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EC number: 909-709-8 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to soil macroorganisms except arthropods
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to soil macroorganisms except arthropods: long-term
- Data waiving:
- other justification
- Justification for data waiving:
- other:
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to soil macroorganisms except arthropods: short-term
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Justification for type of information:
- Read across from a study performed with cerium dioxide. The read across justification document is attached in IUCLID Section 13.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: Based on the results from a study performed with cerium dioxide, it can be concluded that no effects are expected for the reaction mass of cerium dioxide and zirconium dioxide either.
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: mortality, appearance, behaviour, weight
- Remarks on result:
- other: Based on the results from a study performed with cerium dioxide, it can be concluded that no effects are expected for the reaction mass of cerium dioxide and zirconium dioxide either.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to soil macroorganisms except arthropods: short-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- from 21-JUN-1996 to 11-DEC-1996
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 207 (Earthworm, Acute Toxicity Tests)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- 25 g of sand was used instead of 10 g as stated in the OECD Guideline n° 207. The deviation did not affect the results of this study.
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- no data
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- Method of mixing into soil: Quantities of 501.3, 501.6, 501.4, 501.8 and 500.9 mg of the test substance cerium oxide were weighed out accurately and each portion was mixed thoroughly with 25 g of M32 sand. On the day the test was started, this mixture was mechanically mixed with 650 g of wet artificial soil (481.5 g of dry artificial soil and 168.5 g moisture) and 100 mL of distilled water.
- Controls: Controls were prepared in a similar way and did not contain test item. - Test organisms (species):
- Eisenia fetida
- Animal group:
- annelids
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common names: redworm, brandling worm, tiger worm, red wiggler worm
- Source: obtained from the commercial hatchery Blades Biological, Cowden, Edenbridge, Kent, England
- Age at test initiation: no data
- Weight at test initiation: 0.312 to 0.512 g
- Method of cultivation: cultured in TNO laboratory under standard conditions in a horse-manure, garden soil mixture (1:1) at about 25°C
ACCLIMATION
no data - Study type:
- laboratory study
- Substrate type:
- artificial soil
- Limit test:
- yes
- Total exposure duration:
- 14 d
- Post exposure observation period:
- none
- Test temperature:
- 20.3 - 20.7°C
- pH:
- 5.8
- Moisture:
- 51.4 - 52.5% (based on dry constituents)
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test container (material, size): One-litre all glass jars, provided with a glass lid (domestic preserving jars).
- Amount of soil: ca. 775 g wet weight
- No. of organisms per container (treatment): ten worms
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 4 + 1 replicate without worm for pH and moisture content measurements
- No. of replicates per control: 4 + 1 replicate without worm for pH and moisture content measurements
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE
- Geographic location: Sphagnum peat: Oosteinderweg 357, Aalsmeer, The Netherlands; Fine industrial sand: Wierselaan 121, Vreeswijk, The Netherlands; Kaolin clay: Provincialeweg West 44, Haastrecht, The Netherlands
- Soil texture of the mixture
- % sand: 70%
- % silt: 10%
- % clay: 20%
- Composition: The artificial soil consisted of finely ground sphagnum peat (no visible plant remains), kaolin clay and fine industrial sand at a ratio of 1:2:7 (based on dry weight) respectively.
- Pretreatment of soil: the components were mixed with distilled water and calcium carbonate in a polyethylene bag.
- Storage (condition, duration): no data except that sphagnum peat, fine industrial sand and kaolin clay arrived at TNO on March 1993, February 1993 and February 1990, respectively.
- No further data
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: continuous low intensity illumination
- Light intensity: 688 to 742 lux
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: After 7 and 14 days, the number of surviving worms was determined and the condition of the worms with respect to appearance and behaviour was visually assessed. The worms were individually weighed at the start of the experiment. At the end of the test, the total weight of the surviving worms was determined for each replicate container.
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: not relevant (limit test)
- Justification for using less concentrations than requested by guideline: Because no adverse effect were to be expected, a combined range finding/limit test with a highest dose of 1000 mg of test substance per kg of dry soil was carried out.
- Range finding study: yes, realisation of a combined range finding/limit test.
- Test concentrations: 1000 mg/kg of dry soil
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: As no effects were observed, the combined ranged finding/limit test is considered as the final test. - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- 0 and 1000 mg/kg dry soil nominal
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: mortality, appearance, behaviour, weight
- Details on results:
- At 1000 mg/kg dry soil, there was no significant effect with respect to survival (5% significance level) or to weight (1% significance level) or any other adverse effect with respect to the condition of the test animals. However, at 1000 mg/kg, one animal died. Because 10% mortality is allowed (for the control), this mortality is not taken into account to establish the NOEC value for mortality.
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- none
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The LC50 is not determined because no effect was observed at the single concentration tested.
The NOEC values were estimated by comparing effects with regard to survival, weight, appearance and behaviour (the latter two visually assessed) of the exposed animals with those of the control animals. The NOEC is qualified according to the duration of exposure. To determine the NOEC for survival, the survival rates at each concentration were compared pair-wise with those in the control using a binomial test. A significance level of 5% was employed. To determine the NOEC for weight, a multiple comparaison was made between the average weight increase of the worms per container at each container and the average weight increase in the controls using a two-tailed Dunnett test. A significance level of 1% and 5% was employed. In case of 1% significance only that significance is given. The NOEC for behaviour and appearance was not determined statistically. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The NOEC is equal or higher than 1000 mg/kg dry soil. Cerium dioxide is considered as not harmful to Eiseinia fetida under the tested conditions.
- Executive summary:
Cerium dioxide has been tested for acute toxicity to Eisenia foetida. The study was carried out according to the OECD Guideline 207 and in compliance with the principles of Good Laboratory Practices.
Worms were exposed to cerium dioxide mixed with artificial soil at a concentration of 1000 mg/kg of dry soil for a 14-day period.
No significant effect with respect to survival, weight, behaviour or appearance was observed. The NOEC is equal or higher than 1000 mg/kg dry soil. The cerium dioxide is considered as not harmful to the tested terrestrial organism.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to soil macroorganisms except arthropods: short-term
- Data waiving:
- other justification
- Justification for data waiving:
- other:
Referenceopen allclose all
Table 1: Number of living animals in the control and several test concentrations after exposure to several concentrations of cerium dioxide
Time (d) |
Nominal concentration of test substance (mg/kg dry soil) |
|
|
0 |
100 |
0 7 14 |
40a 40a 40a |
40a 40b 39b |
a) condition of all test animals, visually assessed, normal (good)
b) condition of all test animals visually assessed, equal to that of the control animals
Description of key information
There is currently no need identified to perform a short- or long-term toxicity study with soil macroorganisms with the reaction mass of cerium dioxide and zirconium dioxide. The waiver is supported by short-term toxicity data available for cerium dioxide, one of the constituents of the reaction mass.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
No data is available for the reaction mass. A study performed with cerium dioxide is added as supporting information for the waiver.
This study, scored as Klimisch 1 (Hooftman and Henzen, 1996a), revealed that (bulk) cerium dioxide is not harmful to earthworms acutely, as no adverse effects have been observed at the highest concentration tested (1000 mg/kg dw).
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