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EC number: 215-150-4 | CAS number: 1306-38-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to terrestrial plants
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: short-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- from 21-JUN-1996 to 11-DEC-1996
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 208 (Terrestrial Plants Test: Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- see details in the field: Any other information on materials and methods incl. tables. These deviations are assumed not to have affected the results of this study
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- no data
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- - Method of mixing into soil: Quantities of 1829.73 (oat), 1828.92 (lettuce) and 1829.05 (mustard) mg of the test item were weighed out accurately and mixed thoroughly with 200 g of fine (grain size 0.5-1.0 mm) sand. Each portion of spiked sand and 3.03-3.04 g K2HPO4 were thoroughly mixed on a rollerbank with 1749.6 grams of adjusted damp soil/sand mixture and 120 mL of demineralized water.
- Controls: control was prepared as a similar way as above however with uncontaminated sand. - Species:
- Avena sativa
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: common Oat
- Plant family: Poaceae
- Variety: Valiant
- Source of seed: CEBECO (Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Prior seed treatment/sterilization: no data
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): no data
- Seed storage: no data - Species:
- Brassica rapa
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common names: field mustard, turnip mustard
- Plant family: Brassicaceae
- Variety: Polybra
- Source of seed: Mommersteeg (Vlijmen, The Netherlands)
- Prior seed treatment/sterilization: no data
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): no data
- Seed storage: no data - Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Lettuce
- Plant family: Asteraceae
- Variety: Ravel RZ
- Source of seed: Rijk Zwaan (De Lier, The Netherlands)
- Prior seed treatment/sterilization: no data
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): no data
- Seed storage: no data - Test type:
- other: early seedling emergence and growth toxicity test
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Substrate type:
- other: semi-natural soil
- Limit test:
- yes
- Total exposure duration:
- 18 d
- Remarks:
- 17d for L. sativa, 17d for A. sativa, 18d for B. rapa
- Post exposure observation period:
- none
- Test temperature:
- Test temperature is recorded continuously and varied between 21.0 and 24.5°C as measured during dark and light periods respectively.
- pH:
- pH 7.2 at the start of the test in controls and each treated species and 7.7 to 7.8 at the end.
- Moisture:
- Moisture is recorded continuously and varied between 60% (light period) and 80% (dark period).
However due to a technical failure of the humidity control in the test room, the relative humidity dropped from ca. 60% to ca. 46% for a period of ca. 3 hours at t=7 days. - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Testing facility: thermostatically controlled room
- Test container : circular plastic containers with a diameter of 9.3 cm and a height of 6.0 cm.
- Amount of soil: 362.7 g (320 g of soil + 42.7 g of water). Demineralized water was added till a weight of 400 g was reached.
- Method of seeding: depth of ca 1 cm (top of the seed upward) and covered with soil (A. sativa); on top of soil (L sativa) and at a depth of 0.5-1 cm and covered with soil (B rapa).
- No. of seeds per container: 10
- No. of plants (retained after thinning): 5
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 4 + 1 replicate without plant for pH control
- No. of replicates per control: 4 + 1 replicate without plant for pH control
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE
Substrate = mixture (1:1) of agricultural soil and coarse sand
- Geographic location: soil part sampled in an orchard in Heerewaarden (The Netherlands)
- Pesticide use history at the collection site: no data
- Collection procedures: no data
- Sampling depth (cm): no data
- Soil texture of the mixture
- % sand: 82.5% (16-2000 µm)
- % silt: 12.4% (0-16 µm)
- % clay: no data
- Soil taxonomic classification: no data
- Soil classification system: no data
- Organic carbon (%): 0.9
- Maximum water holding capacity (in % dry weigth): no data
- CEC: no data
- Pretreatment of soil: no data
- Storage (condition, duration): no data
GROWTH CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 16 h light and 8 h dark
- Light source: no data
- Light intensity and quality: measured above test containers on days 4 and 11 : from 6300 to 6980 lux
- Day/night temperatures: see above
- Relative humidity (%): see above
- Wind velocity: not applicable (indoor test)
- Air exchange rate: no data
- Watering regime and schedules:
- Water source/type: demineralized water
- Volume applied: the daily weight loss (in comparison with the initial weight : 400 g) of each container was made up
- Interval of applications: daily weighed of each container, compensation if necessary
- Method of application: no data
- Any pest control method/fertilization : addition of K2HPO4 added at the preparation step of the substrate
ACCLIMATION PERIOD: no data
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) :
All emergence of seedlings was recorded. The visual appearance of the plants and the number of surviving plants were recorded once or twice a week. At the end of the test all surviving plants were harvested and immediately weighed individually.
- Phytotoxicity rating system : no data
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
1000 mg/kg dry weight
- Justification for using less concentrations than requested by guideline: no adverse effect were to be expected so a limit test at 1000 mg/kg dry weight was performed.
- Range finding study : no data - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- 0 and 1000 mg/kg dry weight nominal
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Key result
- Species:
- other: A sativa, L sativa
- Duration:
- 17 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: seedling emergence + growth + survival
- Key result
- Species:
- Brassica rapa
- Duration:
- 18 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: seedling emergence + growth + survival
- Details on results:
- SEEDLING EMERGENCE
- Percent seedling emergence: the emergence of control turnip mustard was less than 80% at 7 days but 2 seedlings emerged later. So the total emergence was 31/40 (77.5%). In the treated turnip mustards, the emergence was 30/40 (75%).
For oat, the control and treated emergence were 40/40 (100%) and 39/40 (97.5%) respectively.
For lettuce : 40/40 (100%) in the control and treated groups.
- Abnormal seed development or appearance: none
VEGETATIVE VIGOUR
- Wet weight and survival of the seedlings (see the tables 1 to 3)
- Abnormal seed development or appearance: none
INJURY RATING SYSTEM: no data , visually estimated - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- none
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The LC50 is not determined because no effect was observed at the single concentration tested.
To determine the NOEC for emergence and survival, the data on emergence and survival of each concentration were compared pair-wise with those of the control using a binomial test (at 5% of significance).
To determine the NOEC for wet weight; multiple comparison was made between the wet weight of each plant at each concentration and the wet weight of the plants in the control using a two-tailed Dunnett-test. It was assumed that the plants in each container were growing independently of each other. A significance level of 1 and 5% were used.
The NOEC for appearance and behaviour was not determined statistically. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- The validity criteria in the guideline is: at least 80% of the seeds in the control must emerge. Their growth should be normal throughout the study.
- Conclusions:
- The NOEC for emergence, survival of seedlings and growth were ≥ 1000 mg/kg dry soil for all species. Cerium dioxide is not considered as harmful to the tested plant species.
- Executive summary:
Cerium dioxide has been tested for its toxicity to plant species Avena sativa, Lactuca sativa and Brassica rapa. The study was carried out according to the OECD Guideline 208 and in compliance with the principles of Good Laboratory Practices.
4 replicate of 5 plants were grown in a mixture of agricultural soil and coarse sand, supplemented with potassium and phosphorus. Cerium dioxide was tested at the limit concentration of 1000 mg/kg dry soil for the three plant species, in parallel to a control.
Cerium dioxide did not cause reduction of emergence for any of the plant species tested. Leaf damage or reduction of growth was not observed in any of the plant species tested. The NOEC is equal or higher than 1000 mg/kg. Cerium dioxide is not considered as harmful to the tested plant species.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: long-term
- Data waiving:
- other justification
- Justification for data waiving:
- other:
Referenceopen allclose all
Number of seeds sown, number of seedlings emerged, number of seedlings removed, plant survival, plant condition and mean wet-weight of the plants at the end of the test after exposure to several concentrations of the test substance (mg/kg dry soil)
S: number of seeds sown on day 0
E: cumulative number of seedlings merged (only given if at least one seedling had emerged since last observation day)
R: number of plants removed
A: number of plants after removing
M: cumulative number of plant mortality
X: number of seedlings found during harvest under other plants
Table 1: Data on emergence, condition, survival and wet-weight of A. sativa (oat) exposed to cerium oxide. A, B, C and D are replicate test containers
Day |
Container |
S |
E |
E |
R |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
M |
Weight |
|
|
Average weight (g) ± s.d. |
|
|
0 |
3 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
7 |
11 |
14 |
17 |
17 |
mean |
s.d. |
n |
|
Concentration (mg/kg) 0 0 0 0 |
A B C D |
10 10 10 10 |
10 10 9 10 |
10 10 10 10 |
5 5 5 5 |
5 5 5 5 |
5a 5a 5a 5a |
5a 5a 5a 5a |
5a 5a 5a 5a |
5a 5a 5a 5a |
0 0 0 0 |
1.098 1.196 1.176 1.147 |
0.133 0.283 0.099 0.114 |
5 5 5 5 |
1.154 ± 0.164 |
1000 1000 1000 1000 |
A B C D |
10 10 10 10 |
10 10 10 9 |
10 10 10 9 |
5 5 5 4 |
5 5 5 5 |
5b 5b 5b 5b |
5b 5b 5b 5b |
5b 5b 5b 5b |
5b 5b 5b 5b |
0 0 0 0 |
1.224 1.168 1.209 1.191 |
0.274 0.095 0.179 0.067 |
5 5 5 5 |
1.198 ± 0.161 |
Table 2: Data on emergence, condition, survival and wet-weight of L. sativa (lettuce) exposed to cerium oxide. A, B, C and D are replicate test containers
Day |
Container |
S |
E |
E |
E |
E |
R |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
M |
Weight |
|
|
Average weight (g) ± s.d. |
|
|
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
7 |
11 |
14 |
17 |
17 |
mean |
s.d. |
n |
|
Concentration (mg/kg) 0 0 0 0 |
A B C D |
10 10 10 10 |
9 10 9 8 |
10 10 10 9 |
10 10 10 10 |
10 10 10 10 |
5 5 5 5 |
5 5 5 5 |
5a 5a 5a 5a |
5a 5a 5a 5a |
5a 5a 5a 5a |
5a 5a 5a 5a |
0 0 0 0 |
1.274 1.495 1.423 1.520 |
0.088 0.079 0.210 0.128 |
5 5 5 5 |
1.428 ± 0.159 |
1000 1000 1000 1000 |
A B C D |
10 10 10 10 |
9 9 10 8 |
10 10 10 10 |
10 10 10 10 |
10 10 10 10 |
5 5 5 5 |
5 5 5 5 |
5b 5b 5b 5b |
5b 5b 5b 5b |
5b 5b 5b 5b |
5b 5b 5b 5b |
0 0 0 0 |
1.362 1.347 1.423 1.316 |
0.147 0.140 0.263 0.170 |
5 5 5 5 |
1.362 ± 0.176 |
a: appearance of the plants normal (control, visually estimated)
b: appearance of the plants equal to that of the control plants
Table 3: Data on emergence, condition, survival and wet-weight of B. rapa (mustard) exposed to cerium oxide. A, B, C and D are replicate test containers
Day |
Container |
S |
E |
E |
E |
R |
A |
A |
R |
A |
A |
M |
X |
Weight |
|
|
Average weight (g) ± s.d. |
|
|
0 |
3 |
4 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
11 |
11 |
14 |
18 |
18 |
18 |
mean |
s.d. |
n |
|
Concentration (mg/kg) 0 0 0 0 |
A B C D |
10 10 10 10 |
2 2 2 2 |
6 5 5 4 |
8 6 8 7 |
3 1 3 2 |
5 5 5 5 |
6a 6a 5a 5a |
1 1 0 0 |
5a 5a 5a 5a |
5a 5a 5a 5a |
0 0 2 0 |
0 0 2 0 |
1.321 1.352 1.344 1.267 |
0.297 0.541 0.471 0.540 |
5 5 5 5 |
1.321 ± 0.435 |
1000 1000 1000 1000 |
A B C D |
10 10 10 10 |
3 1 3 1 |
4 5 5 4 |
6 9 5 7 |
1 4 0 2 |
5 5 5 5 |
5b 5b 5b 5b |
0 0 0 0 |
5b 5b 5b 5b |
5b 5b 5b 5b |
1 0 2 0 |
1 0 2 0 |
1.302 1.227 1.274 1.195 |
0.350 0.451 0.308 0.266 |
5 5 5 5 |
1.249 ± 0.324 |
a: appearance of the plants normal (control, visually estimated)
b: appearance of the plants equal to that of the control plants
Description of key information
The 17-day NOEC (Avena sativa and Lactuca sativa) and the 18-day NOEC (Brassica rapa) of the bulk form of cerium dioxide was ≥ 100 mg/kg dry soil based on the seedling emergence, the growth and the survival. Hence, the bulk form of cerium dioxide is not considered as harmful to the tested plant species.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
One experimental study, scored as Klimisch 1, was available and selected as a key study (TNO, 1996). It revealed that the bulk form of cerium dioxide was not harmful to terrestrial plants.
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