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EC number: 476-880-9 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Repeated dose toxicity: oral
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 007
- Report date:
- 2007
Materials and methods
Test guidelineopen allclose all
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 407 (Repeated Dose 28-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.7 (Repeated Dose (28 Days) Toxicity (Oral))
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Test material form:
- solid
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- other: HanRcc:WIST (SPF)
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: RCC Ltd, Laboratory Animal Services, CH-4414 Füllinsdorf / Switzerland
- Age at study initiation: Approximately 7 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: Males: 178-194 g at acclimatization (mean 185 g), Females: 134-147 g at acclimatization (mean 139 g).
- Housing: In groups of five in Makrolon type-4 cages with wirenmesh tops and standardized softwood bedding
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Pelleted standard Provimi Kliba 3433 (batch no. 67/06) rat maintenance diet (Provimi Kliba AG, CH-4303 Kaiseraugst/ Switzerland) was available ad libitum.
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Community tap-water from Itingen was available ad libitum in water bottles.
- Acclimation period: 7 days. Under test conditions after health examination. Only animals without any visible signs of illness were used for the study.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 22 ± 3 ºC
- Humidity (%): 30-70 %
- Air changes (per hr): Air-conditioned with 10-15 air changes per hour
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12-hour fluorescent light/12-hour dark cycle
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- water
- Details on oral exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
The dose formulations were prepared daily. The test item was weighed into a glass beaker on a tared Mettler balance and the vehicle added. The mixtures were prepared using a magnetic stirrer. Homogeneity of the test item in the vehicle was maintained during the daily administration period using a magnetic stirrer. - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- Concentration, homogeneity and stability (after 2 hours) of the dose formulations were determined in samples taken after experimental start. Concentration and homogeneity of the dose formulations were determined in samples taken during week 3 of the treatment. The analyses were performed according to a HPLC method.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 28 days
- Frequency of treatment:
- Daily
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Dose / conc.:
- 50 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Dose / conc.:
- 200 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Dose / conc.:
- 800 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 5 animals per sex per dose
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale:
Based upon the results of a 5-day doserange-finding study in which the test item was administered by gavage to 2 rats per group and sex.
Examinations
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: The animals were observed for clinical signs once before commencement of administration; twice daily on days 1-3; as well as once daily on days 4-28.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: The animals were observed in their home cages, outside their home cages in a standard arena and in the hand. These observations were performed once before commencement of administration and once weekly (weeks 1-3) thereafter.
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Body weights were recorded weekly during the pretest and treatment periods and before necropsy.
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study):
The food consumption was recorded once during the pretest period and weekly thereafter.
HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: After 4 weeks
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: Yes (light isoflurane anesthesia)
- Animals fasted: Yes (The animals were fasted for approximately 18 hours before blood sampling but allowed access to water ad libitum)
- How many animals: All animals
- Parameters: Erythrocyte count, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, Mean corpuscular volume, Red cell volume distribution width, Mean corpuscular hemoglobin, Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, Hemoglobin concentration distribution width, Platelet (thrombocyte) count, Reticulocyte count, Reticulocyte maturity index, Methemoglobin, Heinz bodies (to be completely assessed only if changes in methemoglobin are noted), Total leukocyte count, Differential leukocyte count, Coagulation: Thromboplastin time, Activated partial thromboplastin time
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: After 4 weeks
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: Yes (light isoflurane anesthesia)
- Animals fasted: Yes (The animals were fasted for approximately 18 hours before blood sampling but allowed access to water ad libitum)
- How many animals: All animals
- Parameters: Glucose, Urea, Creatinine, Bilirubin total, Cholesterol total, Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase, Lactate dehydrogenase, Glutamate dehydrogenase, Creatine kinase, Alkaline phosphatase, Gamma-glutamyl-transferase, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Calcium, Phosphorus inorganic, Protein total, Albumin, Globulin, Albumin/Globulin ratio
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: Yes / No / No data
- Time schedule for examinations: Week 4
- Dose groups that were examined: All animals
- Battery of functions tested:
Grip Strength
Forelimb and hind limb grip strength measurements were performed using a push-pull strain gauge (Mecmesin, AFG 25N). The animals were placed with the forepaws inside a triangular grasping ring and with the hind paws outside a triangular grasping ring. Using one hand, the animals were held towards the base of the tail and steadily pulled away or towards the ring until the grip was broken. Each measurement was repeated three times, the means were calculated and recorded.
Locomotor Activity
Locomotor (decreased or increased) activity was measured quantitatively with AMS Föhr Medical Instruments GmbH (FMI) and DeMeTec GmbH Activity Monitor System. Animals were monitored during the fourth treatment week for a 60-minute period and the total activity of this time period was recorded. Low beams count was reported in 10-minute intervals as well as the total activity of the measuring period. - Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes. All animals were weighed and necropsied. Descriptions of all macroscopic abnormalities were recorded.
Samples of the following tissues and organs were collected from all animals at necropsy and fixed in neutral phosphate buffered 4 % formaldehyde solution (unless otherwise indicated):
Adrenal glands, Aorta, Bone (sternum, femur including joint), Bone marrow (femur), Brain (4 levels), Cecum, Colon, Duodenum, Epididymides (fixed in Bouin's solution), Esophagus, Eyes with optic nerve (fixed in Davidson's solution), Harderian gland (fixed in Davidson's solution), Heart, Ileum with Peyer's patches, Jejunum with Peyer's patches, Kidneys, Larynx, Lacrimal gland (exorbital), Liver, Lungs (infused with formalin at necropsy), Lymph nodes (mesenteric, mandibular), Mammary gland area, Nasal cavity, Ovaries, Pancreas, Pituitary gland, Prostate gland (incl coagulating gland), Rectum, Salivary glands (mandibular, sublingual), Sciatic nerve, Seminal vesicles, Skeletal muscle, Skin, Spinal cord (cervical, midthoracic, lumbar), Spleen, Stomach, Testes (fixed in Bouin's solution), Thymus, Thyroid (incl. parathyroid gland), Tongue, Trachea, Urinary bladder (infused with formalin at necropsy), Uterus, Vagina, Gross lesions.
ORGAN WEIGHTS: Yes. Brain, Thymus, Spleen, Ovaries, Heart, Kidneys, Testes, Liver, Adrenals, Epididymides
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes. Slides of all organs and tissues listed that were collected at scheduled sacrifice from the animals of control and high-dose groups were examined by a pathologist. As test item-related morphologic changes were detected in the organs of high-dose animals, the same organs (kidneys and lungs) from animals of the mid- and low-dose groups were examined. - Statistics:
- The following statistical methods were used to analyze the grip strength, locomotor activity, body weight, clinical laboratory investigations, organ weights and ratios:
• The Dunnett-test (many to one t-test) based on a pooled variance estimate were applied if the variables could be assumed to follow a normal distribution for the comparison of the treated groups and the control groups for each sex.
• The Steel-test (many-one rank test) were applied instead of the Dunnett-test when the data can not be assumed to follow a normal distribution.
• Fisher's exact-test were applied to the macroscopic findings.
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No test item-related findings were noted during daily observations at any dose level tested.
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Description (incidence):
- All animals survived until scheduled necropsy.
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Test item-related changes were noted in the mean body weights and body weight gains of animals treated with 800 mg/kg body weight/day. Animals treated with 800 mg/kg body weight/day showed reduced mean body weights and body weight gains compared to controls with statistical significance in females (p<0.01). These dose-related changes were accompanied by changes in food consumption and were considered to be test item-related.
The mean body weights of the males and females treated with 200 mg/kg/day and 50 mg/kg/day were considered to be unaffected. - Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- At 800 mg/kg body weight/day, reduced absolute food consumption was noted in males and females and reduced relative food consumption were seen in females only, when compared to controls. Males treated with 200 mg/kg body weight/day showed reduced absolute food consumption towards the end of the treatment phase compared to controls. The mean food consumption of the animals treated with 50 mg/kg/day was unaffected.
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No test item-related findings were noted in the hematology parameters of either sex at any dose level tested.
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Test item-related findings indicative of changes in liver metabolism and kidney parameters were noted in animals treated with 800 and 200 mg/kg body weight/day. At 800 mg/kg/day, these changes included increased creatinine levels were noted in males and some females; increased aspartate aminotransferase activity in males and females; increased cholesterol in males; decreased triglycerides in males; decreased potassium in males and females, and decreased albumin levels in females. At 200 mg/kg/day, these changes included elevated creatinine in males and females, elevated cholesterol in males and elevated phospholipids in males. No changes of toxicological relevance were noted at 50 mg/kg/day.
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- NEUROBEHAVIOUR
FUNCTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL BATTERY
No test item-related findings were noted during the functional observational battery (week 4) at any dose level tested.
Grip Strength
No test item-related changes in the mean grip strength were noted at any dose level tested.
Locomotor Activity
No test item-related changes in the mean locomotor activity were noted at any dose level tested. - Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Absolute and relative kidney weights were elevated in animals treated with 800 and 200 mg/kg body weight/day compared to controls and considered to be test item-related. Absolute and relative thymus weights were decreased in animals treated with 800 and 200 mg/kg body weight/day and to a lesser degree in animals treated with 50 mg/kg body weight/day. These findings were considered to be test item-related but were not accompanied by relevant microscopical changes.
- Gross pathological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Tan discoloration was recorded in the kidneys of one male treated with 200 mg/kg/day and in all animals treated with 800 mg/kg/day. This finding was deemed to be test item related and correlated with histological kidney changes.
- Neuropathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Microscopically, changes could be found in the kidneys of animals treated with 200 mg/kg/day and 800 mg/kg/day. These changes consisted of a combination of vacuoles in tubular epithelial cells (containing fine granular material), tubular cell necroses, tubular basophilia including tubular regeneration, interstitial nephritis and tubular casts.
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not specified
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
Effect levels
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 800 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: see 'Remark'
Target system / organ toxicity
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- no
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- The no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) was considered to be 800 mg/kg/day.
- Executive summary:
Oral administration of the test item to Wistar rats at doses of 50, 200 and 800 mg/kg/day, for 28 days resulted in no deaths, no clinical signs during daily observations, no clinical signs during weekly observations (weeks 1-3), no clinical signs during the functional observational battery (including no changes in mean grip strength or locomotor activity). Test item-related findings were generally restricted to reduced mean daily food consumption in both sexes at 800 mg/kg/day and in males at 200 mg/kg/day, reduced mean body weights and mean body weight gain in males and females treated with 800 mg/kg/day, changes in clinical biochemistry parameters that were generally indicative of alterations in liver metabolism and kidney function at 800 mg/kg/day and 200 mg/kg/day, changes in absolute and relative kidney weights at 800 mg/kg/day and 200 mg/kg/day, as well as macroscopical and microscopical findings in the kidneys of rats treated with 800 mg/kg/day and 200 mg/kg/day. Reduced mean absolute and relative thymus weights noted in rats treated with 800 mg/kg/day 200 mg/kg/day and to a lesser extent in animals treated with 50 mg/kg/day.
Chronic progressive nephropathy (CPN) is a rodent-specific, age-related renal disease, particularly of male rats, characterized by a spectrum of distinct histological changes which may begin early in the animal's life and progress to end-stage renal disease in certain rat strains. CPN is generally regarded as a degenerative to atrophic disease with compensatory regenerative hyperplasia. The proliferative nature of CPN often becomes problematic in advanced to end-stage renal disease. CPN is a rodent specific disease with no apparent similar human kidney disease condition.
Therefore, the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) was considered to be 800 mg/kg/day.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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