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EC number: 206-992-3 | CAS number: 420-04-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to terrestrial arthropods
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial arthropods: short-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 1991-05-25 until 1991-07-08
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: BBA guideline VI, 23-1 (1991)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Application method:
- other: oral, inhalation, contact
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- No sampling
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- The tests were conducted with 51.6 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide (Alzodef) and applied in a concentration of 20 % (v/v) aqueous solution of the test substance (equivalent to a concentration of 10.32 % (w/w) pure cyanamide or 80 L/ha Alzodef in 400 L water, which is the double of the highest concentration for practical use. ).
- Test organisms (species):
- Apis mellifera
- Animal group:
- Hymenoptera (honeybees)
- Details on test organisms:
- Not indicated
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Post exposure observation period:
- No post exposure observation
- Test temperature:
- Not indicated
- pH (if soil or dung study):
- Not indicated
- Humidity:
- Not indicated
- Photoperiod and lighting:
- Not indicated
- Details on test conditions:
- Test procedures for each treatment plus a control and a toxic reference were performed in 3 cages with 10 honeybees in two replicates. Wotafox-Konzentrat 50 was the toxic standard used in these tests. Bees were observed 24 and 72 hours after treatment for mortality and sub lethal effects.
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- The test substance (a 51.6 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide) was applied at a concentration of 20 %, corresponding to 80 L/ha Alzodef in 400 L water, equivalent to a concentration of 10.32 % (w/w) pure cyanamide.
The test designed to observe the feeding effects of a 51.6 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide was conducted with a 1 % (v/v) aqueous solution of the test substance (equivalent to a concentration of 0.516 % (w/w) pure cyanamide). Due to high mortality (100%) after 24 hours, additional testing was carried out with concentrations of 0.0516 % and 0.258 % in a 50% sucrose solution according to BBA Guideline VI, 23-1. - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- , Wotafox-Konzentrat 50
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- < 51.6 µg per animal
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC100
- Effect conc.:
- 258 µg per animal
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Details on results:
- Effects as inhalation poison: In the test procedure for the effect as inhalation poison a 10.32 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide caused 3.3% mortality after 24 hours. All treated bees died after 72 hours. Sublethal effects included irritations, trouble, paralysation, dorsal position and refusal of food.
Effects as indirect contact poison: In the test procedure for the effect as indirect contact poison a 10.32 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide caused 100% mortality after 24 hours and 72 hours. Sublethal effects included irritations, trouble, paralysation, dorsal position and refusal of food.
Effects as direct contact poison: In the test procedure for the effect as direct contact poison a 10.32 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide caused 100% mortality after 24 hours and 72 hours, respectively. Sublethal effects included irritations, trouble, paralysation, dorsal position and refusal of food.
Effects as stomach poison: In the test procedure for the effect as stomach poison the bees were offered the test substance at a concentration of 0.516 % in a 50% sucrose solution. Due to high mortality (100%) after 24 hours, additional testing was carried out with concentrations of 0.0516 % and 0.258 % in a 50% sucrose solution according to BBA Guideline VI, 23-1.
After 24 hours, bee mortality in the 0.0516 %, 0.258 % and 0.516 % treatment groups accounted for 41.7 %, 96.7 % and 100 %, respectively. Sublethal effects included irritations, trouble, paralysation, dorsal position and refusal of food. According to the additional testing, the LD50 was less than 100 µg of a 51.6% (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide/bee, corresponding to less than 51.6 µg of the pure active ingredient cyanamide. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- Not indicated
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Not indicated
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- An LD50 (oral) <51.6 µg ai/bee was determined. Although no LD50 (contact) was determined, abnormal behaviour and mortality following an overspray with 0.2 L Alzodef (cyanamide)/L spray concentration. Therefore cyanamide can be classified as harmful to bees.
- Executive summary:
Acute toxicity of ALZODEF® (a 51.6 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide) to honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) was tested in a laboratory study conducted under BBA Guideline VI 23-1 (1991). These tests were performed to observe respiratory effects, contact effects and residual effects on honeybees of a 51.6 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide conducted with 20 % (v/v) aqueous solution of the test substance (equivalent to a concentration of 10.32 % (w/w) pure cyanamide). The test designed to observe the feeding effects of a 51.6 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide was conducted with a 1 % (v/v) aqueous solution of the test substance (equivalent to a concentration of 0.516 % (w/w) pure cyanamide). Test procedures for each treatment plus a control and a toxic reference were performed in 3 cages with 10 honeybees in two replicates. Wotafox-Konzentrat 50 was the toxic standard used in these tests. Bees were observed 24 and 72 hours after treatment for mortality and sub lethal effects.
Effects as inhalation poison: In the test procedure for the effect as inhalation poison a 10.32 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide caused 3.3% mortality after 24 hours. All treated bees died after 72 hours. Sublethal effects included irritations, trouble, paralysation, dorsal position and refusal of food.
Effects as indirect contact poison: In the test procedure for the effect as indirect contact poison a 10.32 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide caused 100% mortality after 24 hours and 72 hours. Sublethal effects included irritations, trouble, paralysation, dorsal position and refusal of food.
Effects as direct contact poison: In the test procedure for the effect as direct contact poison a 10.32 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide caused 100% mortality after 24 hours and 72 hours, respectively. Sublethal effects included irritations, trouble, paralysation, dorsal position and refusal of food.
Effects as stomach poison: In the test procedure for the effect as stomach poison the bees were offered the test substance at a concentration of 0.516 % in a 50% sucrose solution. Due to high mortality (100%) after 24 hours, additional testing was carried out with concentrations of 0.0516 % and 0.258 % in a 50% sucrose solution according to BBA Guideline VI, 23-1. After 24 hours, bee mortality in the 0.0516 %, 0.258 % and 0.516 % treatment groups accounted for 41.7 %, 96.7 % and 100 %, respectively. Sublethal effects included irritations, trouble, paralysation, dorsal position and refusal of food. According to the additional testing, the LD50 was less than 100 µg of a 51.6% (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide/bee, corresponding to less than 51.6 µg of the pure active ingredient cyanamide. Although no LD50 (contact) was determined, abnormal behaviour and mortality following an overspray with 0.2 L Alzodef (cyanamide)/L spray concentration were observed.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial arthropods: short-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2000-05-23 until 2000-05-30
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Methodical improvements of standard laboratory tests for determining the side effects of agrochemicals on predatory mites (Louis & Ufer, 1995). Current improvements of the ring-test group (Blümel et al., 1999).
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Application method:
- other: Exposure of Typhlodromus pyri to dried residues of SKW Cyanamid L500 (a 51.1 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide) on treated glass plates.
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- No sampling
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- Not indicated
- Test organisms (species):
- Typhlodromus pyri
- Animal group:
- Acari (leaf-dwelling predatory mite)
- Details on test organisms:
- Not indicated
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 7 d
- Post exposure observation period:
- No post exposure observation period
- Test temperature:
- Not indicated
- Humidity:
- Not indicated
- Photoperiod and lighting:
- Not indicated
- Details on test conditions:
- Adult mortality and reproductive effects (expressed as fertile egg production/female) were evaluated following a 1-week exposure of Typhlodromus pyri to dried residues of SKW Cyanamid L500 on treated glass plates.
An untreated control and toxic standard (3.6 g Dimethoate/ha) were also tested. - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- The application rates were equivalent to 196 g, 339 g, 587 g, 1018 g and 1761 g of a 51.1 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide per ha and a spray volume of 200 L water/ha. These rates equate to 100 g, 173 g, 300 g, 520 g and 900 g pure active substance cyanamide.
- Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- Dimethoate (395.7 g/L)
- Key result
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LR50
- Effect conc.:
- 445.6 g/ha
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Details on results:
- Mortality in the control and toxic standard groups was 5 % and 89.5 %, respectively. The reproduction of surviving mites was not affected at rates up to 173 g pure cyanamide/ha. At 300 g cyanamide/ha the reproduction rate was significantly reduced. At a rate 520 g pure cyanamide/ha, reproductive performance was not significantly different from the control.
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- Mortality in the toxic standard group was 89.5% (in the control group, 5%)
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The test groups were significantly different from the control, examined by Dunnet-test, α=0.05
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The LR50 value was determined to be 445.6 g pure cyanamide/ha with 95 % confidence limits of 382.6 g cyanamide/ha and 518.9 g cyanamide/ha. The reproduction of surviving mites was not affected at rates up to 173 g pure cyanamide/ha. At a rate of 520 g pure cyanamide/ha reproductive performance was not significantly different from the control.
- Executive summary:
Adult mortality and reproductive effects (expressed as fertile egg production/female) were evaluated following a 1-week exposure of Typhlodromus pyri to dried residues of SKW Cyanamid L500 on treated glass plates. The application rates were equivalent to 196 g, 339 g, 587 g, 1018 g and 1761 g of a 51.1 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide per ha and a spray volume of 200 L water/ha. These rates equate to 100 g, 173 g, 300 g, 520 g and 900 g pure active substance cyanamide. An untreated control and toxic standard (3.6 g Dimethoate/ha) were also tested.
Mortality in the control and toxic standard groups was 5 % and 89.5 %, respectively.
The LR50 value was determined to be 445.6 g pure cyanamide/ha with 95 % confidence limits of 382.6 g cyanamide/ha and 518.9 g cyanamide/ha. The reproduction of surviving mites was not affected at rates up to 173 g pure cyanamide/ha. At a rate 520 g pure cyanamide/ha, reproductive performance was not significantly different from the control.
Referenceopen allclose all
Effects of a 10.32 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide as inhalation poison to honeybees (% mortality):
| Aqueous solution of cyanamide (10.32 %) | Control | Toxic reference | |||
| 24 | 72 | 24 | 72 | 24 | 72 |
Replicate I | 3.3 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |
Replicate II | 3.3 | 100 | 0 | 6.7 | 100 | 100 |
Mean | 3.3 | 100 | 0 | 3.3 | 100 | 100 |
Effects of a 10.32 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide as indirect contact poison to honeybees (% mortality):
| Aqueous solution of Cyanamide (10.32 %) | Control | Toxic reference | |||
| 24 | 72 | 24 | 72 | 24 | 72 |
Replicate I | 100 | 100 | 0 | 3.3 | 100 | 100 |
Replicate II | 100 | 100 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 100 | 100 |
Mean | 100 | 100 | 1.7 | 3.3 | 100 | 100 |
Effects of a 10.32 % (w/w) aqueous solution of Cyanamide as direct contact poison to honeybees (% mortality):
| Aqueous solution of Cyanamide (10.32 %) | Control | Toxic reference | |||
| 24 | 72 | 24 | 72 | 24 | 72 |
Replicate I | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |
Replicate II | 100 | 100 | 0 | 3.3 | 100 | 100 |
Mean | 100 | 100 | 0 | 1.7 | 100 | 100 |
Effects of an aqueous solution of Cyanamide as stomach poison to honeybees
(% mortality):
| Aqueous solution of cyanamide | Aqueous solution of cyanamide | Aqueous solution of cyanamide | Control | Toxic reference |
| 24 h | 24 h | 24 h | 24 h | 24 h |
Replicate I | 53.3 | 100.0 | 100 | 0 | 100 |
Replicate II | 30.0 | 93.3 | 100 | 0 | 100 |
Mean | 41.7 | 96.7 | 100 | 0 | 100 |
Summary of the toxicity data of ALZODEF to bees (given as µg ai/bee):
Acute Endpoint | µg pure cyanamide/bee |
Oral LD50 | <51.6 |
Contact LD50 | abnormal behaviour and mortality (overspray with 0.2 L product/L spray concentration) |
Effects on the predatory mite, Typhlodromus pyri, exposed 7 days to a 51.1 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide:
Nominal concentrations of cyanamide (g as/ha) | % Mortality (Abbott's correction) | % Reduction in reproduction |
100 | 8.8 % | 10.0 % |
173 | 10.5 % | 28.0 % |
300 | 36.8 % | 36.0 %* |
520 | 38.6 % | 16.0 % |
900 | 91.2 % | Not determined |
Endpoints | ||
LR50 | 445.6 |
Description of key information
The effect of the test substance cyanamide was examied on a variety of terrestrial beneficial arthropods. To most of the examined species (but not to all) in most of the studies the test substance was found to be harmful.
The lowest LR50 values obtained from the
dose-response tests with Typhlodromus pyri and Aphidius rhopalosiphi
were 445.6 g pure cyanamide/ha and 432.1 g pure cyanamide/ha
respectively.
In a dose-response test with the collembolan species Folsomia candida,
the EC10 for reproduction was determined to be 1.515 mg pure
cyanamide/kg soil dw. This value represents the chronic worst case value
for terrestial organisms and is used for risk assessment.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Long-term EC10, LC10 or NOEC for soil dwelling arthropods:
- 1.515 mg/kg soil dw
Additional information
Cyanamide tested under worst-case laboratory conditions as an aqueous solution of cyanamide on honey bees and other beneficial arthropods proved to be harmful to bees, Aphidius rhopalosiphi, Pardosa spec., Chrysoperla carnea, Aleochara bilineata and harmless to Poecilus cupreus. In dose-response tests with Typhlodromus pyri and Aphidius rhopalosiphi, the LR50 was determined to be 445.6 g pure cyanamide/ha and 432.1 g pure cyanamide/ha, respectively. In an extended laboratory test (aged residues) with Aleochara bilineata it was classified as harmless according to the IOBC hazard rating scheme. In a dose-response test with the collembolan species Folsomia candida, the EC10 for reproduction was determined to be 1.515 mg pure cyanamide/kg soil dw. The corresponding toxicity endpoint values are summarised in the following table:
Species |
Test |
Measurement endpoint |
Endpoint value |
Apis mellifera |
Oral contact (overspray with 0.2 L product/L) |
LD50 |
<51.6 µg pure cyanamide/bee Abnormal behaviour and mortality |
Aphidius rhopalosiphi |
acute laboratory test |
mortality |
100 % |
Aphidius rhopalosiphi |
dose-response test |
mortality |
LR50= 0.432 kg pure cyanamide/ha |
Aphidius rhopalosiphi |
dose-response test |
mortality |
LR50= 0.620 kg pure cyanamide/ha |
Chrysoperla carnea |
acute laboratory test |
mortality |
92 % |
Chrysoperla carnea |
dose-response test |
mortality |
LR50= 3.4 kg pure cyanamide/ha |
Aleochara bilineata |
dose-response test |
reproduction |
ER50= 0.93 kg pure cyanamide/ha |
Aleochara bilineata |
acute laboratory test |
reproduction |
99.7 % |
Aleochara bilineata |
extended laboratory test |
reduction of reproduction |
15.6 % |
Poecilus cupreus |
acute laboratory test |
mortality/reduction of feeding rate |
1.4 % |
Pardosa spec. |
acute laboratory test |
mortality/reduction of feeding rate |
100 % |
Pardosa spec. |
dose-response test |
mortality |
LR50= 2.1 kg pure cyanamide/ha |
Typholodromus pyri |
dose-response test |
mortality |
LR50= 0.446 kg pure cyanamide/ha |
Typholodromus pyri |
dose-response test |
mortality |
LR50= 2.07 kg pure cyanamide/ha |
Folsomia candida | dose-response test | reproduction | EC10=1.515 mg pure cyanamide/kg soil dw |
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