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EC number: 235-730-0 | CAS number: 12627-14-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- sub-chronic toxicity: inhalation
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- other information
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Documentation is insufficient for assessment
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Rabbit lung after inhalation of lithium chloride
- Author:
- Johansson, A., et. al.
- Year:
- 1 988
- Bibliographic source:
- J Appl Toxicol. 1988 Oct;8(5):373-5
Materials and methods
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Rabbits were exposed to aerosols of lithium chloride in metal concentrations of 0.6 and 1.9 mg/m³ (mass median aerodynamic diameter of 1 µm) for 4-8 weeks, 5 days/week, 6 h/day. The lungs were studied by light and electron microscopy, with particular reference to inflammatory changes, structure of alveolar macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells. Macrophages recovered by lung lavage were studied by light and electron microscopy and their oxidative metabolic activity was measured. The content of phospholipids was analysed in lung tissue.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Lithium chloride
- EC Number:
- 231-212-3
- EC Name:
- Lithium chloride
- Cas Number:
- 7447-41-8
- IUPAC Name:
- lithium chloride
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): lithium chloride
- Analytical purity: no data given
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Weight at study initiation: 2.4 +/- 0.5 kg
- Health status: apparently disease free
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- inhalation: aerosol
- Type of inhalation exposure:
- not specified
- Vehicle:
- clean air
- Remarks on MMAD:
- MMAD / GSD: about 1 µm
- Details on inhalation exposure:
- GENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE / CHAMBER DESCRIPTION
- System of generating particulates/aerosols: ultrasonic nebulizer (DeVilbiss 35B)
TEST ATMOSPHERE
- Brief description of analytical method used: concentrations were measured by air suction through a membrane filter (Gelman, Gn-4, 0.8µm) and amount of metal deposited on the filter was meeasured by atomic absorption spectrometry (Varian AA6)
- Samples taken from breathing zone: no data - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- concentrations were measured by air suction through a membrane filter (Gelman, Gn-4, 0.8 µm) and amount of metal deposited on the filter was meeasured by atomic absorption spectromery (Varian AA6)
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 4 - 8 weeks
- Frequency of treatment:
- 6 h/d, 5 d/week
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
1.9 +/- 0.6, 0.6 +/- 0.2 mg/m³
Basis:
analytical conc.
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 8 males
- Control animals:
- yes
- Details on study design:
- - Section schedule rationale (if not random): after 4 week's exposure two animals of each group were killed per week during the following weeks. Exposure was continued until all animals were killed.
Examinations
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: post mortem
- Parameters checked examined: lithium in serum - Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: No
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes:
- upper lung lobe was used for light microscopy; tissue pieces of the middle part of the lower left lung lobe was used for electron microscopy - Other examinations:
- - The right lung was Iavaged and the alveolar macrophages were collected and the concentration and the celt viability were measured. Their oxidative metabolic activity was estimated by measuring their ability to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) to formazan at rest and in the presence of Escherichia coli. The structure of the macrophages was studied by light- and electron microscopy.
- The volume density of alveolar type II cells was measured on 21 randomly selected fields per rabbit. The remainder of the left lower lobe was used for lipid analysis (no further details given).
- The concentration of lithium in serum was determined by flame photometry (IL 543 Digital Flame Photometer, Instrumentation Laboratory, Milan, Italy). - Statistics:
- For statistical evaluation of the rmorphological data,the Mann Whitney U and the chi-squared tests were used. NBT test data were evaluated with the Student's t-test. The level of significance was P < 0.05, without predicted direction.
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Details on results:
- ORGAN WEIGHTS
The weight of the left lower lung lobe was similar in the three groups.
HISTOPATHOLOGY:
- Two high-dose and two low-dose animals showed abnormal focal accumulation of enlarged macrophages in the alveolar spaces, associated with an interstitial infiltration of eosinophils, neutrophils and lymphocytes. The macrophages involved in this reaction had a granular or vacuolated cytoplasm. Some macrophages were multinucleated, and some showed degenerative features with nuclear pyknosis and disintegration of cell borders. The most prominent lesions were found in a low-dose animal. The difference between animals (combined groups) and controls as to the incidence of pathological macrophage reaction (4/ 15 vs 0/7) is not statistically significant.
- No abnormal ultrastructural features were detected in the lung parenchyma of lithium-exposed rabbits. Volume density values for type II cells were determined only for the high-dose group and the control group; mean and range values were 0.049 (0.032-0.064) (n = 7 ) and 0.050 (0.036-0.059) (n =7), respectively.
- The number of macrophages recovered by lung lavage, and the size and variance of the size of the macrophages did not differ significantly between the control group and the exposed groups (26 ± 9, 24 ± 8 and 27 ± 7 million in the high-dose, low-dose and control group, respectively)
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
Total phospholipids (mean SD) in the high-dose, low-dose and control groups were 20.3 ± 3.3, 19.2 2.3 and 21.2 2.- 1.7 mg/g wet lung, respectively. For all exposed rabbits, the serum levels of lithium were below 0.1 mmo1/L.
OTHER FINDINGS
Neither at rest nor after stimulation of the macrophages with E. coli was there any significant difference in the oxidative metabolism between exposed animals and controls.
Effect levels
open allclose all
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Effect level:
- 0.6 mg/m³ air (analytical)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: based on histopathological findings and clinical chemistry
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Effect level:
- 1.4 mg/m³ air
- Based on:
- other: silicic acid, lithium salt
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: recalculated value based on the assumption that silicic acid, lithium salt contains 7% lithium (corresponding to MR: 2.8)
Target system / organ toxicity
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
Inhalation of lithium chloride produced no significant effects on lung morphology, phospholipid content or alveolar macrophages.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
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