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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 266-047-6 | CAS number: 65997-18-4 Frit is a mixture of inorganic chemical substances produced by rapidly quenching a molten, complex combination of materials, confining the chemical substances thus manufactured as nonmigratory components of glassy solid flakes or granules. This category includes all of the chemical substances specified below when they are intentionally manufactured in the production of frit. The primary members of this category are oxides of some or all of the elements listed below. Fluorides of these elements may also be included in combination with these primary substances.@Aluminum@Manganese@Antimony@Molybdenum@Arsenic@Neodymium@Barium@Nickel@Bismuth@Niobium@Boron@Phosphorus@Cadmium@Potassium@Calcium@Silicon@Cerium@Silver@Chromium@Sodium@Cobalt@Strontium@Copper@Tin@Gold@Titanium@Iron@Tungsten@Lanthanum@Vanadium@Lead@Zinc@Lithium@Zirconium@Magnesium
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Health surveillance data
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- health surveillance data
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- Not reported
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment.
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 1 987
Materials and methods
- Study type:
- biological exposure monitoring
- Endpoint addressed:
- repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The relationship between the level and duration of exposure to cadmium and the occurrence of tubular dysfunction was determined in cadmium exposed population (alkaline battery factory employees) by determining the level of cadmium in blood and urine.
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Cadmium
Constituent 1
Method
- Type of population:
- occupational
- Ethical approval:
- not specified
- Details on study design:
- STUDY POPULATION: 102 persons (alkaline battery factory employees working in three different divisions) in study group and 85 persons (53 persons working in the battery factory, but who had never been employed in the production of cadmium batteries and 32 persons working in the textile industry with no known industrial cadmium exposure) in control group
AGE: Mean age 41 years in study group (ranged from 26 to 59 years); Mean age 41 years in the control group (the age of subjects ranged from 22 to 59 years). Persons who had past diseases which might have had an effect on kidney functions were eliminated from the study after a questionnaire concerning his medical history and personal habits.
PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN AND SMOKERS: In the study group, women constituted 36 % and smokers 44 % of population In the control group, the respective values amounted to 47 and 32 %.
SAMPLE COLLECTION: The blood samples were collected by venous puncture. Spot urine samples were collected before the workshift.
Results and discussion
- Results:
- - Mean value of Cd-B in the whole control group was higher than in cotton factory workers, which indicates relatively high current absorption of cadmium by members of the control group from the battery factory. However, since there were no significant differences in other parameters, the upper limit of the 95% CI obtained in the combined control group was adopted as an upper limit of excretion of B2-M and RBP in urine.
- Excretion of low molecular proteins was significantly increased, as compared to control, in two groups of workers with the highest exposure. For details, see table 1 in the attached document.
- Excretion of B2-M and RBP in urine was higher than the accepted upper limits of 380 and 130 µg/g creat. in about 20 % of workers. For details, see fig. 1 in the attached document
- Frequency of cases of kidney dysfunction increased with the period of employment. For details, see table 2 in the attached document.
- The dose-response curves show that the probability of kidney dysfunction in 10 % of population occurs at the integrated exposure index of about 300 to 400 Cd-B x years. Probability of kidney dysfunction in 10 % of the population occurs at a Cd-U level of about 10 to 15 µg Cd/g creat.
Any other information on results incl. tables
None
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of the test, Cd-B and Cd-U levels of 10 µg/L and 10 µg/g creat. , respectively was accepted as the recommended health-based limits in occupational exposure. There is a probability of kidney tubular dysfunction in 10% of population at the integrated exposure index value (Cd-B x years) of 300 to 400, which means 30 to 40 years of employment.
- Executive summary:
A study was conducted for determining the relationship between the level and duration of exposure to cadmium and the occurrence of tubular dysfunction.
The study group consisted of 102 persons (alkaline battery factory employee) and the control group of 85 persons. Cadmium in blood (Cd-B) and cadmium in urine (Cd-U), as well as β2-microglobulin (B2-M), retinol binding protein (RBP), amino acids in urine were determined.
Exposure to cadmium was high; Cd-B and Cd-U concentrations were higher than recommended, 10 µg/L and 10µg/g creat. in 65 and 56% of workers, respectively. Excretion of B2-M and RBP in urine was higher than the accepted upper limits of 380 and 130 µg/g creat. in about 20% of the workers. To evaluate the admissible period of occupational exposure to cadmium, an integrated exposure index (Cd-B x years of exposure) is proposed. According to the dose response relationship, an increase of low molecular protein excretion in urine can be expected in 10% of the cases at Cd-U amounting to 10 to 15 µg/g creat. and Cd-B x years of about 300 to 400.
Under the conditions of the test, Cd-B and Cd-U levels of 10 µ/L and 10 µg/g creat , respectively was accepted as the recommended health-based limits in occupational exposure and risk of occurrence of tubular dysfunction can take place at the integrated exposure index value (Cd-B x years) of 300 to 400, which means 30 to 40 years of employment.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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