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EC number: 200-654-9 | CAS number: 67-47-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 20 June 2019 - 22 July 2019
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 019
- Report date:
- 2019
Materials and methods
Test guidelineopen allclose all
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)
- Version / remarks:
- 13 April 2004
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.2 (Acute Toxicity for Daphnia)
- Version / remarks:
- 30 May 2008
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Reference substance 001
- Cas Number:
- 67-47-0
- Molecular formula:
- C6H6O3
- Reference substance name:
- Fructose
- EC Number:
- 200-333-3
- EC Name:
- Fructose
- Cas Number:
- 57-48-7
- Molecular formula:
- C6H12O6
- IUPAC Name:
- D-fructose
- Reference substance name:
- 1-(furan-2-yl)-2-hydroxyethanone
- Cas Number:
- 17678-19-2
- Molecular formula:
- C6H6O3
- IUPAC Name:
- 1-(furan-2-yl)-2-hydroxyethanone
- Reference substance name:
- Water
- EC Number:
- 231-791-2
- EC Name:
- Water
- Cas Number:
- 7732-18-5
- Molecular formula:
- H2O
- IUPAC Name:
- water
- Reference substance name:
- Sodium formate
- EC Number:
- 205-488-0
- EC Name:
- Sodium formate
- Cas Number:
- 141-53-7
- Molecular formula:
- CH2O2.Na
- IUPAC Name:
- sodium formate
- Reference substance name:
- Sodium nitrate
- EC Number:
- 231-554-3
- EC Name:
- Sodium nitrate
- Cas Number:
- 7631-99-4
- Molecular formula:
- HNO3.Na
- IUPAC Name:
- sodium nitrate
- Reference substance name:
- Glucose
- EC Number:
- 200-075-1
- EC Name:
- Glucose
- Cas Number:
- 50-99-7
- Molecular formula:
- C6H12O6
- IUPAC Name:
- D-glucose
- Reference substance name:
- Sodium acetate
- EC Number:
- 204-823-8
- EC Name:
- Sodium acetate
- Cas Number:
- 127-09-3
- Molecular formula:
- C2H4O2.Na
- IUPAC Name:
- sodium acetate
- Reference substance name:
- 2-furaldehyde
- EC Number:
- 202-627-7
- EC Name:
- 2-furaldehyde
- Cas Number:
- 98-01-1
- Molecular formula:
- C5H4O2
- IUPAC Name:
- 2-furaldehyde
- Reference substance name:
- Sodium 4-oxovalerate
- EC Number:
- 243-378-4
- EC Name:
- Sodium 4-oxovalerate
- Cas Number:
- 19856-23-6
- Molecular formula:
- C5H8O3.Na
- IUPAC Name:
- sodium 4-oxopentanoate
- Reference substance name:
- Formaldehyde
- EC Number:
- 200-001-8
- EC Name:
- Formaldehyde
- Cas Number:
- 50-00-0
- Molecular formula:
- CH2O
- IUPAC Name:
- formaldehyde
- Test material form:
- solid: crystalline
- Details on test material:
- freeze-dried material
Batch: 1808A-RO-C-I1-FD-Chg#3
Appearance Crystal / brown
Storage: Refrigerator (2 - 8 °C)
Expiring date: 31 December 2019
Constituent 1
impurity 1
impurity 2
impurity 3
impurity 4
impurity 5
impurity 6
impurity 7
impurity 8
impurity 9
impurity 10
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
Test solutions
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
The following test vessels were set up:
- Test solution (Tn); containing Daphnia medium with test item (four replicates with five Daphnia each)
- Blank control (Bn); containing pure Daphnia medium (four replicates with five Daphnia each)
- Since the test item is soluble, the test solutions were prepared by respective dilutions of a 100 mg/l stock solution (test item dissolved in test water) with test water, which were used as the test solutions in the toxicity test. Pure Daphnia medium served as blank controls.
- O2 concentration and pH were measured in the test medium for each concentration including the blank control. If the O2 concentration was too low (>5.0 mg/l required) the media was aerated by stirring. Afterwards, the media were filled into the test vessels (50 ml per vessel).
- Daphnia, aged less than 24 h and already acclimatized to the Daphnia medium, were then introduced into the test media, and the vessels were covered with a glass plate. The Daphnia were not fed during the test and the test vessels were not aerated.
semi static conditions: After 24 h, the Daphnia were transferred to the fresh test media.
- Evidence of undissolved material: Not relevant. Since the test item is soluble, the test solutions were prepared by directly dissolving the test item in Daphnia medium
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISMS
- Test organism: Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820), derived from a healthy stock and not first brood progeny
- Breeding: Parental and young Daphnia held in 4 l glass aquaria (3 l medium) at 20±2°C
- Illumination: 16 h per day
- Medium: Continuously aerated Elendt M4 medium prepared with ultra-pure water (conductivity <1.5 µS/cm)
- Feed: Suspension of Desmodesmus subspicatus in Elendt M4 medium with an optical density OD680 of about 15 units
Study design
- Test type:
- semi-static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
Test conditions
- Hardness:
- not reported
- Test temperature:
- 18–22°C, controlled at ±1 °C
- pH:
- 7.3 - 7.8
- Dissolved oxygen:
- The minimum dissolved oxygen concentration in the controls and the test vessels at the end of each 24 h-period was >=7.5 mg O2/l (required >=3 mg O2/l).
- Salinity:
- not reported
- Conductivity:
- 670 µS cm-1
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- The concentrations of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural in the test medium were determined by HPLC analysis (LOQ 0.0129 mg/l) at the beginning, after 24 h in the old and the fresh media, and after 48 h of exposure. These analyses showed that the concentrations were correctly dosed and were within 80–120% of
the nominal value. Over the two test medium renewal periods of 24 hours however, the test item concentration in the test media decreased. At the end of the test medium renewal periods at 24h and 48 h, 37–59% and 55–70% of the initially measured concentration was found, respectively. Therefore, the effective concentrations ECx were assessed based on the geometric mean measured concentrations which were 74.2, 35.0, 16.2, 7.08, 2.98 and 1.19 mg/l for the 0–24 h interval, and 77.7, 35.2, 17.1, 7.50, 3.19 and 1.32 mg/l for the 0–48 h interval. - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 100 ml beakers, all-glass, with 50 ml of test medium,covered with a glass plate to avoid evaporation and contamination of the test solutions with dust
- Test medium: Elendt M4 medium; prepared with ultra-pure water (conductivity <1.5 µS/cm)
- Number of Daphnia: 20 individuals per test concentration, and for the blank, divided in 4 groups of 5 individuals
- Age: Less than 24 h
- Light: non-GLP preliminary test: 16 hours photoperiod per day, 550–1100 lux, supplied by overhead white fluorescent tubes
definitive test: in the dark
- Temperature: 18–22 °C, controlled at ±1 °C
- pH: 6 to 9. The pH should normally not vary by more than 1.5units in one test.
- Feed: The Daphnia are not fed during the test
- Aeration: The test vessels were not aerated during the test.
- Test type: Semi-static exposure conditions; renewal of test medium after 24 h of exposure
- Test duration: 48 h
RANGE-FINDING STUDY
Prior to the definitive test a non-GLP range finding test with nominal concentrations of 100, 10 and 1 mg/l of the test item was performed under static conditions (two replicates for each of the test concentration and the control; five daphnids per replicate) and normal light conditions (16 hours photoperiod per day, about 550–1100 lux, supplied by overhead white fluorescent tubes).
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED
Observed immobility (inability to swim) of the daphnids: Observations of immobile Daphnia were made after 24 and 48 h of exposure. Any abnormal behaviour or appearance was reported. - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- Acute reference test with potassium dichromate conducted twice a year
Results and discussion
Effect concentrationsopen allclose all
- Key result
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 46.5 mg/L
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Remarks on result:
- other: calculated by linear regression
- Key result
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 17.1 mg/L
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Remarks on result:
- other: calculated by linear regression
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 71.7 mg/L
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Remarks on result:
- other: calculated by linear regression
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 35 mg/L
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Remarks on result:
- other: calculated by linear regression
- Details on results:
- After 24 hours of exposure the following immobilisation rates were observed: 60% at 74.2 mg/l. No significant effects (=10% immobilisation) were observed at 35.0, 16.2, 7.08, 2.98 and 1.19 mg/l or in the control.
The 24 h-EC50 of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural to Daphnia magna was calculated to be 71.7 mg/l (95% confidence limits: 57.2–90.0 mg/l). This ECx value was computed using a linear regression with a logit link function and a maximum likelihood algorithm (slope = 27.6, Intercept = –51.3, degrees of freedom = 4, p(Chi²) <0.001, Chi2 =18.8, p(F) <0.001).
The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) after 24 hours was determined to be 35.0 mg/l.
After 48 hours of exposure the following immobilisation rates were observed: 100% at 77.7 mg/l and 15% at 35.2 mg/l. No significant effects (=10% immobilisation) were observed at 17.1, 7.50, 3.19 and 1.32 mg/l or in the control.
The 48 h-EC50 of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural to Daphnia magna was calculated to be 46.5 mg/l (95% confidence limits: 36.1–59.8 mg/l). This ECx value was computed using a linear regression with a Weibull link function and a maximum likelihood algorithm (slope = 12.4, Intercept = –21.0, degrees of freedom = 4, p(Chi²) = 1.00, Chi2 =0.0630, p(F) <0.001).
The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) after 48 hours was determined to be 17.1 mg/l. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- Acute ref. test with K2Cr2O7 conducted twice a year. The EC50 value for the control of sensitivity for 24 h of exposure with K2Cr2O7 was estimated to be 0.89 mg/l (29.6.2016), which lies within the recomm. range of 0.6–2.1 mg/l acc. to OECD Guideline 202.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The effective concentrations ECx were assessed based on the geometric mean measured concentrations which were 74.2, 35.0, 16.2, 7.08, 2.98 and 1.19 mg/l for the 0–24 h interval, and 77.7, 35.2, 17.1, 7.50, 3.19 and 1.32 mg/l for the 0–48 h interval.
The statistical analysis was conducted with the software ToxRat® Standard Version 3.2.1.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- All validity criteria i.e. immobilization in the controls <=10% and O2 concentrations at the end of the test >=3 mg/L were fulfilled.
- Conclusions:
- The acute toxicity of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural (CAS no. 67-47-0) to Daphnia magna was determined in a 48 hour semi-static test according to OECD guideline 202. The median effect concentrations (EC50) of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural on Daphnia magna after 24 h was calculated to be 71.7 mg/l (95% confidence limits: 57.2–90.0 mg/l) and after 48 h 46.5 mg/l (95% confidence limits: 36.1–59.8 mg/l). The NOEC values after 24 h was determined to be 35.0 mg/l and after 48 h of exposure 17.1 mg/l. The results of the test can be considered reliable without restriction.
- Executive summary:
The acute toxicity of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural (CAS no. 67-47-0) to Daphnia magna was investigated according to the OECD guideline 202 under semi-static exposure conditions over a period of 48 hours.
The test item 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural is solid, 85.4% pure and soluble in test water. Consequently, the test solutions were prepared by appropriate dilutions of a stock solution.
The nominal test item concentrations tested 100, 45.5, 20.7, 9.39, 4.27 and 1.94 mg/l. Four replicates for each test concentration as well as for the control, were tested.
The concentrations of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural in the test media were analyzed by HPLC with UV detection at the beginning as well as after 24 hours in the fresh and old media and after 48 hours of exposure. These analyses confirmed that the concentrations were correctly dosed but that they decreased below 80% of the nominal value during the two test medium renewal periods of 24 hours. Therefore, the effective concentrations ECx were assessed based on the geometric mean measured concentrations which were 74.2, 35.0, 16.2, 7.08, 2.98 and 1.19 mg/l for the 0–24 h interval, and 77.7, 35.2, 17.1, 7.50, 3.19 and 1.32 mg/l for the 0–48 h interval.
After 24 hours of exposure, the following immobilisation rates were observed: 60% at 74.2 mg/l. No significant effects were observed at 35.0, 16.2, 7.08, 2.98 and 1.19 mg/l.
After 48 hours of exposure, the following immobilisation rates were observed: 100% at 77.7 mg/l and 15% at 35.2 mg/l. No significant effects were observed at 17.1, 7.50, 3.19 and 1.32 mg/l.
The biological test results of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural to Daphnia magna after 24 and 48 hours of exposure are summarized in the following table based on the mean measured concentrations:
Parameter Immobilisation (0-24 h)
[mg/l]
Immobilisation (0-48 h)
[mg/l]
EC50
71.7
46.5
NOEC
35.0
17.1
In conclusion, the 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural (CAS no. 67-47-0) had toxic effects on Daphnia magna. The 48-hour EC50 was estimated to be 46.5 mg/l.
All validity criteria were fulfilled.
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