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EC number: 263-000-1 | CAS number: 61788-71-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
The environmental fate of naphthenic acids, nickel salts is most accurately assessed by separately assessing the fate of its moieties nickel cations and naphthenate anions. Since nickel cations and naphthenate anions behave differently in the environment, including processes such as stability, degradation, transport and distribution, a separate assessment of the environmental fate of each assessment entity is performed. Please refer to the data as submitted for each individual assessment entity.
Nickel
Abiotic degradation, including hydrolysis or phototransformation in water, soil or air, is not relevant for inorganic substances including nickel ions. Abiotic degradation is irrelevant for inorganic substances that are assessed on an elemental basis.
Biotic degradation is not relevant for metals and metal compounds. Nickel as an element is not considered to be (bio)degradable but is removed from the water column. Nickel is therefore considered rapidly removed, conceptually equivalent to “rapid degradation” for organic substances.
Transport and distribution: Nickel partitioning is quantified by the log Kp (soil/porewater) = 2.86; log Kp(sediment/freshwater) = 3.85 and the log Kp (suspended matter/freshwater) = 4.42, rendering it mostly immobile in the different environmental compartments.
Bioaccumulation: In general, Ni bioaccumulation is relatively low. Though nickel some bioaccumulation is observed in aquatic biota, bioaccumulation factors are typically low. Apparently, nickel does generally not magnify along food chains (McGeer et al. 2003).
Naphthenate
Abiotic degradation: Due to structural properties, hydrolysis is not expected to be an important fate path.
Biotic degradation: Available data on model and commercially available naphthenic acids indicate an inherent to ready biodegradation. Thus, naphthenate is considered biodegradable.
Bioaccumulation: A range of BCF values from 3.2 to 56.2 was estimated based on QSAR. The Japanese METI-NITI database reports a range of BCF between 1.6 and 27 L/kg wet-wt for sodium naphthenate. Thus, available data point to a low potential for bioaccumulation.
Transport and distribution: Alog Koc of 4.7 was derived for naphthenate.
Additional information
Metal carboxylates are substances consisting of a metal cation and a carboxylic acid anion. Based on the solubility of naphthenic acids, nickel salts in water, a complete dissociation of naphthenic acids, nickel salts resulting in nickel cations and naphthenate anions may be assumed under environmental conditions. The respective dissociation is reversible, and the ratio of the salt /dissociated ions is dependent on the metal-ligand dissociation constant of the salt, the composition of the solution and its pH.
A metal-ligand complexation constant of naphthenic acids, nickel salts could not be identified. According to the Irving-Williams series, stability constants formed by divalent first-row transition metal ions generally increase to a maximum stability of copper (Mn(II) < Fe(II) < Co(II) < Ni(II) < Cu(II) > Zn(II)). However, based on an analysis by Carbonaro et al. (2007) of monodentate binding of nickel to negatively-charged oxygen donor atoms, including carboxylic functional groups, monodentate ligands such as naphtenate anions are not expected to bind strongly with nickel, especially when compared to polydentate (chelating) ligands. Accordingly, protons will always out-compete nickel ions for complexation of monodentate ligands given equal activities of free nickel and hydrogen ions. The metal-ligand formation constants (log KML) of nickel with other carboxylic acids, i.e. acetic and benzoic acid, ranging from 0.41 to 1.81 (Bunting & Thong, 1970), further point to a low to moderate strength of the monodentate bond between carboxyl groups and nickel.
The analysis by Carbonaro & Di Toro (2007) suggests that the following equation models monodentate binding to negatively-charged oxygen donor atoms of carboxylic functional groups:
log KML= αO* log KHL+ βO; where
KML is the metal-ligand formation constant, KHL is the corresponding proton–ligand formation constant, and αO and βO are termed the slope and intercept, respectively. Applying the equation and parameters derived by Carbonaro & Di Toro (2007) and the pKa of naphthenic acid of 4.72 results in:
log KML= 0.295 * 4.72 + 0.055
log KML= 1.45 (estimated nickel-naphthenate formation constant).
Thus, in the assessment of environmental toxicity and pathways ofnaphthenic acids, nickel salts, read-across to the assessment entities naphthenate and soluble nickel substances is applied since the individual ions ofnaphthenic acids, nickel saltsdetermine its environmental toxicity. Since nickel ions and naphthenate ions behave differently in the environment, regarding their toxicity, a separate assessment of each assessment entity is performed. Please refer to the data as submitted for each individual assessment entity. For a documentation and justification of that approach, please refer to the separate document attached to section 13, namely Read Across Assessment Report for naphthenic acids, nickel salts.
Reference: Carbonaro RF & Di Toro DM (2007) Linear free energy relationships for metal–ligand complexation: Monodentate binding to negatively-charged oxygen donor atoms. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 71: 3958–3968. Bunting, J. W., & Thong, K. M. (1970). Stability constants for some 1: 1 metal–carboxylate complexes. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 48(11), 1654-1656. Chemistry, 48(11), 1654-1656.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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