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EC number: 233-251-1 | CAS number: 10101-50-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
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- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
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- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
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- Endpoint summary
- Stability
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- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to terrestrial plants
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: long-term
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Justification for type of information:
- See the read-across report attached in Section 13.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 322 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- other: Mn2+
- Basis for effect:
- other: Root elongation
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: long-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Justification for type of information:
- See the read-across report attached in Section 13.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: ISO 11269-1 (1993):barley root elongation
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The principle of this test is based on the growth of 6 pregerminated seeds per pot under controlled conditions (16h/8h cycle light/darkness, 20°C during night time, 70% humidity). for a period of 5 days. The endpoint of this assay is the mean length of the longest root of each seedling per pot.
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Remarks:
- K.U.Leuven
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- - Sampling method: Total metal concentrations in soil were determined after the post-spiking incubation time for both spiked and control soils.
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- All soils were air dried at 25°C and sieved to <4mm. Soil samples were preincubated at a moisture content equivalent to 50% of pF2 for 7 days at 20°c.Uncontaminated soils were spiked with MnCl2 to seven concentrations (control plus six treatments; 0, 0.01, 0.032, 0.1, 0.32, 1 and 3.2 x CEC;). Added Mn concentrations in corresponding treatments differ between the 3 soils as their CEC values increase from 6 to 21 cmolc/kg. Additional deionised water was added together with the spike solution to adjust the soil moisture content to 75% of pF2.0. All soils were thoroughly mixed after amendments using laboratory spoons. These spiked and preincubated soils was used for all microbial assays.
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Test type:
- seed germination/root elongation toxicity test
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Substrate type:
- natural soil
- Total exposure duration:
- 5 d
- Post exposure observation period:
- Not reported
- Test temperature:
- 20°C
- pH:
- Soil 1- 4.8
Soil 2- 6.3
Soil 3- 7.5 - Moisture:
- Deionised water was added together with the spike solution to adjust the soil moisture content to 75% of pF 2.0.
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test container : Cylinder pots, approximately 8 cm in diameter and 11 cm in height.
- Amount of soil: MnCl2 spiked and preincubated soil was divided in 500 g (dry weight basis) subsamples.
- Method of seeding: Seeds with a radical length lower than 2 mm were planted in each pot approximately 10 mm beneath the surface of the soil.
- No. of seeds per container: 6 seeds per pot
- No. of plants (retained after thinning): Not reported
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 3
- No. of replicates per control: 3
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE (if soil)
- Geographic location: Soil 1: Kasterlee (Belgium), Soil 2: Ter Munck (Belgium), Soil 3: Nagyhorcsok (Hungary)
- Collection procedures: Soils were collected from uncontaminated topsoils with contrasting soil properties. Soils were collected with a metal spade from the plough layer.Stones and vegetation were cleared from the soil samples before being put in 60 litre plastic drums.
- Sampling depth (cm): Not reported
- Soil texture (if natural soil)
- % sand: Soil 1- 79%, Soil 2- 8%, Soil 3- 13%
- % silt: Soil 1- 9%, Soil 2- 70%, Soil 3- 54%
- % clay: Soil 1- 9%, Soil 2- 70%, Soil 3- 54%
- Organic carbon (%): Soil 1- 2.8 %, Soil 2- 0.9 %, Soil 3- 2.1 %
- Maximum water holding capacity (in % dry weight): Soil 1 - pF0 -47%, pF1.8 -31, pF2- 27. Soil 2- pF0 -43%, pF1.8 -34, pF2-34. Soil 3-pF0 -48%, pF1.8 -35, pF2- 34
- CEC(at pH soil cmolc/kg): Soil 1-6.3, Soil 2-12.2 , Soil 3-24.8
- Storage : Air dry, sieved soils were stored in 60 litre plastic drums.
GROWTH CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 16h/8h cycle light/darkness
- Light intensity and quality: Light intensity at canopy height was 650 µmol photons/ m2/ s
- Day/night temperatures: 20°C during light hours and 16°C during night time
- Relative humidity (%): 70 %
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) :
The longest root per seedling was measured after 5 days of growth.
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: The rationale behind this spiking procedure (Mn addition as a fraction of the CEC) was based on previous research on metal toxicity in the lab showing strong positive correlations between metal toxicity (ECx values) and soil CEC i.e. soils with high CEC generally have higher ECx values than soil with low CEC. Therefore it was postulated that higher Mn additions were required in soil with high CEC compared to soil with low CEC to have a similar ECx values. - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Soil 1- 0, 17, 55, 170, 545, 1703, 5450 - Added Mn (mg/kg)
Soil 2- 0, 34, 107, 335, 1072, 2251, 10724 -Added Mn (mg/kg)
Soil 3- 0, 68, 218, 681, 2180, 6813, 21800 -Added Mn (mg/kg)
See table 6 - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 322 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- other: Mn2+
- Basis for effect:
- other: Root elongation
- Details on results:
- Not reported
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- Not reported
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Dose-response curves were fitted by a log-logistic model (Doelman and Haanstra, 1989) using the Maquardt Method (proc NLIN, SAS® 9.1; Cary, NC, USA):
Y = c/[1 + exp(b(x-a))]
With y = response variable, c= response in the control treatment, b= slope parameter, x= logarithm of the added Mn concentration and a = logarithm of the EC50 value. The model was adjusted to account for hormesis effects (Schabenberger et al., 1999; Van Ewijk and Hoekstra, 1993). The ‘dose’ in this model is the added Mn concentration (nominal concentration); with the dose in the control soil attributed a very small value (e.g. 0.001 mg Mn/kg). The EC50 values and their 95% confidence interval, expressed as added Mo, are predicted from the appropriate parameters of the curve. The EC50 values, expressed as ‘total Mn’, are calculated from the sum of background Mn concentration of a soil and corresponding EC50 (expressed as added Mn). No observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) are the highest Mn concentration in the soil at which no significant adverse effects on plant/ microbial assay were observed compared to the control soil (P> 0.05), and Lowest Observed Effect Concentrations (LOEC) are the lowest Mn concentration in the soil at which a significant adverse effect on plant/ microbial assay were observed compared to the control soil (P<0.05). Significant effects were determined by ANOVA (Dennett’s test). The threshold values (NOEC, LOEC and EC50) were determined in terms of soil Mn (mg/kg). - Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of the study, increasing Mn concentration significantly affected the barley root length in the three soils. The lowest NOEC was 322 mg Mn/kg.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: long-term
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Justification for type of information:
- See the read-across report attached in Section 13.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 23 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 697 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- other: Mn2+
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 23 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 322 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- other: Mn2+
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: long-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Justification for type of information:
- See the read-across report attached in Section 13.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: ISO 11269-2 (2005): Plant growth assay (2 endpoints: barley growth and lettuce growth).
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- This phototoxicity test was based on the emergence and early stages of growth of terrestrial plant species in the presence of various concentrations of toxic substances in soil. Seeds were planted in pots containing soil to which the test substance has been added. The emergence of the seeds and amass (dry or fresh basis) of the aboveground plant biomass were determined and compared to those of plants grown in uncontaminated soil. The validity criterion of this assay was the number of seedlings that emerge per pot and the endpoint was the shoot yield of the plants.
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Remarks:
- K.U.Leuven
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- - Sampling method: Total metal concentrations in soil were determined after the post-spiking incubation time for both spiked and control soils.
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- All soils were air dried at 25°C and sieved to <4mm. Soil samples were preincubated at a moisture content equivalent to 50% of pF2 for 7 days at 20°c.Uncontaminated soils were spiked with MnCl2 to seven concentrations (control plus six treatments; 0, 0.01, 0.032, 0.1, 0.32, 1 and 3.2 x CEC;). Added Mn concentrations in corresponding treatments differ between the 3 soils as their CEC values increase from 6 to 21 cmolc/kg. Additional deionised water was added together with the spike solution to adjust the soil moisture content to 75% of pF2.0. All soils were thoroughly mixed after amendments using laboratory spoons. These spiked and preincubated soils was used for all microbial assays.
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Test type:
- other: Emergence and early stages of growth
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Substrate type:
- natural soil
- Total exposure duration:
- 23 d
- Test temperature:
- Growing condition :20°C during light hours and 16°C during night time
The dry mass of the shoots was determined as well after oven drying at 70°C. - pH:
- Not reported
- Moisture:
- Deionised water was added together with the spike solution to adjust the soil moisture content to 75% of pF 2.0.
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test container : Non porous plastic pots with a top internal diameter of 85 mm was used.
- Amount of soil: 450 g (dry weight)
- Method of seeding: Twenty uniform, undressed seeds of the selected species was planted in each pot.
- No. of seeds per container: 20
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 4
- No. of replicates per control: 4
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE (if soil)
- Geographic location: Soil 1: Kasterlee (Belgium), Soil 2: Ter Munck (Belgium), Soil 3: Nagyhorcsok (Hungary)
- Collection procedures: Soils were collected from uncontaminated topsoils with contrasting soil properties. Soils were collected with a metal spade from the plough layer.Stones and vegetation were cleared from the soil samples before being put in 60 litre plastic drums.
- Sampling depth (cm): Not reported
- Soil texture (if natural soil)
- % sand: Soil 1- 79%, Soil 2- 8%, Soil 3- 13%
- % silt: Soil 1- 9%, Soil 2- 70%, Soil 3- 54%
- % clay: Soil 1- 2%, Soil 2- 12%, Soil 3- 18%
- Organic carbon (%): Soil 1- 2.8 %, Soil 2- 0.9 %, Soil 3- 2.1 %
- Maximum water holding capacity (in % dry weight): Soil 1 - pF0 -47%, pF1.8 -31, pF2- 27. Soil 2- pF0 -43%, pF1.8 -34, pF2-34. Soil 3-pF0 -48%, pF1.8 -35, pF2- 34
- CEC: Soil 1-6.3, Soil 2-12.2 , Soil 3-24.8
- Pretreatment of soil: Not reported
- Storage (condition, duration): Air dry, sieved soils were stored in 60 litre plastic drums.
GROWTH CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 16h/8h cycle light/darkness
- Day/night temperatures: 20°C during light hours and 16°C during night time
- Relative humidity (%): 70 %
- Any pest control method/fertilization (if used): Prior to the palnt assay, the preincubated and MnCl2 spiked soil was fertilised with 50 mg P/kg soil as KH2PO4 and 100 mg N/Kg as KNO3 prior to the 7 day equilibration period.
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) :
After 2 days of growth, emergence was determined within each pot and seedlings were thinned to give a total of five evenly spaced representative specimens of the plants in the pots. After an additional 21 days of growth, shoot biomass above the soil surface was removed and the fresh weight was determined immediately after cutting. The dry mass of the shoots was determined as well after oven drying at 70°C for 16 h.
VEHICLE CONTROL PERFORMED: no
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study:The rationale behind this spiking procedure (Mn addition as a fraction of the CEC) was based on previous research on metal toxicity in the lab showing strong positive correlations between metal toxicity (ECx values) and soil CEC i.e. soils with high CEC generally have higher ECx values than soil with low CEC. Therefore it was postulated that higher Mn additions were required in soil with high CEC compared to soil with low CEC to have a similar ECx values. - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal Concentration
Soil 1- 0, 17, 55, 170, 545, 1703, 5450 mg/kg
Soil 2- 0, 34, 107, 335, 1072, 3351, 10724 mg/kg
Soil 3- 0, 68, 218, 681, 2180, 6813, 21800 mg/kg - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 23 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 697 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- other: Mn2+
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 23 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 322 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- other: Mn2+
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Details on results:
- Not reported
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- Not reported
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Dose-response curves were fitted by a log-logistic model (Doelman and Haanstra, 1989) using the Maquardt Method (proc NLIN, SAS® 9.1; Cary, NC, USA):
Y = c/[1 + exp(b(x-a))]
With y = response variable, c= response in the control treatment, b= slope parameter, x= logarithm of the added Mn concentration and a = logarithm of the EC50 value. The model was adjusted to account for hormesis effects (Schabenberger et al., 1999; Van Ewijk and Hoekstra, 1993). The ‘dose’ in this model is the added Mn concentration (nominal concentration); with the dose in the control soil attributed a very small value (e.g. 0.001 mg Mn/kg). The EC50 values and their 95% confidence interval, expressed as added Mo, are predicted from the appropriate parameters of the curve. The EC50 values, expressed as ‘total Mn’, are calculated from the sum of background Mn concentration of a soil and corresponding EC50 (expressed as added Mn). No observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) are the highest Mn concentration in the soil at which no significant adverse effects on plant/ microbial assay were observed compared to the control soil (P> 0.05), and Lowest Observed Effect Concentrations (LOEC) are the lowest Mn concentration in the soil at which a significant adverse effect on plant/ microbial assay were observed compared to the control soil (P<0.05). Significant effects were determined by ANOVA (Dennett’s test). The threshold values (NOEC, LOEC and EC50) were determined in terms of soil Mn (mg/kg). - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Emergence in the control soils varied between 14 and 20 out of 20 seeds for the barley and lettuce growth assay. As such the experimental setup was valid for all soils and seedlings were thinned to 5 healthy evenly distributed seedlings per pot.
- Conclusions:
- Barley and, especially, lettuce growth was sensitively affected by MnCl2 additions to soil, and toxic concentrations varied between soils. The lowest NOEC for Barley growth was 697 mg Mn/kg and for lettuce growth, 322 mg Mn/kg.
Referenceopen allclose all
Table 8.Soil Mn toxicity thresholds for barley root elongation in freshly spiked soils. Thresholds are expressed as added + background Mn and the Confidence Intervals (CI) of EC10 and EC50 are given
Soil |
Background Mn Conc. (mg/kg) |
Root length control soil (cm) |
NOEC (mg/kg) |
EC10 (mg/kg) |
95% CI |
EC50 (mg/kg) |
95% CI |
||||||||
1 |
152 |
14.3 |
322 |
497 |
369-701 |
965 |
767-1226 |
||||||||
2 |
461 |
12.9 |
796 |
820 |
742-920 |
1239 |
1081-1438 |
||||||||
3 |
722 |
9.4 |
940 |
1081 |
1003-1181 |
1500 |
1342-1699 |
Table 9.Root elongation expressed as lengths (cm) in Mn freshly spiked soil
Added Mn(mg/kg) |
Soil 1 |
|||||
Root Length (cm) |
||||||
0 |
14 |
10.5 |
13.8 |
14.2 |
13.5 |
14.8 |
0 |
14.2 |
14.5 |
16 |
15.5 |
15 |
13.5 |
0 |
14.5 |
16 |
13.4 |
15.4 |
13.2 |
15.1 |
17 |
11.8 |
11 |
11.5 |
12.5 |
14.3 |
13.2 |
17 |
10.4 |
11.5 |
12.4 |
11.8 |
12 |
12.5 |
17 |
15.2 |
12.4 |
14.2 |
13.5 |
10.2 |
1 |
55 |
14.5 |
13 |
13 |
12.5 |
13.7 |
13.5 |
55 |
13.8 |
12.5 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
11.5 |
55 |
13.5 |
15 |
13.5 |
11 |
13.5 |
13.5 |
170 |
11.5 |
13.5 |
11 |
15 |
11.5 |
12.4 |
170 |
12.8 |
13.2 |
16 |
13 |
14.5 |
13.5 |
170 |
14.8 |
14.5 |
16.4 |
15 |
14 |
14.5 |
545 |
12 |
11.2 |
11.4 |
12 |
12.1 |
12 |
545 |
11.7 |
12.4 |
11 |
11. |
12.7 |
11.4 |
545 |
7.2 |
4.5 |
5 |
5 |
5.5 |
4.8 |
1703 |
1.5 |
1.7 |
1.8 |
2 |
3 |
1.5 |
1703 |
2 |
1.4 |
1.5 |
1.3 |
2 |
1.5 |
1703 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
1.1 |
1.8 |
1.2 |
1.5 |
5450 |
0.5 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
1 |
5450 |
1 |
1 |
0.5 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
5450 |
1.2 |
1 |
1 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
1 |
10.Root elongation expressed as lengths (cm) in Mn freshly spiked soil.
Added Mn(mg/kg) |
Soil 2 |
|||||
Root Length (cm) |
||||||
0 |
9.5 |
13.7 |
13 |
11 |
14.5 |
13.5 |
0 |
11 |
13.2 |
11 |
14.5 |
11.5 |
15 |
0 |
14.5 |
13 |
13.2 |
12 |
14.2 |
13 |
34 |
15.7 |
12.7 |
11.5 |
14.5 |
14.8 |
15 |
34 |
10 |
13 |
11.2 |
11 |
12.2 |
14 |
34 |
14.7 |
15 |
13.2 |
14 |
11.5 |
14 |
107 |
11.4 |
12.2 |
12 |
11.8 |
10.8 |
11 |
107 |
12.5 |
13.8 |
14.4 |
13.5 |
13.4 |
|
107 |
13.7 |
12.8 |
11.5 |
11.4 |
13.5 |
16 |
335 |
11.8 |
12.7 |
11.8 |
12.7 |
11.2 |
12 |
335 |
12.7 |
11.1 |
12.7 |
11 |
12.4 |
11.7 |
335 |
12.2 |
12.5 |
11.7 |
10.5 |
|
8.5 |
1072 |
4.8 |
3.5 |
4.4 |
4.4 |
4.1 |
3.5 |
1072 |
3.8 |
3.1 |
4.5 |
4.5 |
4 |
3.5 |
1072 |
3 |
1.2 |
1.5 |
1.1 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
3351 |
1.5 |
1.7 |
1.8 |
2 |
3 |
1.5 |
3351 |
2 |
1.4 |
1.5 |
1.3 |
2 |
1.5 |
3351 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
1.1 |
1.8 |
1.2 |
1.5 |
10724 |
0.5 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
1 |
10724 |
1 |
1 |
0.5 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
10724 |
1.2 |
1 |
1 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
1 |
Table 11.Root elongation expressed as lengths (cm) in Mn freshly spiked soil.
Added Mn(mg/kg) |
Soil 3 |
|||||
Root Length (cm) |
||||||
0 |
9.2 |
8.7 |
11 |
10.1 |
9.2 |
9.8 |
0 |
8.8 |
9 |
9.5 |
10.5 |
9.5 |
6 |
0 |
9 |
9.8 |
10 |
10.2 |
10.2 |
8.7 |
68 |
12.5 |
11.8 |
9.2 |
11 |
11 |
11.8 |
68 |
10.4 |
11.8 |
11 |
11.5 |
12.2 |
10 |
68 |
12.4 |
10.5 |
11.2 |
10 |
11 |
9.8 |
218 |
12.2 |
9.8 |
10.5 |
9 |
11.1 |
10.7 |
218 |
13.7 |
12.5 |
10.7 |
11.4 |
9.5 |
11 |
218 |
12 |
12.7 |
11.4 |
12.7 |
10.2 |
|
681 |
6.7 |
3.2 |
3.5 |
3.7 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
681 |
3.8 |
2.7 |
5 |
5.1 |
2.5 |
2.7 |
681 |
6 |
5.8 |
5.4 |
4.4 |
4 |
3.7 |
2180 |
2.3 |
3.8 |
2.5 |
3.2 |
3 |
3.1 |
2180 |
2.2 |
1.7 |
2.1 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
1.8 |
2180 |
3.2 |
2.5 |
3.5 |
3 |
2.7 |
3 |
6813 |
1.5 |
1.7 |
1 |
1.2 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
6813 |
1.4 |
1.4 |
1.5 |
1.3 |
1 |
1.1 |
6813 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
1.1 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
21800 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
0.7 |
0.3 |
0.5 |
0.8 |
21800 |
1 |
1 |
0.5 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
21800 |
1.1 |
0.7 |
0.5 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.7 |
After 21 days of growth, barley biomass weight in the control soils varied between 0.23 -0.48g dry biomass/pot. Biomass weight of both plants decreased with increasing MnCl2 addition, and no growth was observed in the highest Mn treatment of all soils. Barley growth in the soil 2 showed a significant hormesis effect. Barley biomass weight were significantly lower Mn additions of 0.32x CEC for soils 2 and 3 and 1x CEC for soil 1 compared to the control soil, corresponding to a range of 1533 -2902 mg Mn/kg soil. Addition of Mn at concentrations corresponding to 1 and 3.2xCEC gives no or very little germination of barley seeds.
Lettuce biomass weight in the control soils varied between 0.13 -0.63 g dry biomass/pot, and was affected by increasing Mn doses in the 3 soils. Effects occurred at 0.3xCEC for soil 1, 0.3xCEC for soil1, 0.03xCEC for soil 2 and 0.1xCEC for soil 3 corresponding to 568 -697 mg Mn/kg soil. No growth was observed in the 1 and 3.2xCEC treatment of all soils.
Table 8.Soil Mn toxicity thresholds for barley growth in freshly spiked soils. Thresholds are expressed as added + background Mn and the Confidence Intervals (CI) of EC10 and EC50 are given.
Soil |
Background Mn Conc. (mg/kg) |
Barley dry weight control soil (g) |
NOEC (mg/kg) |
EC10 (mg/kg) |
95% CI |
EC50 (mg/kg) |
95% CI |
1 |
152 |
0.40 |
697 |
360 |
13-1552 |
717 |
379-1558 |
2 |
461 |
0.38 |
796 |
971 |
888-1069 |
1373 |
1202-1583 |
3 |
722 |
0.27 |
1403 |
1613 |
1200-2317 |
2456 |
2139-2843 |
Table 9. Soil Mn toxicity thresholds for lettuce growth in freshly spiked soils. Thresholds are expressed as added+ background Mn and the confidence Intervals (CI) of EC10 and EC50 are given.
Soil |
Background Mn Conc. (mg/kg) |
Barley dry weight control soil (g) |
NOEC (mg/kg) |
EC10 (mg/kg) |
95% CI |
EC50 (mg/kg) |
95% CI |
1 |
152 |
0.22 |
322 |
343 |
268-467 |
450 |
359-582 |
2 |
461 |
0.60 |
495 |
494 |
472-560 |
698 |
604-855 |
3 |
722 |
0.20 |
940 |
869 |
788-1051 |
1159 |
1026-1350 |
Table 10. Evaluation of higher plants development (barley) in Mn freshly spiked soils expressed as dry mass weight (g)- Soil 1
Added Mn (mg/kg) |
Soil 1 |
|
Emergence (viable seeds) |
Barley dry weight (g) |
|
0 |
19 |
0.4603 |
0 |
19 |
0.2304 |
0 |
19 |
0.4774 |
0 |
20 |
0.4307 |
17 |
19 |
0.3009 |
17 |
19 |
0.295 |
17 |
20 |
0.2184 |
17 |
14 |
0.2842 |
55 |
20 |
0.2564 |
55 |
18 |
0.2788 |
55 |
20 |
0.183 |
55 |
19 |
0.3515 |
170 |
17 |
0.2065 |
170 |
17 |
0.2277 |
170 |
17 |
0.2385 |
170 |
17 |
0.2703 |
545 |
20 |
0.1596 |
545 |
18 |
0.174 |
545 |
20 |
0.2439 |
545 |
18 |
0.2346 |
1703 |
3 |
0.0437 |
1703 |
1 |
0.0526 |
1703 |
0 |
0 |
1703 |
0 |
0 |
5450 |
0 |
0 |
5450 |
0 |
0 |
5450 |
0 |
0 |
5450 |
0 |
0 |
Table 11. Evaluation of higher plants development (barley) in Mn freshly spiked soils expressed as dry mass weight (g)- Soil 2
Added Mn (mg/kg) |
Soil 2 |
|
Emergence (viable seeds) |
Barley dry weight (g) |
|
0 |
20 |
0.4150 |
0 |
19 |
0.3042 |
0 |
20 |
0.4038 |
0 |
20 |
0.4020 |
34 |
17 |
0.4000 |
34 |
20 |
0.5230 |
34 |
19 |
0.4314 |
34 |
19 |
0.3220 |
107 |
19 |
0.5310 |
107 |
18 |
0.4952 |
107 |
18 |
0.4942 |
107 |
18 |
0.5782 |
335 |
17 |
0.4311 |
335 |
20 |
0.4350 |
335 |
17 |
0.4305 |
335 |
17 |
0.1740 |
1072 |
3 |
0 |
1072 |
0 |
0.1757 |
1072 |
2 |
0 |
1072 |
0 |
0 |
3351 |
0 |
0 |
3351 |
0 |
0 |
3351 |
0 |
0 |
3351 |
0 |
0 |
10724 |
0 |
0 |
10724 |
0 |
0 |
10724 |
0 |
0 |
10724 |
0 |
0 |
Table 12. Evaluation of higher plants development (barley) in Mn freshly spiked soils expressed as dry mass weight (g)- Soil 3
Added Mn (mg/kg) |
Soil 3 |
|
Emergence (viable seeds) |
Barley dry weight (g) |
|
0 |
20 |
0.2695 |
0 |
20 |
0.2750 |
0 |
20 |
0.2832 |
0 |
17 |
0.2804 |
68 |
14 |
0.2535 |
68 |
19 |
0.2775 |
68 |
20 |
0.2717 |
68 |
20 |
0.2979 |
218 |
17 |
0.3127 |
218 |
17 |
0.3194 |
218 |
15 |
0.3939 |
218 |
19 |
0.3277 |
681 |
17 |
0.3095 |
681 |
20 |
0.2908 |
681 |
17 |
0.2927 |
681 |
19 |
0.2278 |
2180 |
1 |
0.0929 |
2180 |
15 |
0.0764 |
2180 |
17 |
0.0817 |
2180 |
4 |
0.1294 |
6813 |
0 |
0 |
6813 |
0 |
0 |
6813 |
0 |
0 |
6813 |
0 |
0 |
21800 |
0 |
0 |
21800 |
0 |
0 |
21800 |
0 |
0 |
21800 |
0 |
0 |
Table 13.Evaluation of higher plants emergence (Barley and Lettuce) in Mn freshly spiked soils.
Soil |
Nominal added salt conc (mmol/kg) |
Emergence of barley in MnCl2 treatment |
Emergence of lettuce in MnCl2 treatment |
1 |
9.9 |
19 |
12 |
31.0 |
2 |
9 |
|
99.2 |
0 |
0 |
|
2 |
19.5 |
3 |
9 |
61.0 |
0 |
0 |
|
195.2 |
0 |
0 |
|
3 |
39.7 |
15 |
12 |
124.0 |
0 |
0 |
|
396.9 |
0 |
0 |
Table 14. Evaluation of higher plants development (lettuce) in Mn freshly spiked soils expressed as dry mass weight (g)- Soil 1
Added Mn (mg/kg) |
Soil 1 |
|
Emergence (viable seeds) |
Lettuce dry weight (g) |
|
0 |
14 |
0.1965 |
0 |
14 |
0.2285 |
0 |
15 |
0.1868 |
0 |
15 |
0.2596 |
17 |
15 |
0.1416 |
17 |
7 |
0.2022 |
17 |
7 |
0.211 |
17 |
4 |
0.1569 |
55 |
8 |
0.1469 |
55 |
4 |
0.2283 |
55 |
8 |
0.1863 |
55 |
10 |
0.0975 |
170 |
6 |
0.2147 |
170 |
8 |
0.1332 |
170 |
8 |
0.1695 |
170 |
7 |
0.1288 |
545 |
12 |
0.0295 |
545 |
11 |
0.0121 |
545 |
10 |
0.0292 |
545 |
12 |
0.0247 |
1703 |
10 |
<0.01 |
1703 |
10 |
<0.01 |
1703 |
8 |
<0.01 |
1703 |
8 |
<0.01 |
5450 |
0 |
0 |
5450 |
0 |
0 |
5450 |
0 |
0 |
5450 |
0 |
0 |
Table 15. Evaluation of higher plants development (lettuce) in Mn freshly spiked soils expressed as dry mass weight (g)- Soil 2
Added Mn (mg/kg) |
Soil 2 |
|
Emergence (viable seeds) |
Lettuce dry weight (g) |
|
0 |
18 |
0.6314 |
0 |
20 |
0.5040 |
0 |
20 |
0.6223 |
0 |
17 |
0.6261 |
34 |
20 |
0.5590 |
34 |
18 |
0.4761 |
34 |
20 |
0.5455 |
34 |
9 |
0.5558 |
107 |
10 |
0.4760 |
107 |
17 |
0.2388 |
107 |
19 |
0.3218 |
107 |
20 |
0.3638 |
335 |
18 |
0.4404 |
335 |
18 |
0.2940 |
335 |
14 |
0.3611 |
335 |
10 |
0.0408 |
1072 |
8 |
0.0070 |
1072 |
5 |
0.0211 |
1072 |
14 |
0.0400 |
1072 |
8 |
0 |
3351 |
0 |
0 |
3351 |
0 |
0 |
3351 |
0 |
0 |
3351 |
0 |
0 |
10724 |
0 |
0 |
10724 |
0 |
0 |
10724 |
0 |
0 |
10724 |
0 |
0 |
Table 16. Evaluation of higher plants development (lettuce) in Mn freshly spiked soils expressed as dry mass weight (g)- Soil 3
Added Mn (mg/kg) |
Soil 3 |
|
Emergence (viable seeds) |
Barley dry weight (g) |
|
0 |
16 |
0.2911 |
0 |
15 |
0.2650 |
0 |
15 |
0.1322 |
0 |
15 |
0.2212 |
68 |
14 |
0.2011 |
68 |
20 |
0.2173 |
68 |
17 |
0.3355 |
68 |
17 |
0.2090 |
218 |
12 |
0.2027 |
218 |
12 |
0.2299 |
218 |
17 |
0.1667 |
218 |
15 |
0.1661 |
681 |
8 |
0.1137 |
681 |
10 |
0.0200 |
681 |
8 |
0.0818 |
681 |
7 |
0.0384 |
2180 |
10 |
0.0280 |
2180 |
12 |
0.0277 |
2180 |
11 |
0.0288 |
2180 |
14 |
0 |
6813 |
0 |
0 |
6813 |
0 |
0 |
6813 |
0 |
0 |
6813 |
0 |
0 |
21800 |
0 |
0 |
21800 |
0 |
0 |
21800 |
0 |
0 |
21800 |
0 |
0 |
Description of key information
Del Carmen Hernandez Soriano et al. (2009) Read Across from MnCl2 (Barley Root)
Under the conditions of the study, increasing Mn concentration significantly affected the barley root length in the three soils. The lowest NOEC was 322 mg Mn/kg.
Del Carmen Hernandez Soriano et al. (2009a) Read Across from MnCl2 (Barley and Lettuce Growth)
Barley and, especially, lettuce growth was sensitively affected by MnCl2 additions to soil, and toxic concentrations varied between soils. The lowest NOEC for Barley growth was 697 mg Mn/kg and for lettuce growth, 322 mg Mn/kg.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Long-term EC10, LC10 or NOEC for terrestrial plants:
- 322 mg/kg soil dw
Additional information
Del Carmen Hernandez Soriano et al. (2009) Read Across from MnCl2 (Barley Root)
Under the conditions of the study, increasing Mn concentration significantly affected the barley root length in the three soils. The lowest NOEC was 322 mg Mn/kg. The study was awarded a reliability score of 2 in accordance with the criteria set forth by Klimisch et al. (1997).
Del Carmen Hernandez Soriano et al. (2009a) Read Across from MnCl2 (Barley and Lettuce Growth)
Barley and, especially, lettuce growth was sensitively affected by MnCl2 additions to soil, and toxic concentrations varied between soils. The lowest NOEC for Barley growth was 697 mg Mn/kg and for lettuce growth, 322 mg Mn/kg. The study was awarded a reliability score of 2 in accordance with the criteria set forth by Klimisch et al. (1997).
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