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EC number: 202-634-5 | CAS number: 98-07-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Genetic toxicity: in vitro
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
- Remarks:
- Type of genotoxicity: other: Salmonella and Escherichia strains: gene mutation; Bacillus strains: DNA damage and/or repair
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- The authors tested the mutagenic activity of benzotrichloride with a bacterial reverse mutation test by following a methodology similar to the OECD guideline 471 and with a recombination assay performed according to Kada, Tutikawa and Sadaie (1972). GLP status of the study is not specified. Minor deviations to the guideline observed. Hence, this study should be considered reliable with restrictions, a Klimisch 2.c study, comparable to a guideline study with acceptable restrictions.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Mutagenicity of benzotrichloride and related compounds
- Author:
- Yasuo K., Fujimoto S., Katoh M., Kikuchi Y. and Kada T.
- Year:
- 1 978
- Bibliographic source:
- Mutation Research, 58, 143-150
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)
- Version / remarks:
- for the Salmonella and Escherichia strains
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- no positive control, number of concentrations unclear and cytotoxicity not checked
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Recombination assay performed with Bacillus strains was performed according to Kada T., Tutikawa K. and Sadaie Y. (1972) (Mutation Research 16: 165-174)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of assay:
- other: Salmonella and Escherichia strains: bacterial reverse mutation assay (e.g. Ames test) ; Bacillus strains: recombination assay
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- α,α,α-trichlorotoluene
- EC Number:
- 202-634-5
- EC Name:
- α,α,α-trichlorotoluene
- Cas Number:
- 98-07-7
- Molecular formula:
- C7H5Cl3
- IUPAC Name:
- α,α,α-trichlorotoluene
- Reference substance name:
- trichloromethylbenzene
- IUPAC Name:
- trichloromethylbenzene
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): BTC, benzotrichloride
- Supplier: Tokyo Kasei Co. Ltd
No more data available
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
Method
- Target gene:
- No data reported but histidine gene is the common target gene of the Salmonella test.
Species / strainopen allclose all
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 98
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 100
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535
- Species / strain / cell type:
- E. coli WP2
- Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
- other: one strain try hcr, another B/r try
- Species / strain / cell type:
- other: Bacillus subtilis M45 (rec -) and H17 (rec +)
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- Rat liver microsome fraction S-9 prepared as indicated by Ames et al.
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- - For Salmonella TA 98 and TA1535: 0.5 and 1.0 µmoles/plates
- For Salmonella TA 100 strain: 1.0 and 2.0 µmoles/plates
- For Escherichia WP2 try hcr strain: 0.25, 0.51, 1.02, 1.53, 2.05 and 2.56 µmoles/plate
- For Escherichia WP2 B/r try strain: 0.51, 1.02, 2.05, 2.56, 3.07 and 4.09 µmoles/plate
- For the Bacillus strains: 1.5, 2.6 and 3.6 µmoles/disk - Vehicle / solvent:
- - Solvent used: DMSO
No more data available
Controls
- Untreated negative controls:
- other: see overall remarks
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- other: see overall remarks
- True negative controls:
- not specified
- Positive controls:
- no
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- Bacterial reverse mutation assay (Salmonella and Escherichia strain):
METHOD OF APPLICATION: in agar (plate incorporation)
DURATION
- Expression time (cells in medium): 20 minutes
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent): 48 hours
Recombination assay (Bacillus strains):
DURATION
- Expression time (cells in growth medium): 18 hours, then difference in inhibition zone lenghts was measured
No further data - Evaluation criteria:
- No data reported
- Statistics:
- No data
Results and discussion
Test resultsopen allclose all
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 98
- Metabolic activation:
- with
- Genotoxicity:
- positive
- Remarks:
- see table 1 in remarks on results
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- other: see overall remarks
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- other: see overall remarks
- Positive controls validity:
- not specified
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 100
- Metabolic activation:
- with
- Genotoxicity:
- positive
- Remarks:
- see table 1 in remarks on results
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- other: see overall remarks
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- other: see overall remarks
- Positive controls validity:
- not specified
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535
- Metabolic activation:
- with
- Genotoxicity:
- positive
- Remarks:
- see table 1 in remarks on results
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- other: see overall remarks
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- other: see overall remarks
- Positive controls validity:
- not specified
- Species / strain:
- other: E. coli WP2 try hcr
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- positive
- Remarks:
- without metabolic activation: slight activity; with metabolic activation see table 1 in remarks on results
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not specified
- Positive controls validity:
- not specified
- Species / strain:
- other: E. coli WP2 B/r try
- Metabolic activation:
- with
- Genotoxicity:
- other: 3-fold increase in comparison to the control at 2.05 µmol/plate
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not specified
- Positive controls validity:
- not specified
- Species / strain:
- other: E. coli WP2 B/r try
- Metabolic activation:
- without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not specified
- Positive controls validity:
- not specified
- Species / strain:
- other: Bacillus subtilis M45 and H17
- Metabolic activation:
- without
- Genotoxicity:
- positive
- Remarks:
- see table 2 in remarks on results
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not specified
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not specified
- Positive controls validity:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table 1: Results for the bacterial reverse mutation assay with metabolic activation (i.e. rat liver microsome fraction S-9)
Strain | Concentration (µmoles/plate) | # revertant colonies |
Salmonella TA 98 | 0 | 54 |
0.5 | 152 | |
1.0 | 213.0 | |
Salmonella TA 100 | 0 | 133 |
1.0 | 1234 | |
2.0 | 1224 | |
Salmonella TA 1535 | 0 | 4 |
0.5 | 16 | |
1.0 | 50 | |
E. coli WP2 hcr | 0 | 21 |
0.5 | 115 | |
1.0 | 349 |
Table 2: Results for the Bacillus recombination assay without metabolic activation
Concentration (µmoles/plate) | Inhibition for Bacillus subtilis (mm) | |
H17 Rec+ | M45 Rec- | |
1.5 | 0 | 1.5 |
2.6 | 0 | 5.0 |
3.6 | 2.0 | 8.5 |
- Results for the time dependence of active metabolites study
Benzotrichloride can be hydrolysed by non enzymatic reactions forming benzoic acid. Hence the stability of benzotrichloride was studied to characterize its mutagenic metabolite. The mutagenic activity of benzotrichloride versus incubation time attained a peak value after 20 minutes incubation and the activity gradually decreased probably because of the killing effect. This may indicate that the whole process consisting of enzymatic reaction for the test substance, incorporation of metabolite into bacteria and production of mutagenic DNA damage may have taken place before plating.
When S9 mix and benzotrichloride were pre-incubated for various periods after which bacteria were added and the mixture incubated for 20 minutes before plating, the mutagenic activity of the test substance for E. coli WP2 hcr decreased to a control level within 3 minutes of the pre-incubation time. It therefor seemed that the mutagenic metabolite may be further quickly metabolized or easily decomposed withput enzyme.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results (migrated information):
positive with metabolic activation for the reversion assay
positive without metabolic activation for the recombination assay
The authors tested the mutagenic activity of benzotrichloride with (1) a bacterial reverse mutation test by following a methodology similar to the OECD guideline 471 and (2) with a recombination assay performed according to Kada (1972). Under the test conditions, the mutagenicity of benzotrichloride was clearly positive in the reverse mutation assay with metabolic activation system.Furthermore the mutagenicity was also positive in the recombination assay for Bacillus subtilis M45 and H17 without metabolic activation. - Executive summary:
The authors tested the mutagenic activity of benzotrichloride (CAS n° 98-07-7) with (1) a bacterial reverse mutation test by following a methodology similar to the OECD guideline 471 and (2) with a recombination assay performed according to Kada, Tutikawa and Sadaie (1972) (Mutation Research 16: 165-174).
For the bacterial reverse mutation test following strains were used: Salmonella TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535 and Escherichia coli WP2 try hcr and WP2 try B/r. All Salmonella strains are assumed to have been tested with and without the metabolic activation system (i.e. rat liver S9 mix) and the E. coli strains were tested both with and without the metabolic activation system. For Salmonella strains TA 98 and TA 1535 reported tested concentrations are 0.5 and 1.0 µmoles/plate, while for Salmonella TA 100 1.0 and 2.0 µmoles/plate was tested. The concentrations used to test the E. coli WP2 try hcr strain were 0.25, 0.51, 1.02, 1.53, 2.05 and 2.56 µmoles/plate, while for E. coli WP2 B/r try 0.51, 1.02, 2.05, 2.56, 3.07 and 4.09 µmoles/plate of the test substance were tested. However for all tested strains, it does not appear very clear whether more concentrations were tested and if only positive results were reported. The number of revertant colonies were counted and compared to the control to assess the mutagenicity of the test substance.
For the recombination assay the mutagenic potential of the test substance was tested with Bacillus subtilis M45 (rec-) and H17 (rec+)with and without metabolic activation system at concentrations of 1.5, 2.6 and 3.6 µmoles/plate. The assessment of the mutagenicity is based on the inhibition of the growth zone.
Finally for all these experiments the test substance was dissolved in DMSO and solvent controls were performed (study is unclear on this point for some strains) while no positive controls were executed.
Under the test conditions, the mutagenicity of benzotrichloride was clearly positive in the reverse mutation assay with metabolic activation system to Salmonella TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535 and E. coli WP2 try hcr. Slight mutagenic activity was observed for E. coli WP2 try hcr without metabolic activation and the peak value for E. coli WP2 B/r try with metabolic activation was about 3-fold the control level. Furthermore the mutagenicity of the test substance was also considered positive in the recombination assay for Bacillus subtilis M45 and H17 without metabolic activation.
Thus considering the overall study, benzotrichloride may be considered a potent mutagen with metabolic activation. Therefore, further testing would be required to clarify the situation.
Some details about the method and results are missing (e.g. unclear number of concentrations used and uncertainty if solvent controls were performed for all strains). However, this study is similar to the OECD guideline 471 with minor deviations, then this study should be considered as reliable with restrictions, a Klimisch 2.c study, comparable to a guideline study with acceptable restrictions.
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