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EC number: 215-609-9 | CAS number: 1333-86-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Repeated dose toxicity: dermal
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- chronic toxicity: dermal
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- start of study: 1949
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with national standard methods with acceptable restrictions
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- A study of the Physiological Effects of Carbon Black. II. Skin Contact
- Author:
- Nau CA, Neal J, Stembridge V
- Year:
- 1 958
- Bibliographic source:
- A.M.A. Arch. Industr. Health 18, 511-520.
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Carbon blacks were suspended in mineral oil, cottonseed oil, cooking oil or water with 1% carboxymethyl cellulose. The backs of the test animals were painted with a brush three times per week with 20% emulsions of the designated carbon blacks, benzene extracts thereof or extracted carbon black for 12-18 months. Additional groups were treated with known carcinogens (methylcholanthrene, 3,4-benzpyrene). The negative controls were treated with the corresponding vehicle.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Carbon black
- EC Number:
- 215-609-9
- EC Name:
- Carbon black
- Cas Number:
- 1333-86-4
- Molecular formula:
- C
- IUPAC Name:
- carbon
- Test material form:
- solid: particulate/powder
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- other: CFW white and C3H brown
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: not reported
- Age at study initiation: 6-10 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: not reported
- Fasting period before study: not reported
- Housing: the mice were kept in Monel pans - 10 to each pan in air-conditioned quarters
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Purina Dog Chow ad lib.
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad lib.
- Acclimation period: not reported
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 25.5
- Humidity (%): 55
- Air changes (per hr): not reported
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): not reported
IN-LIFE DATES: From: 1949 To: not reported
Administration / exposure
- Type of coverage:
- open
- Vehicle:
- other: 1% aqueous carboxymethyl cellulose, cottonseed oil, cooking oil or mineral oil
- Details on exposure:
- TEST SITE
- Area of exposure: up to the middle of the unshaven back from the base of the tail to the neck
- % coverage: not reported
- Type of wrap if used: none used
- Time intervals for shavings or clipplings: unshaven
REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
- Washing (if done): not reported
- Time after start of exposure: not reported
TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): the weight of the material applied to 10 mice was determined, and this value was divided by the number of mice painted. Fairly consistent results for each application were obtained (no quantities reported)
- Concentration (if solution): 20% mixtures/emulsions
- Constant volume or concentration used: yes
- For solids, paste formed: not reported
VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): not reported
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): not reported
- Concentration (if solution): 20%
- Lot/batch no. (if required): not reported
- Purity: not reported
USE OF RESTRAINERS FOR PREVENTING INGESTION: not reported - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- No details reported
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 12-18 months
- Frequency of treatment:
- 3 times/week
Doses / concentrations
- Dose / conc.:
- 20 other: %
- Remarks:
- carbon black suspensions in cottonseed oil, mineral oil, cooking oil or in 1% aqueous carboxymethylcellulose
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10-40 mice / group (sex not always specified)
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent no treatment
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: not reported
- Rationale for animal assignment (if not random): not reported
- Rationale for selecting satellite groups: no satellite groups used
- Section schedule rationale (if not random): animals found to show abnormal signs were isolated and killed at such time as was deemed desirable, and a complete gross and microscopic pathological examination was made of all organs and tisues. Mice found dead on routine checking were studied in the same manner - Positive control:
- Groups painted with known carcinogens (methylcholanthrene, 3,4-benzpyrene (in 1% benzene solutions, water or oil suspension)
Examinations
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: twice each day
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: No data
DERMAL IRRITATION: No data
BODY WEIGHT: No data
FOOD CONSUMPTION: No data
FOOD EFFICIENCY: No data
WATER CONSUMPTION: No data
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: No
HAEMATOLOGY: No
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: No
URINALYSIS: No
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: No - Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes (all organs and tissues). Animals found to show abnormal signs were isolated and killed at such time as was deemed desirable, and a complete gross and microscopic pathological examination was made of all organs and tisues. Mice found dead on routine checking were studied in the same manner
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes (all organs and tissues). Animals found to show abnormal signs were isolated and killed at such time as was deemed desirable, and a complete gross and microscopic pathological examination was made of all organs and tisues. Mice found dead on routine checking were studied in the same manner - Other examinations:
- Not reported
- Statistics:
- Not reported
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Dermal irritation:
- not specified
- Mortality:
- mortality observed, treatment-related
- Body weight and weight changes:
- not specified
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not specified
- Food efficiency:
- not specified
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not specified
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not specified
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Details on results:
- CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY
59 of 170 animals painted with whole carbon black were found dead during the course of the study (no details provided).
56 of 140 animals painted with extracted carbon black were found dead during the course of the study (no details provided).
ORGAN WEIGHTS
not reported
GROSS PATHOLOGY
Mice painted with medium processing channel black: 1 mesenteric tumour was found in a group of 20 female mice painted with carbon black in cooking oil; 1 mesenteric tumour was found in another group of 40 mice painted with carbon black in mineral oil.
No changes from the normal were found in the groups treated with extracted carbon black.
HISTOPATHOLOGY: NON-NEOPLASTIC
not reported
HISTOPATHOLOGY: NEOPLASTIC
The painting of whole carbon black of the fast extrusion furnace and medium thermal types produced no changes from the normal in C3H mice. There occurred, however, observable tumours (adenoma and lymphosarcoma) in a few mice painted with the medium processing channel black. These did not occur at the site of painting but primarily in the gastrointestinal tract. These tumours were: 1 diffuse lymphosarcoma and 1 lymphoblastic proliferation in spleen and lymph nodes of a CFW mouse in a group of 20 mice painted with the carbon black in cooking oil for 12 months; 1 lymphosarcoma of colon in a CFW mouse of a group of 20 painted with carbon black in cooking oil for 17 months; 1 squamous cell adenoma of stomach in a group of 40 C3H mice painted with the CMC-suspension for 18 months, 1 squamouscell adenoma of stomach in a group of 20 C3H mice painted with the CMC-suspension for 12 months (in this group benzene was applied as a local irritant before painting); and 1 lymposarcoma of the spleen in a CFW mouse of a group of 40, painted with carbon black in mineral oil for 13 months.
The painting of the extracted carbon black of the fast extrusion furnace type led to no changes from the normal in 128 mice; 2 CFW mice treated with the extracted carbon black in mineral oil for 12 months, had lymphosarcoma (lymph nodes and spleen).
The whole benzene extracts (in a water suspension or 1% benzene solution) were found to be carcinogenic except for the extract of the channel furnace type of carbon. Painting of the known "free" carcinogens methylcholanthrene and 3,4-benzpyrene produced skin cancer in a high percentage of the animals. When these carcinogens are adsorbed on carbon black, the incidence of skin cancer resulting from the skin application of the absorbed carcinogen was reduced or abolished.
HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA (if applicable): there were 13 mice in the control group of 943 mice which developed spontaneous malignant neoplasms (6 malignant skin neoplasms, 1 malignant spleen neoplasm, 6 malignant liver neoplasms)
Effect levels
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEL
- Effect level:
- 20 other: %
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: gross pathology; histopathology;
Target system / organ toxicity
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- no
Any other information on results incl. tables
None
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Carbon blacks, as is, produced no significant changes from the normal following skin contact. Carbon blacks have adsorbed components which, when free, and applied to the skin of mice, produce skin cancer. The adsorbed components, however, are ineffective as a carcinogen. Carbon blacks can adsorb effectively known carcinogens such as methylcholanthrene and 3,4-benzpyrene and by such adsorption do eliminate or reduce the carcinogenicity of these substances.
- Executive summary:
In this study with limited documentation, no changes in organs or tissues of C3H mice were found after treating them three times per week with various types of carbon blacks (20% carbon black suspensions in cottonseed oil, mineral oil or in 1% aqueous carboxymethylcellulose, painted onto the animals’ backs) for 12 -18 months.
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