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EC number: 204-465-2 | CAS number: 121-33-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Biodegradation in soil
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in soil: simulation testing
- Data waiving:
- study scientifically not necessary / other information available
- Justification for data waiving:
- the study does not need to be conducted because the substance is readily biodegradable
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in soil, other
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Test conditions and methods not described, no quantitative results.
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- no data
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Test type:
- laboratory
- Radiolabelling:
- no
- Oxygen conditions:
- not specified
- Soil classification:
- not specified
- Details on soil characteristics:
- no data
- Initial conc.:
- 0.25 mg/kg soil d.w.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- test mat. analysis
- Details on experimental conditions:
- Vanillin degradation was tested for 4 different soils: garden soil, rendzina forest soil, raw humus sampled under Rhododendron ferrugineum, and
river deposits.
0.25 g/l of solutions of vanillin were inoculated with each soil type at the dilution rate of 1x10-3.
During this study, the authors had isolated various microorganism genera or species able to degrade vanillin: Fusarium sp., Trichoderma virile,
Penicillium sp. and a gram negative coccoid bacterium. These microorganisms are supposed to be able to carry out the three main metabolic
mechanisms allowing to an ultimate degradation of vanillin: oxidation, demethylation, cycle opening. - Remarks on result:
- other: no degradation rate available
- Transformation products:
- yes
- No.:
- #1
- Details on transformation products:
- No degradation rate was presented by the authors. Two degradation products were observed, vanillic acid and a compound that reacts with phenylhydrazine.
The vanillin degradation efficiency differs between each soil type. In an decreasing order, the soil's degradation potency is: rendzina forest soil >
garden soil >>> raw humus sampled = river deposits. - Evaporation of parent compound:
- not specified
- Volatile metabolites:
- not specified
- Residues:
- not specified
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in soil, other
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Test conditions and methods well described.
- Guideline:
- other: no data
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Test type:
- laboratory
- Radiolabelling:
- no
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Soil classification:
- other: natural soil amended with 9 % montmorillonite
- Year:
- 1 984
- % Clay:
- 9
- % Silt:
- 34
- % Sand:
- 57
- % Org. C:
- 5.8
- pH:
- 5.6
- CEC:
- 8.2 meq/100 g soil d.w.
- Details on soil characteristics:
- SOIL COLLECTION AND STORAGE
- Geographic location: Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Ossining, New York, US
- Pesticide use history at the collection site: No data
- Collection procedures: No data
- Sampling depth (cm): No data
- Storage conditions: Room temperature
- Storage length: 8 years
- Soil preparation (e.g., 2 mm sieved; air dried etc.): Air dried, 2 mm sieved and remaining soil were moistened (6 to 7% water) and mixed daily for 1 week.
PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS (in addition to defined fields)
Mineral soil composition: Vermiculite, kaolinite, illite, mica but not montmorillonite, N 0.1%, P 28 µg/g, K 62 µg/g, Ca 360 µg/g
3 different types of soil were used: amended with 9% (vol/vol) of kaolinite or montmorillonite or not amended. - Initial conc.:
- 1 190 mg/kg soil d.w.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- CO2 evolution
- Temp.:
- 25 °C
- Humidity:
- 7 g water/100g soil dry weight
- Details on experimental conditions:
- EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
- Soil preincubation conditions (duration, temperature if applicable): 16h at 4 deg.C. After 1 week of incubation, no significant amounts of CO2 were detected. A suspension of active "garden soil" was prepared (10 % wt/vol) and diluted 10-fold. 2ml aliquots were inoculated into each soil in an
attempt to increase the number of organisms capable of utilising vanillin. The soils were then incubated for another 3 weeks.
- Soil (g/replicate): 100g
- No. of replication control and treatments: 3 replicates
- Test apparatus (Type/material/volume): Soil samples were placed in incubation vessel, which were connected to a manifold and continuously
aerated with water saturated CO2-free air at 25+/-3 deg.C
Other details: 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, or 2ml concentrated H2SO4 mixed in sufficient water to bring the soil to their 1/3 atm tension water content
(20.7% for soil without added clays, 21.8 and 23.4% for the soils amended with kaolinite and montmorillonite, respectively. Then the soils were stored for 16h at 4 deg.C and passed through a 2mm sieve.
OXYGEN CONDITIONS
- Methods used to create the an/aerobic conditions: Test vessels were continuously aerated with water saturated CO2-free air at 25+/-3 deg.C - % Degr.:
- 41
- Parameter:
- CO2 evolution
- Sampling time:
- 21 d
- Transformation products:
- not measured
- Evaporation of parent compound:
- not specified
- Volatile metabolites:
- not specified
- Residues:
- not specified
- Details on results:
- %DEGRADATION OF TEST SUBSTANCE:
After 3 weeks of incubation, pH = 5-5.6, based on CO2 evolution
- Montmorillonite-amended soil: 41 %
- Kaolinite-amended soil: 11%
- Unamended soil: 9%
MAIN RESULTS
In the montmorillonite-amended soils, there was a progressive decrease in the total amount of carbon mineralized as the soil acidity increased, with complete inhibition in the soil pH of 1.6. pH was not alone responsible for the low utilization of vanillin in the kaolinite-amended and clay-unamended soils.
At the end of the experiment, the pH of the montmorillonite-amended soils increased from 0.3 to 0.9 pH units. - Endpoint:
- biodegradation in soil, other
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Test conditions and methods poorly described, results obtained by graphical interpretation.
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Measurement of O2 consumption in aqueous soil suspension
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Test type:
- laboratory
- Radiolabelling:
- no
- Oxygen conditions:
- not specified
- Soil classification:
- not specified
- % Org. C:
- 1.9
- pH:
- 8
- Details on soil characteristics:
- SOIL COLLECTION AND STORAGE
- Geographic location: Chernozem soil (Libeznice, Czech Republic)
- Sampling depth (cm): Superficial top soil (0-15 cm)
- Storage conditions: no data
- Storage length: no data
- Soil preparation (e.g., 2 mm sieved; air dried etc.): 2-5 mm aggregates
SOIL PROPERTIES
- Soil type: Chernozem
- % total organic carbon: 1.92%
- % nitrogen: 0.22%
- % phosphorus: 0.009%
- pH: 8 in aqueous suspension (1 : 2.5)
- Water holding capacity: 48.7% - Initial conc.:
- 2 360 mg/kg soil d.w.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- O2 consumption
- Details on experimental conditions:
- EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
A. First experiment:
- Soil preincubation conditions: no data
- Soil condition: air dried
- Soil (g/replicate):0.5
- No. of replication controls, if used: 2
- No. of replication treatments: 2
- Test apparatus (Type/material/volume): Warburg manometric method
Test material application
- Volume of test solution used/treatment: In addition to 2 ml soil suspension containing 0.58 g of dry soil, 1 ml of water (control) or vanillin was added into Warburg respiration vessel. Vanillin concentration was equal to 0.49 mg C in the added ml, that is 2.360 g vanillin/kg dry soil. - % Degr.:
- ca. 69
- Parameter:
- O2 consumption
- Sampling time:
- 72 h
- DT50:
- 35 h
- Type:
- (pseudo-)first order (= half-life)
- Remarks on result:
- other: no data available on T°C"
- Transformation products:
- not measured
- Details on results:
- The vanillin dissipation half-life was estimated by graphical interpretation; the value is around 35 hours. Vanillin degradation kinetic reaches a
plateau tending to 75% beyond 80 hours of experiments. The degradation rate increases of 10 % during the last 40th hours. - Endpoint:
- biodegradation in soil, other
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Test conditions and methods not described, results obtained by graphical interpretation.
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- not detailed
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Test type:
- laboratory
- Radiolabelling:
- no
- Oxygen conditions:
- not specified
- Soil classification:
- not specified
- Details on soil characteristics:
- SOIL PROPERTIES
The soil contains vermiculite, kaolinite, illite and mica, but not montmorillonite.
It was amended with approximately 5, 10 or 20% (v/v) with montmorillonite just before experimentation (fresh) or 3 years previously (old).
Samples of soil had also been amended 3 years previously with 5, 10 or 20% (v/v) kaolinite or 5% (v/v) mica-vermiculite).
- Soil preparation (e.g., 2 mm sieved; air dried etc.): The soils were air dried and sieved. Aggregates between 0.5 and 2 mm were used. - Initial conc.:
- 1 205 mg/kg soil d.w.
- Details on experimental conditions:
- CONCENTRATION OF PARENT COMPOUNDS
The soils were amended with 50 mg C/100 g of air dried soil, which corresponds to a vanillin of 1.205 g/kg of dried soil.
No more details are provided on test conditions, soil preparation and physicochemical properties, these have been previously described in Kunc and Stotzky (1974).
Kunc F, Statzky G (1974).Effect of glucose on vanillic acid oxidation in Cellulomonas sp. Fol. Microbiol. 19, pp 29-37. - DT50:
- ca. 2.3 - ca. 5 d
- Type:
- (pseudo-)first order (= half-life)
- Remarks on result:
- other: no data available on T°C
- Transformation products:
- not measured
- Evaporation of parent compound:
- not specified
- Volatile metabolites:
- not specified
- Residues:
- not specified
- Details on results:
- The results presented in the table below are obtained by graphic interpretation. The vanillin degradation rate increases with the montmorillonite load in the soil. The dissipation half-life time of vanillin is 5 days in the control soil and less than 2.5 days in a soil amended with 20% (v/v)
montmorillonite. - Endpoint:
- biodegradation in soil, other
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Test conditions and methods poorly described, results obtained by graphical interpretation.
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- no data
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Test type:
- laboratory
- Radiolabelling:
- no
- Oxygen conditions:
- not specified
- Soil classification:
- not specified
- Soil type:
- other: arable land on sandy soil
- % Org. C:
- 1.2
- pH:
- 6.2
- Details on soil characteristics:
- SOIL COLLECTION AND STORAGE
- Geographic location: Holland
- Sampling depth (cm): 0-5 cm
- Storage conditions: no data
- Storage length: no data
- Soil preparation: the soil was air dried to 30% of water holding capacity and passed through a 2 mm sieve.
SOIL PROPERTIES
No other properties mentionned. - Duration:
- 150 - 300 h
- Initial conc.:
- 4.8 mg/kg soil d.w.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- CO2 evolution
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Humidity:
- 60 other: % of water-holding capacity
- Details on experimental conditions:
- EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
- Soil condition: Soil previously dried to 30% of the water holding capacity and the moisture was adjusted to 60% just before the experiment and
periodically humidified to keep the water content constant.
- Soil (g/replicate): for the experiment performed at 20 deg. C, the soil amount was 10 g, and for the one performed at 13 deg. C the sample amount was 50g.
- Test apparatus (Type/material/volume): Not specified
- CO2 concentration was measured as previously described in Huntjens (1979).
ref: Huntjens JLM (1979). A sensitive method for continous measurement of the carbon dioxide evolution rate of soil samples. Plant and Soil. Vol 53, pp 529-534.
INITIAL TEST SUBSTANCE CONCENTRATION:
Two experiments with two different temperatures and vanillin concentrations were performed:
T=20 deg. C: [C] ca. 1000 µgC/g dry soil = 4.8 g vanillin/kg dry soil
T=13 deg. C: [C] ca. 540 µgC/g dry soil = 2.6 g vanillin/kg dry soil - % Degr.:
- ca. 55
- Parameter:
- CO2 evolution
- Sampling time:
- 300 h
- DT50:
- ca. 250 h
- Type:
- (pseudo-)first order (= half-life)
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Transformation products:
- not measured
- Evaporation of parent compound:
- not specified
- Volatile metabolites:
- not specified
- Residues:
- not specified
- Details on results:
- All the results presented are obtained by graphical interpretation. At 20 deg. C, vanillin was decomposed very slowly during the first 100 hours.
After 150 hours of incubation less than 10% of the compound was degraded. The dissipation half life is around 250 hours and at the end of the
experiment, after 300 hours of incubation, the degradation rate was near 55%. At 13 deg C, the only degradation value available is for an incubation time of 150 hours. After this delay, vanillin was decomposed at about 20%.
Referenceopen allclose all
No more data on results.
Table 1: Total carbon evolves as CO2 (mgC/100g soil) from soil-clay mixtures treated with H2SO4 and amended with vanillin
(yield 75mg C/100 soil) and the % of vanillin mineralisation after 3 weeks of incubation (mean +/- standard error).
Ml H2SO4/ No clay added 9% kaolinite 9% montmorillonite
100g soil pH C % pH C % pH C %
0 5.1 7+/-2.3 9 5 8+/-1.1 11 5.6 31+/-2.2 41
0.1 3.8 4+/-0.9 5 3.8 3+/-0.4 4 4.2 30+/-1.9 40
0.3 3.2 2+/-0.6 3 3.2 4+/-1.1 5 3.4 26+/-4 35
0.6 2.8 2+/-0.5 3 2.9 4+/-1.1 5 2.8 22+/-0.2 29
1.2 2.3 3+/-0.7 4 2.2 3+/-0.6 4 2.2 10+/-2.1 13
2 1.8 3+/-0.3 4 1.8 3+/-0.6 4 1.6 2+/-0.4 3
Table: Vanillin dissipation half-life time related to the montmorillonite load in the soil.
Montmorillonite load (%) 0 5 10 20
DT50 (days) 5.0 4.1 3.9 2.3
Description of key information
None of the publications dealing with the degradation of vanillin in soil have been selected as key study. However, they can be used in a weight of evidence approach to report that vanillin can be degraded in different soils, in different conditions of temperature (13 and 20°C) and that vanillic acid, which is itself degraded in soil, is one of the degradation product.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
It is to be noted that since vanillin is readily biodegradable, further degradation in soil would not be necessary to investigate.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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