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EC number: 234-217-9 | CAS number: 10599-90-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Additional information
Inorganic chloramines consist of three chemicals that are formed when chlorine and ammonia are combined in water: monochloramine (NH2Cl), dichloramine (NHCl2) and trichloramine (NCl3). The generation of monochloramine depends on the characteristics of water or influent like pH, molar ratio of hypochlorous acid to ammonia, temperature and contact time.
1) For information: naming rules and conversion factors for different types of concentration given for monochloramine / inorganic chloramines
- Free Residual Chlorine (FRC) or free available chlorine (FAC): corresponds to hypochlorous acid [HOCl] and the hypochlorite ion [OCl] concentrations.
- Combined Residual Chlorine (CRC) or Combined Available Chlorine (CAC) : corresponds to the sum of inorganic chloramines [NH2Cl, NHCl2, and NCl3] or N-chloramides and also organic choramines concentrations.
- Total Residual Chlorine (TRC): corresponds to all species of chlorine in solution i.e.the sum of CRC and FRC.
- Chlorine Produced Oxidants (CPO): is the sum of all oxidants including non-chlorine species. In water containing bromine, such as seawater, there is displacement of chlorine by bromine resulting in hypobromous acid, hypobromite ions and bromamines. Some authors also mention TRO (Total Residual Oxidant )
2) Influence of pH and molar ratio
The experimental pH and molar ratio of hypochlorous acid to ammonia have a great role in the evaluation of aquatic toxicity data as they determine the chemical species present. In water, the monochloramine is in equilibrium with other chloramines (dichloramine (NHCl2 ) and trichloramine (NCl3)). The ratio of each species is highly dependent upon pH, the ratio of chlorine to ammonia-nitrogen and, to a lesser extent, temperature and contact time.
A pH between approximately 7.5 and 9.0 is optimum for the formation of monochloramine; the ideal pH is 8.3. A lower pH favours the formation of dichloramine (pH 4–6) and trichloramine (pH <4.4).
In ambient freshwater, the dominant species is monochloramine.
Therefore due care was taken on test conditions in order to check that test conditions were optimum to predominantly obtain monochloramine.
3) Influence of Marine water:
In marine or estuarine water, the presence of bromide ions (Br) causes rapid partial or complete replacement of chlorine by bromine (i.e. bromamines, and bromochloramines). The collection of these reactive chlorine and bromine species is called chlorine-produced oxidants (CPO).
Summary of Aquatic toxicity
Valid aquatic toxicity tests (acute and chronic) for fish, aquatic invertebrates and algae and macrophytes are available for monochloramine.
Type of test |
Species |
Effect |
Effect conc. (mg/L) |
Reference |
|
Acute |
Salvelinus fontinalis |
Mortality |
LC50(96h) |
0.064 Measured concentrations |
Larson et al 1977 |
Acute |
Ceriodaphnia dubia |
Mortality |
EC50(48h) |
0.0118 Measured concentrations |
Farrell et al 2000 |
Acute |
Lemna minor |
Inhibition of growth rate |
EC50 (7d) |
0.33 (total frond area) 0.92 (frond number), 0.57 (dry weight) Measured concentrations |
Bellemain et al 2010 |
Chronic |
Lemna minor |
Inhibition of growth rate |
EC10 (7d) |
0.2 (total frond area) 0.18 (frond number), 0.15 (dry weight) Measured concentrations |
Bellemain et al 2010 |
Chronic |
Daphnia magna |
reproduction |
EC10(21d) |
0.0117 Measured concentrations) |
Egerler et al 2013 |
Chronic |
Danio rerio |
Mortality (post-hatching success) |
EC10(35d) |
0.0098 Measured concentrations |
Gilberg et al 2012 |
Based on the available data, monochloramine is considered as rapidly degradable and not potentially bioaccumulable.
For the acute toxicity, invertebrates are the most sensitive trophic level. According to the results of the lowest EC50 (48h-EC50 of 0.0118 mg/L for C. dubia), Monochloramine is considered as very toxic to aquatic life.
For the chronic toxicity, according to the chosen key values, fish is the most sensitive trophic level. According to the results of the lowest EC10 (35d-EC10 of 9.8 µg/L mg for Danio rerio), Monochloramine is considered as very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effect.
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