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EC number: 278-636-5 | CAS number: 77182-82-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Direct observations: clinical cases, poisoning incidents and other
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- direct observations: clinical cases, poisoning incidents and other
- Type of information:
- other: observational case series study
- Adequacy of study:
- other information
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: poisoning cases with different formulations of Glufosinate-ammonium, not with the pure substance.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Acute human Glufosinate-containing herbicide poisoning
- Author:
- Yan-Chiao Mao et al.
- Year:
- 2 012
- Bibliographic source:
- Clinical Toxicology (2012), 50, 396-402
Materials and methods
- Study type:
- poisoning incident
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Retrospective review of the medical records of all glufosinate poisoned cases reported to the Taiwan National Poison Control Center and two medical centers in Taiwan from August 1993 through February 2010. Their demographic and clinical data were then analyzed to identify potential predictors of severe effects following acute glufosinate poisoning.
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Ammonium 2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)butyrate
- EC Number:
- 278-636-5
- EC Name:
- Ammonium 2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)butyrate
- Cas Number:
- 77182-82-2
- Molecular formula:
- C5H12NO4P.H3N
- IUPAC Name:
- ammonium 2-amino-4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphoryl]butanoate
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Reported GA concentration of the formulations: 13.5% and 18.5%
Method
- Type of population:
- general
- Subjects:
- 90 male and 41 female patients; median age was 46 years (interquartile range 33--63 years). Most patients (n = 115) were orally exposed to glufosinate-containing herbicides, and the majority of them (n = 98) ingested the herbicide in a suicide attempt. Concomitant ingestion
of other mildly toxic substances was recorded in 29 (25.2 % ) out of the 115 patients with oral exposure. Most of them drank ethanol (n = 22); two ingested benzodiazepines without manifesting overt CNS depression; and five co-ingested small amount of glyphosate-surfactant herbicide that was judged to be of minimal toxicity. - Reason of exposure:
- other: accidental and intentional
- Exposure assessment:
- estimated
- Details on exposure:
- Since the ingested amount was usually reported in a descriptive term, such as "a mouthful", "a cup", or "a bottle", arbitrary volumes were assigned to the phrase that occurred frequently. "A mouthful" (n = 32) was assigned to 25 mL in adults and was 5 mL in children; "a bowl" or "a
glass" (n = 5) was 200 mL; and "a bottle" (n = 2) was 1000 mL, the size of the most commonly available glufosinate bottle in Taiwan. An estimated ingested amount was assumed to be the mean of the range ( e.g. 2--4 mouthfuls were estimated to be 3 mouthfuls). Because there are two glufosinate formulations (13.5% and 18.5% ammonium salt of glufosinate) available in Taiwan, for ingestions with unknown concentration of
glufosinate-containing herbicide, the most commonly marketed formulation of glufosinate (13.5% w/v) was assumed to be the ingested substance (n = 30).
Results and discussion
- Clinical signs:
- gastrointestinal, neurological, cardiovascular, and/or respiratory manifestations.
- Outcome of incidence:
- Among patients with oral exposure to GA, 25 were asymptomatic, while the others developed gastrointestinal, neurological, cardiovascular, and/or respiratory manifestations. Seven patients died following deliberate glufosinate ingestion, yielding a case fatality rate of 6.1 %.
The first patient was a 41-year-old male who experienced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest after taking unknown amount of glufosinate-containing herbicide 6 hours prior to presentation. Another two males, aged 58 years and 75 years respectively, manifested shock ( with a systolic blood pressure of 63 mmHg and 79 mmHg) and tachycardia (with a pulse rate of 150/min and 170/min) when they arrived at the emergency
department 1 hour post-ingestion. The 58-year-old patient died 12 hours later, while the 75-year-old patient died during inter-hospital transfer some 24 hours post-ingestion. The remaining four patients included three men and one woman whose age ranged from 41 to 94 years. All of them had profound shock, coma and bradycardia progressing to asystole that developed between 12 and 48 hours post-ingestion despite receiving intensive care. Life support was withdrawn against medical advice upon the request ofthe patients' family because of religious beliefs, which led to the death of the four patients.
Any other information on results incl. tables
The median dose of glufosinate ingestion was 30.4 grams in the severe/fatal group compared to 6.8 grams in the non-severe group. Older age and larger amount of glufosinate ingestion were positively associated with the development of severe toxicity, whereas ethanol consumption was inversely associated with the risk of severe toxicity.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
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