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EC number: 234-217-9 | CAS number: 10599-90-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Basic toxicokinetics
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- no data
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- A comparative kinetics study of monochloramine and hypochlorus acid in rat.
- Author:
- Abdel-Rahman M. S., Waldron D.M. and Bull R.J.
- Year:
- 1 983
- Bibliographic source:
- Journal of applied toxicology, vol. 3, No. 4, 175-179
Materials and methods
- Objective of study:
- toxicokinetics
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Male rats were orally administered radiolabelled forms of the test substance. Absorption and elimination until 120 h from blood were followed. In addition, distribution, excretion and metabolism were examined.
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Chloramide
- EC Number:
- 234-217-9
- EC Name:
- Chloramide
- Cas Number:
- 10599-90-3
- Molecular formula:
- ClH2N
- IUPAC Name:
- chloranamine
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Monochloramine
Constituent 1
- Radiolabelling:
- yes
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: no data
- Age at study initiation: no data
- Weight at study initiation: 220-240 g
- Fasting period before study: yes, overnight.
- Housing: no data
- Individual metabolism cages: yes
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): no data
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): no data
- Acclimation period: no data
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): no data
- Humidity (%): no data
- Air changes (per hr): no data
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): no data
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: unspecified
- Vehicle:
- other: not applicable
- Details on exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
The commercially available 36Cl-labelled HCl was used for the synthesis of monochloramine.
1) Synthesis of HO36Cl
Chlorine is produced by the reaction: 2KMnO4 + 16 HCl -> 2KCl + 2 MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8 H2O
H36Cl (6.66 mCi per g Cl) with a radionuclidic purity of > 99 %, was used as the source of 36Cl. The activated hydrochloric acid was then slowly injected into the reaction vessel containing 1 g of potassium permanganate. 36cl was evolved and allowed to bubble into a cylinder containing 25 ml cold distilled water. The dissolution of the chlorine was monitored with a Geiger Muller counter. The reaction was allowed to continue until apparent saturation, i.e. about 14 min past the time of initiating the reaction. Between 25 and 30 % of the Cl2 that theorically could have been produced in the reaction was actually generated and collected by this technique.
2) synthesis of Nh236Cl from HO36Cl:
HO36Cl prepared as described above was used to synthesize NH236Cl as follows: HO36cl (60 mg), which was determined by the method of Palin, 1967, from the stock solution was added to a bicarbonate buffer of pH 9.0-9.1 (13.13 g sodium bicarbonate, 1.32 g sodium carbonate per liter if water). the following equation was used to determine the amount of chlorine to be added to the buffer: a x b / c = ml stock HOCl aded to buffer.
a = desired chloramine concentration
b = final volume of chloramine solution
c = HOCl concentration (mg/l)
Concentrated ammonium hydroxide (28 % NH3) was then added according to the following equation: a x 0.0067 = ml NH4OH added.
The factor o 0.0067 provides the volume of NH4OH needed to give equimolar amounts of Cl:NH3.
The concentration of chloramine was then determined by titration according to the method of Palin, 1967. This method also detects any small amounts of chlorine or di- or tri-chloramines present in the solution. No chlorine, di- or tri-chloramines were found in the NH236Cl generated in this experiment. - Duration and frequency of treatment / exposure:
- One administration
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
3 ml of 370 mg/l NH2Cl (1.1 mg per animal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose / concentration:
- 4 males
- Control animals:
- not specified
- Positive control reference chemical:
- No
- Details on dosing and sampling:
- PHARMACOKINETIC STUDY (Absorption, distribution, excretion)
- Tissues and body fluids sampled : urine, faeces, expired air , whole blood, plasma, skin, testes, packed cells, bone marrow, kidney, lung, stomach, thyroid, thymus, duodenum, spleen, carcass, liver, ileum and fat.
- Time and frequency of sampling: Heparinized blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture at 15, 30 and 60 min and 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120h. At 120h, rats were killed by decapitation and tissue specimens were taken for determination of 36Cl. Expired air were collected using modified Roth ll-glass metabolism chambers. Fecal and urine samples were collected at 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h. - Statistics:
- Not performed.
Results and discussion
- Preliminary studies:
- no preliminary study.
Toxicokinetic / pharmacokinetic studies
- Details on absorption:
- When rats are administered 3 ml of 370 mg/l NH2Cl, a peak 36Cl plasma level (10.3 µg/l) is reached 8h following the administration. The absorption rate constant was 0.278/h with an absorption half-life of 2.5h. The 36Cl plasma level remained at plateau from 8 to 48h after administration of NH2Cl.
- Details on distribution in tissues:
- Distribution of 36Cl activity 120 h after the administration of NH2Cl orally: Plasma contained the highest amount (3.15 µg/g), followed by whole blood (2.66), skin (2.13), testes (2.09), packed cells (1.90), bone marrow (1.82), kidney (1.62), lung (1.58), stomach (1.53), thyroid (1.36), thymus (1.36), duodenum (1.20), spleen (1.11), carcass (0.77), liver (0.74), ileum (0.59) and fat (0.18).
- Details on excretion:
- During the first 24 h after NH236Cl treatment, only 0.40 and 0.08 % of the total administration dose were eliminated in the urine and feces. After the 120-h period studied for monochloramine, the proportion of administration dose eliminated through the urine was 25.15 % and through the feces was 1.98 %.
Metabolite characterisation studies
- Metabolites identified:
- yes
- Details on metabolites:
- Metabolism studies revealed that NH2Cl are eliminated as chloride.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Distribution of 36Cl activity in blood:
Distribution of 36Cl activity in rat blood was examined 24h following the administration of NH236Cl. In plasma, the 36Cl activity was 0.87, while packed cells had an activity of 0.20 % of administration dose per ml for NH236Cl. After washing, the packed cells twice with saline, the 36Cl activity decreased to 0.06% of administration dose per ml for the NH236Cl treated group. Following the addition of TCA to 1 ml of plasma, 0.14 % of administration dose per ml were recovered in the precipitate associated with NH236Cl.
Subcellular distribution of 36Cl compounds:
Subcellular distribution of 36Cl compounds in rat liver 24 h following NH236Cl administrationindicated that 75.0 % of total 36Cl activity of the whole homogenate was recovered in the cytosol, 2.5 % in the microsomal, 1.5 % in the nuclear and <0.1 % in the mitochondrial fraction. Only 4.0 % of the total 36Cl activity in the whole homogenate was found in the TCA precipitate of the homogenate following NH236Cl treatment.
Excretion and metabolism of monochloramine:
Urine, feces and xpired air were collected over 4 and 5 day periods after the administration of 370 mg/l NH236Cl. During the first 24 h after NH236Cl treatment, only 0.40 and 0.08 % of the total administration dose were eliminated in the urine and feces. After the 120 -h period studied for NH236Cl, the proportion of administration dose eliminated through the urine was 25.15 % and through the feces was 1.98 % Metabolism studies revealed that NH236Cl are eliminated as chloride.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results (migrated information): bioaccumulation potential cannot be judged based on study results
- Executive summary:
In a pharmacokinetic study of NH236Cl in Sprague-Dawley rats, kinetics for the absorption and elimination of the radiolabel were observed. An average of 83% of the radiolabel was retained 48 hours after dosing by the rats administered NH236Cl. Peak plasma levels of chlorine (as atomic chlorine) occurred 8 hours after NH236Cl administration. The absorption half-life of NH236Cl was 2.5 hour and the plasma elimination half-life was 39 hours. In metabolism studies monochloramine was converted and eliminated in the chloride form, and excretion was primarily via urine. The 36 Cl was distributed throughout the major organ systems, with plasma and whole blood containing the highest concentrations. Approximately 20 % of 36Cl in the plasma was bound to protein.
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