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EC number: 916-540-3 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- From February 15 to March 12, 2018
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Remarks:
- validated analytical method
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)
- Version / remarks:
- adopted on 13 April 2004
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Analysis of test concentration and stability of the test substance was made at the start (0 hour) on day 0 and at end of test (48 hours) from all test concentration during range finding and main study.
15 ml of samples were collected in duplicates from each group during range finding and main study. - Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- Based on the in house dissolution test, the substance forms suspension in reconstituted water. Hence rno vehicle was used.
Stock solution was freshly prepared prior to exposure, by weighing required quantity of test item in a beaker, a small volume of reconstituted water was added and mixed well using a glass rod. After complete suspension of the test item, test formulation was transferred into a measuring cylinder and the beaker was rinsed with reconstituted water and transferred again to the measuring cylinder, rinsing process was repeated until the complete transfer of test contents. Stock solution prepared kept on magnetic stirrer to maintain homogeneity. Test medium of chosen concentration was prepared by dilution of stock solution. - Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Source: Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Division, Department of Zoology, Karnataka University, Karnataka, India.
- Age of parental stock: young daphnids less than 24 hours old were selected for the treatment. Progenies produced on the first day are not used. Progenies produced on day two (less than 24 hours old) are transferred into the test containers and these Daphnids were used for range finding as well as main study respectively.
- Feeding during test: no feeding was done during the test.
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: 25 gravid female daphinds were acclimatized in reconstituted water for 48 hours prior to test (similar for range finding and main study).
- Type and amount of food: daphnids were fed with live algal cells (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), 2 ml per liter during the acclimatization.
- Feeding frequency: daphnid was fed with live algal cells at the beginning and on Day 2 of acclimatization.
- Conditions: dissolved oxygen was between 6.53 to 6.57 mg/l, temperature of 20.1 and 20.4 °C, pH of 6.69 to 6.73 and hardness of 216 mg CaCO3/l. - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Test temperature:
- Control: 20.1 - 20.4 °C
Test vessels: 20.0 - 20.9 °C - pH:
- Control: 7.34 - 7.54
Test vessels: 7.34 - 7.77 - Dissolved oxygen:
- Control: 6.69 - 7.10 mg/l
Test vessels: 6.64 - 7.21 mg/l - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal 5.3, 11.7, 25.8, 56.8 and 125.0 mg/l
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: daphnids were housed in cleaned glass beakers having water holding capacity of 100 ml, with controlled environmental conditions.
- Aeration: test vessels was not be aerated during the test.
- No. of organisms per vessel: 5 daphnids per replicate.
- No. of vessels per concentration: 4 replicates.
- No. of vessels per control: 4 replicates.
- Biomass loading rate: 20 ml of test solution was provided for each daphnid.
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Preparation of dilution water: reconstituted water with the pH 7.34 to 7.77, total hardness 216 mg/l(as CaCO3). The dilution water was aerated prior to use for the test so that the dissolved oxygen concentration has reached saturation.
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: none.
- Photoperiod: 16 hours of light and 08 hours dark cycle.
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED
- Clinical Signs of Toxicity and Immobility: each test vessel was observed for immobilized Daphnids at 24 and 48 hours after the beginning of the test, in addition any abnormal behavior or appearance was recorded.
- Environmental Parameters: total hardness of the diluent water (reconstituted water) prior to its use for exposure was analyzed. Temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen were recorded at the beginning and at end of the test in control and in all the tested concentrations.
RANGE-FINDING STUDY
- Test concentrations: 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, 50.0 and 100.0 mg/l.
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: percentage of immobilization of 10, 40 and 80 % was recorded at the tested concentrations of 10.0, 50.0 and 100.0 mg/l.
VALIDITY CRITERIA OF THE TEST
- Immobilisation in the control group should not exceed 10 %
- Dissolved oxygen concentration at the end of the test should be ≥ 3 mg/l. - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- Potassium dichromate
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Remarks:
- Finney’s probit analysis
- Effect conc.:
- 28.15 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- estimated
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Details on results:
- No clinical signs of toxicity or immobility were observed in control and in the tested concentration of 5.3 mg/l during the 48 hour observation period.
Clinical signs of localized on bottom of container and lethargy was observed in the tested concentrations of 11.7, 25.8 and 56.8 mg/l during the 48 hour observation period.
Clinical sign of localized on bottom of container was observed at 24 hour observation in the tested concentration of 125 mg/l.
The immobilization percentages of 15, 45, 65 and 100 % were recorded at the tested concentrations of 11.7, 25.8, 56.8 and 125 mg/l, respectively, during the 48 hour observation period.
RANGE-FINDING
During dose range finding study, no immobilization was observed in control and in the tested concentrations of 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/l during the 48 hour observation period. Clinical signs of localized on bottom of container and lethargy was observed in the tested concentrations of 10.0, 50.0 and 100.0 mg/l; the immobilization percentages of 10, 40 and 80 % was recorded at the tested concentrations of 10.0, 50.0 and 100.0 mg/l, respectively.
MEASURED CONCENTRATIONS
Results reported that test concentrations at the 0 hour and stability at 48 hour were in the acceptable range of ± 20 % recovery to the nominal concentrations. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- The 48 hours acute median effective concentration (EC50) of Potassium dichromate on Daphnia magna is 0.57 mg/l.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Immobilisation in the control group was 0 % at the termination of the test during main study and the dissolved oxygen concentration at the end of the test was 7.86 mg/l
- Conclusions:
- EC50 (48h): 28.15 mg/l (estimated, based on nominal conc.)
- Executive summary:
The test item was evaluated for acute toxicity on Daphnia magna as per the OECD Guideline No. 202, “Daphina sp., Acute Immobilisation Test”. Daphnids were exposed for the test item under static conditions, over a period of 48 hours.
In order to set the concentrations for the main experiment, a range-finding test was conducted. At 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/l no clinical signs of toxicity or immobility were observed in both test vessels and control. Clinical signs of localized on bottom of container and lethargy was observed in the tested concentrations of 10.0, 50.0 and 100.0 mg/l.
Based on the results of the range finding study, the main study was conducted at the test concentrations of 5.3, 11.7, 25.8, 56.8 and 125.0 mg/l. No clinical signs of toxicity or immobility were observed in control and in the tested concentration of 5.3 mg/l during the 48 hour observation period.
Clinical signs of localized on bottom of container and lethargy was observed in the tested concentrations of 11.7, 25.8 and 56.8 mg/l during the 48 hour observation period. Clinical sign of localized on bottom of container was observed at 24 hour observation in the tested concentration of 125 mg/l.
Immobilization percentages were 15, 45, 65 and 100 % at the tested concentrations of 11.7, 25.8, 56.8 and 125.0 mg/l during the 48 hour observation period.
During the range finding and the main studies, samples from all the test concentrations was collected at 0 hour and at 48 hour analyzed for the test concentrations and stability. The test concentrations were in the acceptable range of ± 20 % recovery to the nominal concentrations.
Conclusion
EC50 (48h): 28.15 mg/l (estimated, based on nominal conc.)
Reference
SUMMARY OF CLINICAL SIGNS AND IMMOBILIZATION DURING THE MAIN STUDY
Conc. (mg/l) | Replicate | Initial no. of Daphnids | No. of Daphnids immobilized | Cummulative No. | % of Immobilization | |||
24 h | 48 h | 24 h | 48 h | 24 h | 48 h | |||
0 | R1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
R2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |||||
R3 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |||||
R4 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |||||
5.3 | R1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
R2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |||||
R3 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |||||
R4 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |||||
11.7 | R1 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 10 | 15 |
R2 | 5 | 1 | 0 | |||||
R3 | 5 | 1 | 0 | |||||
R4 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |||||
25.8 | R1 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 9 | 30 | 45 |
R2 | 5 | 2 | 0 | |||||
R3 | 5 | 1 | 1 | |||||
R4 | 5 | 1 | 0 | |||||
56.8 | R1 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 13 | 40 | 65 |
R2 | 5 | 2 | 2 | |||||
R3 | 5 | 2 | 1 | |||||
R4 | 5 | 1 | 1 | |||||
125 | R1 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 13 | 20 | 65 | 100 |
R2 | 5 | 3 | 2 | |||||
R3 | 5 | 3 | 2 | |||||
R4 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
Conc. (mg/l) | Replicate | No. of Daphnids per replicate at start 0 h | Signs of toxicity and immobility of Daphnids Observed at | |||
24 h | 48 h | |||||
Toxic signs | Immobilization | Toxic signs | Immobilization | |||
0 | R1 | 5 | N(5) | 0 | N(5) | 0 |
R2 | 5 | N(5) | 0 | N(5) | 0 | |
R3 | 5 | N(5) | 0 | N(5) | 0 | |
R4 | 5 | N(5) | 0 | N(5) | 0 | |
5.3 | R1 | 5 | N(5) | 0 | N(5) | 0 |
R2 | 5 | N(5) | 0 | N(5) | 0 | |
R3 | 5 | N(5) | 0 | N(5) | 0 | |
R4 | 5 | N(5) | 0 | N(5) | 0 | |
11.7 | R1 | 5 | N(4), B(1) | 0 | N(4) | 1 |
R2 | 5 | N(3), B(1) | 1 | N(3), B(1) | 0 | |
R3 | 5 | N(3), B(1) | 1 | N(2), B(1), L(1) | 0 | |
R4 | 5 | N(2), B(1), L(2) | 0 | N(2), B(1), L(2) | 0 | |
25.8 | R1 | 5 | N(1), B(2) | 2 | N(1) | 2 |
R2 | 5 | N(1), B(1), L(1) | 2 | N(1), B(1), L(1) | 0 | |
R3 | 5 | N(1), B(2), L(1) | 1 | N(1), B(2) | 1 | |
R4 | 5 | N(2), B(1), L(1) | 1 | N(2), B(1), L(1) | 0 | |
56.8 | R1 | 5 | N(1), B(1) | 3 | B(1) | 1 |
R2 | 5 | N(1), B(2) | 2 | L(1) | 2 | |
R3 | 5 | N(1), B(2) | 2 | L(1), B(1) | 1 | |
R4 | 5 | N(1), B(3) | 1 | L(1), B(2) | 1 | |
125 | R1 | 5 | B(1) | 4 | - | 1 |
R2 | 5 | B(2) | 3 | - | 2 | |
R3 | 5 | B(2) | 3 | - | 2 | |
R4 | 5 | B(2) | 3 | - | 2 |
N: Normal; B: Localized on Bottom; L: Lethargy
Alphabet outside and values inside the parentheses represent the clinical symptom code and number of Daphnids exhibiting that particular symptom, respectively.
SUMMARY OF CLINICAL SIGNS AND IMMOBILIZATION DURING RANGE FINDING STUDY
Conc. (mg/l) | Replicate | Initial No. of Daphnids | N. daphnids immobilized | Cummulative No. | % of Immobilization | |||
24 h | 48 h | 24 h | 48 h | 24 h | 48 h | |||
0 | R1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
R2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |||||
0.01 | R1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
R2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |||||
0.1 | R1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
R2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |||||
1.0 | R1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
R2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |||||
10 | R1 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 10 |
R2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |||||
50 | R1 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 20 | 40 |
R2 | 5 | 1 | 1 | |||||
100 | R1 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 8 | 50 | 80 |
R2 | 5 | 2 | 2 |
Conc. (mg/l) | Replicate | No. of Daphnids per Replicate at Start 0 h | Signs of Toxicity and Immobility of Daphnids Observed at | |||
24 h | 48 h | |||||
Toxic signs | Immobilization | Toxic signs | Immobolization | |||
0 | R1 | 5 | N(5) | 0 | N(5) | 0 |
R2 | 5 | N(5) | 0 | N(5) | 0 | |
0.01 | R1 | 5 | N(5) | 0 | N(5) | 0 |
R2 | 5 | N(5) | 0 | N(5) | 0 | |
0.1 | R1 | 5 | N(5) | 0 | N(5) | 0 |
R2 | 5 | N(5) | 0 | N(5) | 0 | |
1.0 | R1 | 5 | N(5) | 0 | N(5) | 0 |
R2 | 5 | N(5) | 0 | N(5) | 0 | |
10 | R1 | 5 | N(4), B(1) | 0 | N(4) | 1 |
R2 | 5 | N(5) | 0 | N(4), B(1) | 0 | |
50 | R1 | 5 | N(3), L(1) | 1 | N(2), L(1) | 1 |
R2 | 5 | N(3), B(1) | 1 | N(2), B(1) | 1 | |
100 | R1 | 5 | B(2) | 3 | B(1) | 1 |
R2 | 5 | B(1), L(2) | 2 | L(1) | 2 |
N: Normal; B: Localized on Bottom; L: Lethargy
Alphabet outside and values inside the parentheses represent the clinical symptom code and number of Daphnids exhibiting that particular symptom, respectively.
TEST CONCENTRATION ANALYSIS IN TEST MEDIA DURING RANGE FINDING AND MAIN STUDY (RECONSTITUTED WATER)
Main study
Nominal Concentration (mg/l) | Day 0 (0 Hour) | Day 2 (48 Hour) | ||
Measured conc. (mg/l) | % Recovery | Measured conc. (mg/l) | % Recovery | |
0 | - | - | - | - |
5.3 | 5.44 | 102.55 | 5.35 | 100.85 |
11.7 | 11.65 | 99.57 | 11.65 | 99.57 |
25.8 | 27.11 | 105.06 | 26.97 | 104.52 |
56.8 | 57.65 | 101.5 | 58.32 | 102.68 |
125 | 119.08 | 95.27 | 119.77 | 95.82 |
Range finding study
Nominal Concentration (mg/l) | Day 0 (0 Hour) | Day 2 (48 Hour) | ||
Measured conc. (mg/l) | % Recovery | Measured conc. (mg/l) | % Recovery | |
0 | - | - | - | - |
0.01 | - | - | - | - |
0.1 | - | - | - | - |
1.0 | 0.97 | 97.7 | 0.97 | 96.5 |
10 | 9.67 | 96.7 | 9.60 | 96.0 |
50 | 48.34 | 96.67 | 47.49 | 94.98 |
100 | 96.47 | 96.47 | 96.71 | 96.71 |
TEST CONDITIONS
Main study
Concentration (mg/l) | Replicate | Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) | Temperature (°C) | pH | |||
0 h | 48 h | 0 h | 48 h | 0 h | 48 h | ||
0 | R1 | 6.81 | 6.69 | 20.1 | 20.4 | 7.54 | 7.43 |
R2 | 6.91 | 6.73 | 20.4 | 20.3 | 7.49 | 7.41 | |
R3 | 6.89 | 6.77 | 20.4 | 20.1 | 7.5 | 7.39 | |
R4 | 7.10 | 6.89 | 20.3 | 20.4 | 7.53 | 7.47 | |
5.3 | R1 | 6.84 | 6.73 | 20.2 | 20.3 | 7.5 | 7.44 |
R2 | 6.87 | 6.74 | 20.0 | 20.2 | 7.52 | 7.46 | |
R3 | 7.21 | 6.81 | 20.9 | 20.8 | 7.54 | 7.5 | |
R4 | 6.94 | 6.73 | 20.7 | 20.4 | 7.51 | 7.41 | |
11.7 | R1 | 6.79 | 6.64 | 20.4 | 20.6 | 7.53 | 7.49 |
R2 | 6.83 | 6.69 | 20.1 | 20.3 | 7.55 | 7.47 | |
R3 | 6.91 | 6.72 | 20.4 | 20.6 | 7.54 | 7.39 | |
R4 | 6.97 | 6.81 | 20.1 | 20.3 | 7.47 | 7.41 | |
25.8 | R1 | 6.88 | 6.67 | 20.3 | 20.4 | 7.55 | 7.47 |
R2 | 6.98 | 6.81 | 20.4 | 20.6 | 7.56 | 7.34 | |
R3 | 6.91 | 6.73 | 20.5 | 20.4 | 7.55 | 7.43 | |
R4 | 7.21 | 6.61 | 20.3 | 20.7 | 7.56 | 7.44 | |
56.8 | R1 | 6.84 | 6.73 | 20.4 | 20.6 | 7.61 | 7.56 |
R2 | 6.83 | 6.73 | 20.9 | 20.4 | 7.59 | 7.47 | |
R3 | 6.94 | 6.81 | 20.3 | 20.5 | 7.6 | 7.53 | |
R4 | 6.84 | 6.73 | 20.5 | 20.6 | 7.57 | 7.51 | |
125 | R1 | 6.89 | 6.77 | 20.9 | 20.4 | 7.77 | 7.69 |
R2 | 6.81 | 6.75 | 20.4 | 20.5 | 7.61 | 7.54 | |
R3 | 6.84 | 6.64 | 20.3 | 20.6 | 7.77 | 7.63 | |
R4 | 6.93 | 6.81 | 20.4 | 20.5 | 7.76 | 7.67 |
Range finding study
Concentration (mg/l) | Replicate | Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) | Temperature (°C) | pH | |||
0 h | 48 h | 0 h | 48 h | 0 h | 48 h | ||
0 | R1 | 7.39 | 7.24 | 20.4 | 20.1 | 7.39 | 7.37 |
R2 | 7.43 | 7.29 | 20.9 | 20.7 | 7.4 | 7.41 | |
0.01 | R1 | 7.32 | 7.26 | 20.8 | 20.5 | 7.43 | 7.39 |
R2 | 7.38 | 7.28 | 20.4 | 20.1 | 7.45 | 7.42 | |
0.1 | R1 | 7.37 | 7.18 | 20.9 | 20.8 | 7.69 | 7.71 |
R2 | 7.29 | 7.09 | 20.6 | 20.4 | 7.46 | 7.39 | |
1.0 | R1 | 7.43 | 7.27 | 20.4 | 20.3 | 7.64 | 7.57 |
R2 | 7.46 | 7.31 | 20.5 | 20.4 | 7.66 | 7.61 | |
10 | R1 | 7.33 | 7.29 | 20.9 | 20.7 | 7.66 | 7.61 |
R2 | 7.41 | 7.30 | 20.8 | 20.6 | 7.69 | 7.57 | |
50 | R1 | 7.38 | 7.28 | 20.4 | 20.4 | 7.71 | 7.63 |
R2 | 7.3 | 7.18 | 20.4 | 20.3 | 7.74 | 7.71 | |
100 | R1 | 7.29 | 7.09 | 20.8 | 20.6 | 7.69 | 7.61 |
R2 | 7.27 | 7.17 | 20.4 | 20.1 | 7.77 | 7.67 |
Description of key information
EC50 (48h): 28.15 mg/l (estimated, based on nominal conc.)
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water invertebrates
Fresh water invertebrates
- Effect concentration:
- 28.15 mg/L
Additional information
The test item was evaluated for acute toxicity on Daphnia magna, as per the OECD Guideline No. 202. Daphnids were exposed for the test item under static conditions, over a period of 48 hours. Based on the results of the range finding study, the main study was conducted at the test concentrations of 5.3, 11.7, 25.8, 56.8 and 125.0 mg/l. No clinical signs of toxicity or immobility were observed in control and in the tested concentration of 5.3 mg/l during the 48 hour observation period.
Clinical signs of localized on bottom of container and lethargy was observed in the tested concentrations of 11.7, 25.8 and 56.8 mg/l during the 48 hour observation period. Clinical sign of localized on bottom of container was observed at 24 hour observation in the tested concentration of 125 mg/l.
Immobilization percentages were 15, 45, 65 and 100 % at the tested concentrations of 11.7, 25.8, 56.8 and 125.0 mg/l during the 48 hour observation period.
During the range finding and the main studies, samples from all the test concentrations was collected at 0 hour and at 48 hour analyzed for the test concentrations and stability. The test concentrations were in the acceptable range of ± 20 % recovery to the nominal concentrations.
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