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EC number: 257-098-5 | CAS number: 51274-00-1 This substance is identified in the Colour Index by Colour Index Constitution Number, C.I. 77492.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Available data for fish and invertebrates indicate a low potential for acute aquatic toxicity of iron hydroxide oxide yellow in nanoforms (alpha and gamma). Based on read-across (category approach) to diiron trioxide (powder and nano-form) and triiron tetraoxide (see attachment "Iron oxides category justification” in IUCLID section 13), available data for fish, invertebrates, algae and microorganisms further indicate a low potential for acute and chronic aquatic toxicity of iron (hydr)oxides. For all reliable studies (RL1 or RL2) with iron (hydr)oxides, unbounded effect concentrations above the OECD test limit were determined (see table below).
Table: Aquatic toxicity of iron (hydr)oxides
Endpoint |
Test species |
Test results |
Test material/ form |
Reliability: Reference |
Short-term toxicity to fish |
Danio rerio |
LC50 (96h): > 10 g/L nominal LC0 (96h): >= 10 g/L nominal |
diiron trioxide / nano, alpha |
RL2: Weyers, 1985 |
Danio rerio |
LC50 (96h): > 50 g/L nominal LC0 (96h): >= 50 g/L nominal |
diiron trioxide / powder |
RL2: Bruns, 1989 |
|
Danio rerio |
LC50 (96h): > 100 g/L nominal LC0 (96h): >= 100 g/L nominal |
iron hydroxide oxide yellow / nano, alpha |
RL2:Weyers & Caspers, 1989 |
|
Danio rerio |
LC50 (96h): > 10 g/L nominal LC0 (96h): >= 10 g/L nominal |
triiron tetraoxide |
RL2: Caspers, 2000 |
|
Danio rerio |
LC0 (96h): >= 10 g/L nominal |
triiron tetraoxide |
Bayer AG, 1989 |
|
Long-term toxicity to fish |
Danio rerio |
NOEC (168 h): 10 mg/L nominal |
diiron trioxide / nano, alpha |
RL3: Zhu et al., 2012 |
Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates |
Daphnia magna |
EC50 (48h): >100 mg/L nominal |
diiron trioxide / powder |
RL2: Neuhahn, 2008 |
Daphnia magna |
EC50 (48h): >100 mg/L nominal |
iron hydroxide oxide yellow / nano, alpha |
RL2: Neuhahn, 2008 |
|
Daphnia magna |
EC0 (48 h): >= 10 g/L nominal |
triiron tetraoxide |
RL2: Caspers, 2000 |
|
Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates |
Daphnia magna |
NOEC (21 d): >= 20 mg/L nominal |
diiron trioxide / nano |
RL2: Nogueira et al., 2015 |
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria |
Pseudo-kirchneriella subcapitata |
NOEC (72 h):>= 20 mg/L nominal |
diiron trioxide / nano |
RL2: Nogueira et al., 2015 |
Chlorella pyrenoidosa |
IC50 (96 h): 71 mg/L not specified IC10 (96 h): ca. 20 mg/L* not specified |
diiron trioxide / nano |
RL3: Lei et al. (2016) |
|
Toxicity to microorganisms |
Activated sludge |
EC50 (3 h): > 10 g/L nominal |
iron hydroxide oxide/diiron trioxide (75:25) / nano, alpha |
RL2: Bruns, 2004 |
Activated sludge |
EC50 (3 h): > 10 g/L nominal |
triiron tetraoxide |
RL2: Bruns, 1989 |
* graphical estimation, extrapolated value
Additional information
Soluble iron salts are not considered toxic to the aquatic life, i.e. do not meet CLP classification criteria for Acute (short-term) aquatic hazard and Long-term aquatic hazard. The acute and chronic ecotoxicity reference values (ERVs) for iron ions are above the respective CLP classification criteria of 1 mg/L. “Where the acute ERV for the metal ions of concern is greater than 1 mg/l the metals need not be considered further in the classification scheme for acute hazard (ECHA, 2017, Section IV.5.2.1 Classification strategy for determining acute aquatic hazard for metals, Guidance on the application of CLP criteria V. 5.0)”. In accordance with Figure IV.4 “Classification strategy for determining acute aquatic hazard for metal compounds” of ECHA Guidance on the Application of the CLP Criteria (Version 5.0, July 2017) and section 4.1.2.10.2. of Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008, the substance iron hydroxide oxide yellow in nanoforms (alpha and gamma) is poorly soluble and does not meet classification criteria for acute (short-term) aquatic hazard.
“Where the chronic ERV for the metal ions of concern is greater than 1 mg/l, the metals need not be considered further in the classification scheme(ECHA, 2017, Section IV.5.2.2.1 Approach based on available chronic toxicity reference data, Guidance on the application of CLP criteria V. 5.0).” In accordance with Figure IV.5 „Classification strategy for determining long-term aquatic hazard for metal compounds “of ECHA Guidance on the Application of the CLP Criteria (V. 5.0, July 2017) and section 4.1.2.10.2. of Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008, the substance iron hydroxide oxide yellow in nanoforms (alpha and gamma) is poorly soluble and does not meet classification criteria for chronic (long-term) aquatic hazard.
The conclusion on a lack of an aquatic hazard potential of iron hydroxide oxide yellow in nanoforms (alpha and gamma) is in accordance with a Tier-1 assessment performed with MECLAS version 5.2 (http://www.meclas.eu/ accessed on 26.02.2020). The Metals Classification Tool (MECLAS) is a web enabled classification tool always updated to the latest classification guidance, legal ruling, information on toxicity references and available self-classifications. In sum, it can safely be assumed that iron hydroxide oxide yellow in nanoforms (alpha and gamma) does not need meet classification criteria of an acute or long-term aquatic hazard of Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008.
“If there are ecotoxicity data showing effects in aquatic organisms, but the substance is not classified as dangerous for the aquatic environment, an aquatic PNEC can nevertheless be derived thus indicating a hazard to the aquatic environment (ECHA guidance on IR & CSA, Part B: Hazard Assessment (V. 2.1, December 2011).” For soluble iron salts and poorly soluble iron hydroxide oxide yellow, there are not any ecotoxicity data showing effects in aquatic organisms, soluble iron salts and iron hydroxide oxide yellow in nanoforms (alpha and gamma) are not classified as dangerous for the aquatic environment, an aquatic PNEC cannot be derived thus not indicating a hazard to the aquatic environment.
Iron hydroxide oxide yellow in nanoforms (alpha and gamma) is not classified as harmful, toxic or very toxic to aquatic life or may cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life. Iron hydroxide oxide yellow in nanoforms (alpha and gamma) is also not an unclassified hazard to the aquatic environment. Based on the poor solubility, bioavailability, lack of a potential for bioaccumulation and toxicity to aquatic organisms and considering ubiquitousness of iron (hydr)oxides in the aquatic compartment and essentiality of iron (as described in section "FeOOH_Environmental fate and pathways"), iron hydroxide oxide yellow in nanoforms (alpha and gamma) is also not considered an unclassified hazard to the aquatic compartment.
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