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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 206-117-5 | CAS number: 302-17-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Justification for type of information:
- Data from IARC and IPCS Monograph
- Objective of study:
- absorption
- distribution
- excretion
- metabolism
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: as mentionoed below
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the chemical chloral hydrate has been determined.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- - Name of test material: 2,2,2-Trichloroethane-1,1-diol (Chloral hydrate)
- Molecular formula: C2-H3-Cl3-O2
- Molecular weight: 165.4026g/mol
- Smiles notation: C(C(O)O)(Cl)(Cl)Cl
- InChl: RNFNDJAIBTYOQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- Substance type: Organic
- Physical state: Solid - Radiolabelling:
- not specified
- Species:
- other: Humans
- Sex:
- not specified
- Route of administration:
- oral: drinking water
- Vehicle:
- water
- Details on exposure:
- Details not available
- Duration and frequency of treatment / exposure:
- Details not available
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
15 mg/kg bw - No. of animals per sex per dose / concentration:
- Details not available
- Control animals:
- no
- Type:
- absorption
- Results:
- After oral administration, chloral hydrate is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Its biotransformation to trichloroethanol must be rapid, since no parent compound could be detected in even the first samples taken 10 min after administration
- Type:
- distribution
- Results:
- Peak levels of trichloroethanol and trichloroethanol glucuronide were reached within 20 to 60 min after oral administration of aqueous solution.
- Type:
- metabolism
- Results:
- Chloral hydrate is rapidly metabolized in both hepatic and extrahepatic tissues to trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid.
- Type:
- excretion
- Results:
- The major route of excretion of the metabolites of chloral hydrate is the urine. (Source EPA)
- Metabolites identified:
- yes
- Details on metabolites:
- trichloroethanol
trichloroacetic acid and
trichloroethanol glucuronide - Conclusions:
- Since chloral hydrate is rapidly metabolized after oral absorption to produce metabolites that are excreted predominantly in urine, it can be expected that chloral hydrate shall have low bio-accumulation potential.
- Executive summary:
The absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the chemical chloral hydrate has been determined. From the information available chloral hydrate is shown to be rapidly metabolized after oral absorption to produce trichloroethanol, trichloroacetic acid and trichloroethanol glucuronide metabolites that are excreted predominantly in urine, thus it can be expected that chloral hydrate shall have low bio-accumulation potential.
Reference
Description of key information
Since chloral hydrate is rapidly metabolized after oral absorption to produce metabolites that are excreted predominantly in urine, it can be expected that chloral hydrate shall have low bio-accumulation potential.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Bioaccumulation potential:
- low bioaccumulation potential
Additional information
Different experimental studies on basic toxicokinetics in humans have been reviewed for the substance Chloral hydarate and has been summarised below as weight of evidence approach:
Data obtained from IARC Monograph 1995, indicates that the chloral hydrate is shown to be rapidly metabolized after oral absorption to produce trichloroethanol, trichloroacetic acid and trichloroethanol glucuronide metabolites that are excreted predominantly in urine, thus it can be expected that chloral hydrate shall have low bio-accumulation potential.
Similary in the data obtained from abstract of peer reviewed journal, The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of chloral hydrate have been studied in human volunteers Eighteen healthy male subjects (aged 20–31 years) were given 250 or 500 mg chloral hydrate either in immediate-release or enteric-coated modified-release capsules or as a solution. Because of the extensive firstpass metabolism of chloral hydrate, the bioavailability of trichloroethanol was used as a surrogate for its absorption. The bioavailability of chloral hydrate given in capsules amounted to 94.8–101.6% of that given as a solution. The terminal half-lives for the elimination of trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid from plasma were 9.3–10.2 and 89–94 h, respectively. Chloral hydrate itself could be detected only 8 to 60 min after application at very low concentrations in some of the plasma samples. Thus, due to the extremely short terminal half-life of chloral hydrate i.e. 8-60 min, it is expected to have low bio-accumulation potential.
Thus based on the above data and by applying weight of evidence approach it can be concluded that chloral hydrate shall have low bio-accumulation potential as it is rapidly metabolised and excreted.
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