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EC number: 203-742-5 | CAS number: 110-16-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Specific investigations: other studies
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- nephrotoxicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: published result, well documented study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Renal Toxicity of Maleic Acid in the Rat
- Author:
- Worthen HG
- Year:
- 1 963
- Bibliographic source:
- Laboratory Investigation 12(8): 791-801
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Maleic acid, neutralized with sodium hydroxide, was given to adult male rats in doses of 348mg/kg, 696 mg/kg or 1044 mg/kg (3,6, or 9 mmol/kg) intraperitoneally. The presence of tubular inhibition was detected by quantitive test for urine sugar, albumin, amino acids and pH. The rats were killed as soon as urinary abnormalities were evident, usually within an hour after injection when the largest dose of maleic acid was used, and within 2 hours when the smallest dose was given. Paired control rats were given the same volume of saline and were killed at the same time as the experimental rats. A few rats in each dosage group were allowed to recover so that the duration of urinary abnormalities could be determined and correlated with histologic observations. The kidneys were removed, and portions were frozen in isopentane chilled with liquid nitrogen. Frozen sections were cut on a microtome mounted in a cryostat cabinet, and enzyme activity was determined histochemically in the fresh-frozen sections. Tissues for light microscopy were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin and then stained. Tissues for electron microscopy were fixed in buffered osmic acid for 2 hours, dehydrated in graded alcohols, and then embedded.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of method:
- in vivo
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Maleic acid
- EC Number:
- 203-742-5
- EC Name:
- Maleic acid
- Cas Number:
- 110-16-7
- Molecular formula:
- C4H4O4
- IUPAC Name:
- but-2-enedioic acid
- Details on test material:
- Maleic acid, neutralized with sodium hydroxide, no data on purity
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- not specified
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- intraperitoneal
- Vehicle:
- physiological saline
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- one single injection
- Frequency of treatment:
- one single injection
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
348 mg/kg
Basis:
nominal conc.
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
696 mg/kg
Basis:
nominal conc.
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
1044 mg/kg
Basis:
nominal conc.
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- no data
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
Results and discussion
Any other information on results incl. tables
All of the rats given maleic acid developed glycosuria, aminoaciduria, proteinuria, polyuira, and increased urinary pH. The severity
of the urinary abnormalities roughly paralleled the amount of maleic acid given. In the animals given the largest dose the urine volume was roughly 3 times the normal volume, albumin and sugar were present in high concentration, and the urine pH was above 7, all within an hour after injection. In the rats given smaller doses, the abnormalities appeared later, and were less severe. Even in the rats given only 348 mg/kg, however, the abnormalities were present within 2 hours. In the animals not killed, normal renal function returned after intervals of 24 hours (in those given 348 mg/kg) to 72 hours (in those given 1044 mg/kg).
The only positive histochemical finding was a decrease of succinic dehydrogenase in the proximal tubules of maleic-treated rats.
Succinic dehydrogenase activity was measured in the kidneys of 13 control rats and in 13 rats that had received maleic acid 1 to 2 hours before beeing killed. Renal cortical succinic dehydrogenase activity was decreased by the administration of maleic acid. The decrease in activity was roughly correlated with the amount of maleic acid given, but too few animals were included in each group to compute the statistical validity of the differences.
The morphologic abnormalities observed by microscopy consists of dilation of the proximale tubule, with shortening of the brush border, vacuolation of the apical portion of the cells, compression of the basal infoldings of the proximale tubule. The glomeruli and distal parts of the tubule appear normal.
Both the enzymatic and morphologic defects appear worse in the animals with the most severe functinal defects, suggesting that either the enzymatic of the structural defect might be the cause of the tubular dysfunction.
Animals in which the urinalysis had returned to normal, the tubules appeared normal.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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