/kg (P0 males), 511 mg/kg (P0 females), 457 mg/kg (P1 males), 534 mg/kg (P1 females)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 24
- Control animals:
- yes, plain diet
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: A preliminary dose range finding study was conducted with DCHP administered to rats at doses of 0, 600, 2000, 6000 or 20000 ppm during the period from three weeks or more pre-mating through the mating period, until necropsy for the males, and through gestation and lactation periods until postnatal day 21 (PDN 21) for the females. With regard to effects on the parental animals, in the 20000 ppm group, inhibition of body weight gain and increase in hepatic weights were observed in males and females, along with increase in adrenal weights and decrease in the weights of the thymus, spleen and ovary in the females. In the 6000 and 2000 ppm groups, increase or a tendency for increases in hepatic weights were found in both females and males, and a similar tendency was also shown in the females of the 600 ppm group. No effects on reproductive functions, delivery or lactation were found in any dose group. Regarding effects on the offspring, inhibition of body weight gain was observed in both males and females of the 20000 ppm group, and a similar trend was found in the 6000 ppm group. Based on these findings, the highest dose for the main study set at 6000 ppm, with middle and lowest doses of 1200 and 240 ppm, respectively, by dividing with the common ratio of 5.
- Parental animals: Observations and examinations:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: daily
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: during b.w. measurements
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: weekls
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study):
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes
- Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: Yes
HORMONE MEASUREMENT
- Time schedule: at necropsy
- Animals: 6 females proestrous (after lactation) and 6 males per P and F1 treatment group - randomly selected
- Hormones analyzed: testosterone, FSH, LH (males), estradiol, FSH, LH (females) - Oestrous cyclicity (parental animals):
- Vaginal smears were collected everyday in the morning during the two weeks before mating, starting from 13 weeks of age for F0 parents and from 11 weeks of age for F1 parents. Estrous cycles other than 4 to 6 days were regarded as abnormal.
- Sperm parameters (parental animals):
- Parameters examined in 10 males from all groups of the P and F1 parental animals: sperm motility, spermtid head count in the testes, sperm count in the cauda spididymis
Parameters examined in 10 males from the high dose and control P and F1 parental animals: sperm morphology
Parameters examined in all P and F1 male animals: weight and histopathological examination of testes, epidiymes (whole and caudal), and seminal vesicles - Litter observations:
- STANDARDISATION OF LITTERS
- Performed on day 4 postpartum: yes
- If yes, maximum of 8 pups/litter (4/sex/litter as nearly as possible); excess pups were killed and stored in 10% formalin solution
PARAMETERS EXAMINED
The following parameters were examined in F1 / F2 offspring:
- observations and measurements: (detailed) clinical observations, number and sex of pups, stillbirths, live births, postnatal mortality, anogenital distance (PND 4), presence of nipples/areolae in male pups (PND 14 (F1), PND 12 (F2), weight gain (body weights on PNDs 0, 4, 7, 14 and 21).
- physical development and sexual maturation: incidence of pinna unfolding (from PNDs 2 to 4), day of upper incisor eruption (from PND6) and eye opening (from PND10), preputial separation (males), vaginal opening (females)
GROSS EXAMINATION OF DEAD PUPS:
yes, except pubs that died before PND 4
ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY:
Pain response, negative geotexis, air righting reflex, pinna reflex (PND 19) - Postmortem examinations (parental animals):
- All animals sacrificed or found dead
ORGAN WEIGHTS
- all animals
- brain, pituitary gland, thyroid including parathyroid, liver, kidneys, adrenal glands, spleen, testes, epididymes (whole and caudal parts), prostate (ventral lobe), seminal vesicles (including the coagulating glands), ovaries, and uterus (including the cervical region)
HISTOPATHOLOGY
- high dose and control: brain, pituitary gland, thyroid including parathyroid, liver, kidneys, adrenal glands, spleen, testes, epididymes, seminal vesicles (including coagulating glands), prostate (ventral lobe), ovaries, uterus (including the cervical region), vagina, and mammary glands
- low and mid dose: liver, thyroid, kidney (males), testes (F1 only), adrenals (F1 only)
- all macroscopically abnormal sights were additionally examined - Postmortem examinations (offspring):
- SACRIFICE
- The F1 offspring not selected as parental animals and all F2 offspring were sacrificed after weaning.
- These animals were subjected to postmortem examinations (macroscopic and/or microscopic examination) as follows:
HISTOPATHOLOGY / ORGAN WEIGTHS
- high dose and control: brain, pituitary gland, thyroid including parathyroid, liver, kidneys, adrenal glands, spleen, testes, epididymes, seminal vesicles (including coagulating glands), prostate (ventral lobe), ovaries, uterus (including the cervical region), vagina, and mammary glands
- low and mid dose: liver, thyroid, kidney (males), testes (F1 only), adrenals (F1 only)
- all macroscopically abnormal sights were additionally examined
On PND 21, brain, thymus, and spleen of single F1 and F2 male and female offspring were weighed. - Statistics:
- Data concerning effects on the offspring until their weaning were based on values calculated per litter as the specimen unit. Using weights of bilateral organs, the sums of the left and right organs were employed for statistical analysis.
Metric data were analyzed for homogeneity of variance by Bartlett’s method (Bartlett, 1937). When the variance was homogeneous, one-way ANOVA was carried out. When not homogeneous a Kruskal-Wallis’s test (Kruskal and Wallis, 1952) was performed. When a significant inter-group difference was found, Dunnett’s method (Dunnett, 1955) or a Dunnett type multiple-comparison method (Dunnett, 1964) were applied. For some examination items, the Kruskal-Wallis test was applied first, and when a significant inter-group difference was found, Dunnett type multiple-comparison method was conducted. Numerical data were analyzed by the Fisher’s exact probability method (Fisher, 1955). The level of statistical significance was basically set at 5%.
For clinical signs, necropsy, and histopathological findings, no statistical analyses were performed. - Reproductive indices:
- Number of days required for completion of copulation, number of oestrous stages missed until completion of copulation; mating index; fertility index; gestation length; gestation index; birth index, number of implantations
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- - 1200 ppm: The body weight of mid dose females was reduced at several intervals throughout the study, but final body weight was comparable to controls. Body weight gain of males and females was inhibited.
- 6000 ppm: Significantly reduced body weight in high dose females. Body weight gain of males and females was inhibited. - Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Reduced food consumption in high dose F0 females (11 - 12% in the first 2 weeks of gestation)
Compound intake (mean +/- SD):
F0 males low dose mid dose high dose
10 week period 15.88 ± 1.07 79.57 ± 3.32 401.8 ± 15.6
F0 females
Total study period 20.80 104.19 510.7
Pre-mating 17.70 ± 0.95 88.83 ± 6.39 434.6 ± 29.6
Gestation 14.30 ± 0.88 69.77 ± 4.04 349.0 ± 15.8
Lactation (days 0-21) 37.92 ± 2.50 191.6 ± 12.3 932.8 ± 58.2 - Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- - diffuse hypertrophy of hepatocytes in the mid and high dose
- hypertrophy of thyroid follicular cells in mid and high dose males and high dose females
- increase in hyaline droplets in the renal proximal tubular epithelium in high dose males accompanied with the appearance of eosinophilic microbodies.
- These finding were considered not relevant, as liver hypertrophy is considered a rat-specific effect and the renal changes were concluded to be related to increased depostion of a2U globulin, which is also a rat specific effect. The thydroidal changes were considered to be linked to hypertrophy of hepatocytes.
- Reproductive organs: focal atrophy of seminiferous tubules was noted in one each of the control and 6000 ppm groups. - Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Hormone levels (testosterone, estradiol, FSH, LH) were not affected by treatement.
- Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Estrous cycle length of high dose females was significantly longer. But since the difference was small (4.25 days vs. 4 days), the value was still at the lower end of the cycle lenght considered normal (4-6 days), and the effect was not reproduced in F1 females, this finding was considered incidental.
- Reproductive function: sperm measures:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No treatmentrelated effects were observed for the sperm motility rate, number of homogenization-resistant spermatids in the testis, number of sperm in the caudal epididymis, and incidence of morphologically abnormal sperm.
- Reproductive performance:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- - No significant differences were observed in any dose groups for the following indices; number of days required for completion of copulation, number of estrous stages missed until completion of copulation, mating index, fertility index, gestation length, gestation index, birth index and number of implantations.
- No effects of the substance were apparent in the results obtained during delivery and lactation periods.
- There was no difference in the number of pups delivered, and pup viability on PNDs 0, 4, and 21. - Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 1 200 ppm
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- food consumption and compound intake
- Remarks on result:
- other: app. 80mg/kg (males), 104mg/kg (females)
- Critical effects observed:
- no
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Mortality:
- mortality observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence):
- - 240 ppm: One female died during delivery on GD 25. Although her delivery started on GD 22, all the pups died without suckling the milk, and the dam eventually died on GD25 before all the intrauterine fetuses were completely delivered.
- 6000 ppm: One female died on PND 26.
It was considered that the mortality was caused by systemic worsening of general condition during puerperal period or by opportunistic infection. As no similar changes were found in scheduled-sacrificed animals, it was judged that be non-treatment-related. - Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- - 1200 ppm: Significantly reduced body weight in males. Body weight gain of males and females was inhibited.
- 6000 ppm: Significantly reduced body weight in males and females. Body weight gain of males and females was inhibited. - Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Reduced food consumption in mid and high dose F1 males (-7.7% and - 8.5% on PND 91, respectively)
F1 males
Total study period 17.84 ± 0.86 89.89 ± 5.01 457.4 ± 17.3
F1 females
Total study period 20.95 107.15 534.2
Pre-mating 19.27 ± 1.36 98.88 ± 8.34 483.0 ± 25.7
Gestation 14.11 ± 0.98 72.41 ± 4.18 350.9 ± 19.4
Lactation 33.70 ± 2.27 170.6 ± 14.0 896.7 ± 63.2 - Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Relative liver weight in high dose males was significantly increased, likely as a consequence of reduced final body weight.
Absolute prostate weight was reduced in all dose groups without clear relation to dose. Weights of the low and mid dose were comparable, with the slightly higher value observed at the higher dosage. High dose animals had the lowest prostate weight (- 28%). In this group, the relative prostate weight was also significantly different from the control animals. - Gross pathological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- - 1200 ppm: enlarged livers in females
- 6000 ppm: enlarged livers in males and females. Soft small sized testes were observed in one high dose male. Examination of this rat revealed no sperm. - Neuropathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- - Hypertrophy of hepatocytes and thyroid follicular cells in high dose animals
- Increased hyaline droplets in the renal proximal tubular epithelium accompanied with the appearance of eosinophilic microbodies in high dose males.
- These finding were considered not relevant, as liver hypertrophy is considered a rat-specific effect and the renal changes were concluded to be related to increased depostion of a2U globulin, which is also a rat specific effect. The thydroidal changes were considered to be linked to hypertrophy of hepatocytes.
- 3 animals in the 6000 ppm group showed diffuse atrophy of seminiferous tubules. Focal atrophy of the seminiferous tubules occurred in one control, two mid dose, and six high dose animals. Moreover, in the high dose group, the degree of atrophic testicular changes increased. A lack of sperm in the epidydimal tubes was observed in the three males with diffusely atrophic seminiferous tubules. - Other effects:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Hormone levels (testosterone, estradiol, FSH, LH) were not affected by treatement.
- Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:
- no effects observed
- Reproductive function: sperm measures:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- The number of homogenization-resistant spermatids in the testis was significantly reduced in mid and high dose males.
- Reproductive performance:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- - No significant differences were observed in any dose groups for the following indices; number of days required for completion of copulation, number of estrous stages missed until completion of copulation, mating index, fertility index, gestation length, gestation index, birth index and number of implantations.
- No effects of the substance were apparent in the results obtained during delivery and lactation periods.
- The values for the mating and fertility indices showed slight tendencies for decrease in the 6000 ppm group of the P1 parents, and this was considered associated with the testicular changes recognized in three males at necropsy. In the other males of the same group (the P1 6000 ppm group) copulation and resultant pregnancy were normal. Furthermore, no effects of the substance were apparent in the results obtained during the delivery and lactation periods.
- There was no difference in the number of pups delivered, and pup viability on PNDs 0, 4, and 21. - Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 240 ppm
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- food consumption and compound intake
- reproductive function (sperm measures)
- Remarks on result:
- other: app. 16mg/kg
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 1 200 ppm
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- Remarks on result:
- other: app. 100 mg/kg
- Critical effects observed:
- yes
- Lowest effective dose / conc.:
- 1 200 ppm
- System:
- male reproductive system
- Organ:
- testes
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Mortality / viability:
- mortality observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There was no difference between the treated and the control group.
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- reduced body weight in high dose pups (PND 0-21) and reduced body weight gain
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Sexual maturation:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- significantly reduced absolute and relative androgenital distance in high dose male pups, accompanied by the appearance of areola
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Observed changes were not consistent between groups. All changes were either incidental or secondary to reduced body weight gain.
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There was no difference in the results of the reflex response tests, external surface anomalies, incidence of pinna unfolding, age of incisor eruption, eye opening, as well as age age and body weight for vaginal opening. The age of preputial sepearation was unaffected by treatment despite the fact that the body weight was lower in high dose pubs due to reduced body weight gain.
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- no effects observed
- Developmental immunotoxicity:
- not examined
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Generation:
- F1
- Effect level:
- 1 200 ppm
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- sexual maturation
- body weight and weight gain
- Critical effects observed:
- yes
- Lowest effective dose / conc.:
- 6 000 ppm
- System:
- other: reduced anogenital distance in males and presence of areola
- Organ:
- not specified
- Treatment related:
- yes
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Mortality / viability:
- mortality observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There was no difference between the treated and the control group.
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- reduced body weight in high dose pups (PND 0-21) and reduced body weight gain (PND 14-21)
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Sexual maturation:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- significantly reduced absolute and relative androgenital distance in mid and high dose male pups, accompanied by the appearance of areola
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Observed changes were not consistent between groups. All changes are either incidental or secondary to reduced body weight gain.
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There was no difference in the results of the reflex response tests, external surface anomalies, incidence of pinna unfolding, age of incisor eruption, eye opening.
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- no effects observed
- Developmental immunotoxicity:
- not examined
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Generation:
- F2
- Effect level:
- 240 ppm
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- sexual maturation
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 1 200 ppm
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- Critical effects observed:
- yes
- Lowest effective dose / conc.:
- 1 200 ppm
- System:
- other: sexual maturation (AGD, presence of areola)
- Organ:
- not specified
- Treatment related:
- yes
- Reproductive effects observed:
- yes
- Lowest effective dose / conc.:
- 1 200 ppm
- Treatment related:
- yes
- Relation to other toxic effects:
- reproductive effects in the absence of other toxic effects
- Dose response relationship:
- yes
Table 1. Daily chemical intake (mg/kg)
|
|
0 (control) |
240 ppm |
1200 ppm |
6000 ppm |
P0 males |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total study periodb |
- |
15.88 ± 1.07a |
79.57 ± 3.32 |
401.8 ± 15.6 |
P0 females |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total study periodc |
- |
20.8 |
104.19 |
510.7 |
|
Pre-matingd |
- |
17.70 ± 0.95 |
88.83 ± 6.39 |
434.6 ± 29.6 |
|
Gestatione |
- |
14.30 ± 0.88 |
69.77 ± 4.04 |
349.0 ± 15.8 |
|
Lactationf |
- |
37.92 ± 2.50 |
191.6 ± 12.3 |
932.8 ± 58.2 |
P1 males |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total study period |
- |
17.84 ± 0.86 |
89.89 ± 5.01 |
457.4 ± 17.3 |
P1 females |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total study period |
- |
20.95 |
107.15 |
534.2 |
|
Pre-mating |
- |
19.27 ± 1.36 |
98.88 ± 8.34 |
483.0 ± 25.7 |
|
Gestation |
- |
14.11 ± 0.98 |
72.41 ± 4.18 |
350.9 ± 19.4 |
|
Lactation |
- |
33.70 ± 2.27 |
170.6 ± 14.0 |
896.7 ± 63.2 |
amean ± sd
bDuring the period of 10 weeks
cThe mean daily intake fort he study (pre-mating + gestation + lactation periods).
dPre-mating period (10 weeks)
eGestation length (Days 21-23)
fLactation period (Days 0-21)
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- A two-generation reproductive toxicity study of dicyclohexyl phthalate in rats
- Author:
- Nobuhito Hoshino, Mayumi Iway, Yoshimasa Okazaki
- Year:
- 2 005
- Bibliographic source:
- The Journal of Toxicological Sciences, Vol. 30, Special Issue, 79-96
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: OECD 416
- Version / remarks:
- 1983
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Dicyclohexyl phthalate
- EC Number:
- 201-545-9
- EC Name:
- Dicyclohexyl phthalate
- Cas Number:
- 84-61-7
- Molecular formula:
- C20H26O4
- IUPAC Name:
- dicyclohexyl phthalate
- Details on test material:
- Purity: 99.9%
Supplier: MERCK-Schuchardt OHG., Hohenbrunn, Germany
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Crj: CD(SD)
- Details on species / strain selection:
- IGS (international genetic standard)
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Japan, Inc. (Astugi breeding center)
- Age at study initiation: (P) 5 wks; (F1) 3 wks (time of weaning)
- Housing: polycarbonate cages with bedding for lab. animals
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad lib (NIH-07M, CLEA, Japan Inc.)
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad lib.
- Acclimation period: 5 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 19 -25°C
- Humidity (%): 35-75%
- Air changes (per hr): 12/h
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12h
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: feed
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on oral exposure:
- DIET PREPARATION
- Mixing appropriate amounts with (Type of food): NIH-07M, CLEA, Japan Inc. - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- > 90 days
- Frequency of treatment:
- continuous
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Dose / conc.:
- 240 ppm
- Remarks:
- app. 16mg/kg (males), 21mg/kg (females)
- Dose / conc.:
- 1 200 ppm
- Remarks:
- app. 80mg/kg (males), 104mg/kg (females)
- Dose / conc.:
- 6 000 ppm
- Remarks:
- app. 402mg/kg (males), 511mg/kg (females)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 24
- Control animals:
- yes, plain diet
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: A preliminary dose range finding study was conducted with DCHP administered to rats at doses of 0, 600, 2000, 6000 or 20000 ppm during the period from three weeks or more pre-mating through the mating period, until necropsy for the males, and through gestation and lactation periods until postnatal day 21 (PDN 21) for the females. With regard to effects on the parental animals, in the 20000 ppm group, inhibition of body weight gain and increase in hepatic weights were observed in males and females, along with increase in adrenal weights and decrease in the weights of the thymus, spleen and ovary in the females. In the 6000 and 2000 ppm groups, increase or a tendency for increases in hepatic weights were found in both females and males, and a similar tendency was also shown in the females of the 600 ppm group. No effects on reproductive functions, delivery or lactation were found in any dose group. Regarding effects on the offspring, inhibition of body weight gain was observed in both males and females of the 20000 ppm group, and a similar trend was found in the 6000 ppm group. Based on these findings, the highest dose for the main study set at 6000 ppm, with middle and lowest doses of 1200 and 240 ppm, respectively, by dividing with the common ratio of 5.
Examinations
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: daily
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: during b.w. measurements
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: weekls
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study):
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes
- Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: Yes
HORMONE MEASUREMENT
- Time schedule: at necropsy
- Animals: 6 females proestrous (after lactation) and 6 males per P and F1 treatment group - randomly selected
- Hormones analyzed: testosterone, FSH, LH (males), estradiol, FSH, LH (females)
ESTROUS CYCLE DETERMINATION
SPERM ANALYSIS
count, motility, morphology - Sacrifice and pathology:
- All animals sacrificed or found dead
ORGAN WEIGHTS
- all animals
- brain, pituitary gland, thyroid including parathyroid, liver, kidneys, adrenal glands, spleen, testes, epididymes (whole and caudal parts), prostate (ventral lobe), seminal vesicles (including the coagulating glands), ovaries, and uterus (including the cervical region)
HISTOPATHOLOGY
- high dose and control: brain, pituitary gland, thyroid including parathyroid, liver, kidneys, adrenal glands, spleen, testes, epididymes, seminal vesicles (including coagulating glands), prostate (ventral lobe), ovaries, uterus (including the cervical region), vagina, and mammary glands
- low and mid dose: liver, thyroid, kidney (males), testes (F1 only), adrenals (F1 only)
- all macroscopically abnormal sights were additionally examined - Statistics:
- Using weights of bilateral organs, the sums of the left and right organs were employed for statistical analysis.
Metric data were analyzed for homogeneity of variance by Bartlett’s method (Bartlett, 1937). When the variance was homogeneous, one-way ANOVA was carried out. When not homogeneous a Kruskal-Wallis’s test (Kruskal and Wallis, 1952) was performed. When a significant inter-group difference was found, Dunnett’s method (Dunnett, 1955) or a Dunnett type multiple-comparison method (Dunnett, 1964) were applied. For some examination items, the Kruskal-Wallis test was applied first, and when a significant inter-group difference was found, Dunnett type multiple-comparison method was conducted. Numerical data were analyzed by the Fisher’s exact probability method (Fisher, 1955). The level of statistical significance was basically set at 5%.
For clinical signs, necropsy, and histopathological findings, no statistical analyses were performed.
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Significantly reduced body weight in high dose females. The body weight of mid dose females was reduced at several intervals throughout the study, but final body weight was comparable to controls.
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Reduced food consumption in high dose females (11 - 12% in the first 2 weeks of gestation)
Compound intake (mean +/- SD):
males low dose mid dose high dose
10 week period 15.88 ± 1.07 79.57 ± 3.32 401.8 ± 15.6
females
Total study period 20.80 104.19 510.7
Pre-mating 17.70 ± 0.95 88.83 ± 6.39 434.6 ± 29.6
Gestation 14.30 ± 0.88 69.77 ± 4.04 349.0 ± 15.8
Lactation (days 0-21) 37.92 ± 2.50 191.6 ± 12.3 932.8 ± 58.2 - Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- - 6000 ppm: increased relative and absolute liver weight in high dose animals and increased absolute and relative thyroid weight in high dose males was noted.
- Organ weight differences were either adaptive or secondary to reduced body weight. - Gross pathological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- enlarged liver in high dose animals
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- - diffuse hypertrophy of hepatocytes in the mid and high dose
- hypertrophy of thyroid follicular cells in mid and high dose males and high dose females
- increase in hyaline droplets in the renal proximal tubular epithelium in high dose males accompanied with the appearance of eosinophilic microbodies.
- These finding were considered not relevant, as liver hypertrophy is considered a rat-specific effect and the renal changes were concluded to be related to increased depostion of a2U globulin, which is also a rat specific effect. The thydroidal changes were considered to be linked to hypertrophy of hepatocytes. - Other effects:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No treatmentrelated effects were observed for the sperm motility rate, number of homogenization-resistant spermatids in the testis, number of sperm in the caudal epididymis, and incidence of morphologically abnormal sperm.
Hormone levels (testosterone, estradiol, FSH, LH) were not affected by treatement. - Details on results:
- Results are provided for the F0 parental generation only. For details on offspring / F1 parental generation please refer to the section on reproductive toxicology.
Effect levels
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 1 200 ppm
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- food consumption and compound intake
- Remarks on result:
- other: app. 80mg/kg (males), 104mg/kg (females)
Target system / organ toxicity
- Critical effects observed:
- no
Any other information on results incl. tables
Organ weight differences were either adaptive or secondary to reduced body weight. Histopathology revealed adaptive hypertrophy of hepatocytes and male rat specifichyaline droplets in the renal proximal tubular epithelium derived from a2µ globulin.
Table 1. Daily chemical intake (mg/kg)
|
|
0 (control) |
240 ppm |
1200 ppm |
6000 ppm |
P0 males |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total study periodb |
- |
15.88 ± 1.07a |
79.57 ± 3.32 |
401.8 ± 15.6 |
P0 females |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total study periodc |
- |
20.8 |
104.19 |
510.7 |
|
Pre-matingd |
- |
17.70 ± 0.95 |
88.83 ± 6.39 |
434.6 ± 29.6 |
|
Gestatione |
- |
14.30 ± 0.88 |
69.77 ± 4.04 |
349.0 ± 15.8 |
|
Lactationf |
- |
37.92 ± 2.50 |
191.6 ± 12.3 |
932.8 ± 58.2 |
amean ± sd
bDuring the period of 10 weeks
cThe mean daily intake fort he study (pre-mating + gestation + lactation periods).
dPre-mating period (10 weeks)
eGestation length (Days 21-23)
fLactation period (Days 0-21)
Applicant's summary and conclusion
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