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EC number: 231-834-5 | CAS number: 7758-11-4
- Life Cycle description
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- Endpoint summary
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- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
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- Short-term toxicity to fish
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- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
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- Toxicity to microorganisms
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Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Genetic toxicity in vitro
Description of key information
One key study on the analogous substance orthophosphoric acid, supported by a large number of less reliable studies are avaialble to fulfill the Annex VII, Section 8.4.1 endpoint: in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria.
Key studies are available on the analagous substances, monosodium phosphate for the Annex VIII Section 8.4.2 in vitro cytogenicity study in mammalian cells and 8.4.3 in vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells endpoints. These studies are supported by data on other similar substances.
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- in vitro cytogenicity / micronucleus study
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 02 September 2016 - 07 September 2016
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Justification for type of information:
- REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
In accordance with REACH Annex XI, Section 1.5, of Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH) the standard testing regime may be adapted in cases where a grouping or read-across approach has been applied.
The similarities may be based on:
(1) a common functional group
(2) the common precursors and/or the likelihood of common breakdown products via physical or biological processes, which result in structurally similar chemicals; or
(3) a constant pattern in the changing of the potency of the properties across the category
The source substance and the target substance are considered to be similar enough to facilitate read-across for the following reasons:
1. Both substances show low systemic toxicity in in vivo studies. A number of studies are provided to show that monovalent potassium and/or sodium inorganic orthophosphates exhibit low systemic toxicity via the oral route for both acute exposure and repeated dose exposure.
2. Substance similarities: Both salts are monovalent inorganic phosphates, composed of a phosphate anion and an alkali metal cation. Both the Na+ and the K+ cation have a similar biological function and therefore orthophosphate salts of these types are not considered to differ in their systemic toxicity profile; differences arise in their local effects profile due to the increasing or decreasing acidity of the substances. This has been shown not to have an effect on the systemic toxicity profile of the substances, thus suggesting that they are metabolized via similar metabolic pathways and to similar breakdown products.
Justification for no further testing for genetic toxicity: As sodium and potassium phosphates are routinely used in the nutrient broths that support bacterial colonies in the laboratory and as such bacteria are constantly exposed to these inorganic phosphates. In addition, sodium orthophosphates are also found in the metabolic activation mixture (e.g. S9-mix) which is used in an AMES test to determine whether a test chemical can be metabolized within the body to produce a compound that may be genotoxic. The constant exposure of bacteria to these materials suggests that they pose no inherent risk of genotoxicity. In addition the Na+, K+ and PO43- ions are essential for life and are not considered to be genotoxic or mutagenic in standard test systems.
2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES)
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
4. DATA MATRIX
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 487 (In vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test)
- Version / remarks:
- adopted September 26, 2014
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- Date of Inspection: 16-19 April 2013 Date on Certificate: 14 May 2014
- Type of assay:
- in vitro mammalian cell micronucleus test
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- SOURCE OF TEST MATERIAL
- Source and lot/batch No.of test material: 1531481
- Expiration date of the lot/batch: 19/07/2016
STABILITY AND STORAGE CONDITIONS OF TEST MATERIAL
- Storage condition of test material: At +10°C to +25°C, in a tightly closed container and stored in a cool, dry and well-ventilated place.
- Stability under test conditions: stable
- Solubility and stability of the test substance in the solvent/vehicle: The test item was completely dissolved in highly purified water
TREATMENT OF TEST MATERIAL PRIOR TO TESTING
- Treatment of test material prior to testing: Fresh preparations of the test item were prepared on the day of the experiment and used for the treatment in all experimental parts. - Species / strain / cell type:
- lymphocytes: human peripheral lymphocytes
- Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
- CELLS USED
- Source of cells: Human peripheral blood
- Suitability of cells: cells identified in OECD guideline.
- Sex, age and number of blood donors if applicable: Healthy non-smoking male of female individuals (18-35 years). No known recent exposures to genotoxic chemicals or radiation.
- Whether whole blood or separated lymphocytes were used if applicable:
Small innocula of whole blood (0.5 mL) were added to tubes containing 5 mL of Chromosome complete culture medium with Phytohemagglutinin and 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin. The tubes are sealed and incubated at 37°C, and shaken occasionally to prevent clumping. - Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
- not applicable
- Cytokinesis block (if used):
- Cytochalasin B
The concentration used for this assay was 5 μg/mL. - Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- S9 mix
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- In the preliminary experiment without and with metabolic activation concentrations of 3.16, 10.0, 31.6, 100, 316, 1000 and 2000 µg Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate/mL medium were employed. No signs of cytotoxicity were noted up to the top concentration of 2000 µg/mL medium.
Hence, 2000 µg/mL medium were employed as top concentration in the main study for the genotoxicity tests without (4-hour or 24-hour exposure) and with metabolic activation (4-hour exposure) - Vehicle / solvent:
- - Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: Highly purified water
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- cyclophosphamide
- mitomycin C
- other: Colchicine
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- METHOD OF APPLICATION: in medium
DURATION
- Preincubation period: 48 hours
- Exposure duration: 4hours and 24 hours at +37°C
- Fixation time (start of exposure up to fixation or harvest of cells): 20 hours
STAIN (for cytogenetic assays): 10% Giemsa
NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: 2 (main study), 1 (preliminary test)
METHODS OF SLIDE PREPARATION AND STAINING TECHNIQUE USED: The cells were left in fixative for 30 minutes followed by centrifugation at 800 rpm. The supernatant was carefully removed and discarded, and the cell pellet was resuspended in about 0.5 mL of fresh fixative and 30% glacial acetic acid by repeated aspiration through a Pasteur pipette. Two drops of this cell suspension were dropped onto a prewarmed, pre-cleaned microscope slide and left to air-dry.
NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED: The micronucleus frequencies were analysed in at least 2000 binucleate cells per concentration
DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: mitotic index; cloning efficiency; relative total growth; other: relative total growth (relative increase in cell counts, RI); cytotoxicity = 100% - RI [%] - Evaluation criteria:
- If a test item induces a concentration-related increase or a statistical significant and reproducible increase in the number of cells containing micronuclei, it is classified as a positive result.
Consideration of whether the observed values are within or outside of the historical control range can provide guidance when evaluating the biological significance of the response. - Species / strain:
- lymphocytes: human peripheral lymphocytes
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Effects of pH/osmolarity : No relevant changes in pH or osmolality of the test item formulations at concentrations of 3.16 to 2000 µg/mL medium were noted
- Water solubility: Soluble in water
RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES: . In this preliminary experiment without and with metabolic activation concentrations of 3.16, 10.0, 31.6, 100, 316, 1000 and 2000 µg Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate/mL medium were employed. No signs of cytotoxicity were noted up to the top concentration of 2000 µg/mL medium. Hence, 2000 µg/mL were employed as the top concentration for the genotoxicity tests without (4-hour or 24-hour exposure) and with metabolic activation (4-hour exposure).
CYTOKINESIS BLOCK (if used)
- Distribution of mono-, bi- and multi-nucleated cells: Cytokinesis block proliferation index ranged between 1.26-1.48 for the test substance
NUMBER OF CELLS WITH MICRONUCLEI
- Number of cells for each treated and control culture: see tables below
HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA (with ranges, means and standard deviation and confidence interval (e.g. 95%)
- Positive historical control data (micronucleus frequencies per 1000 cells):
Mitomycin C:
Mean: 46.9
SD: 35
range 17-137
Colchicine:
Mean: 25.9
SD: 9.5
range 15-63
cyclophosphamide:
Mean: 44.0
SD: 37.7
range 14-158
- Negative (solvent/vehicle) historical control data:
Without metabolic activation
Untreated control
mean 6.6
SD 2.9
range 2.0 - 17
95% Confidence interval 5.9 - 7.3
Vehicle control
mean 6.3
SD 3.1
range 2.0 - 18
95% Confidence interval 5.7 - 6.8
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY:
- Measurement of cytotoxicity used: CBPI or RI in the case of the cytokinesis-block method - Conclusions:
- Under the present test conditions, sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate tested up to a concentration of 2000 µg/mL medium in the absence and in the presence of metabolic activation employing two exposure times (without S9) and one exposure time (with S9) revealed no indications of chromosomal damage in the in vitro micronucleus test.
- Executive summary:
Test samples of Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate were assayed in an in vitro micronucleus test using human peripheral lymphocytes both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation by a rat liver post-mitochondrial fraction (S9 mix) from Aroclor 1254 induced animals.
The test was carried out employing 2 exposure times without S9 mix: 4 and 24 hours, and 1 exposure time with S9 mix: 4 hours. The harvesting time was 20 hours after the end of exposure. The cytokinesis-block technique was applied.
The test item was completely dissolved in highly purified water. The vehicle highly purified water served as the negative control.
The concentrations employed were chosen based on the results of a cytotoxicity study. In this preliminary experiment without and with metabolic activation concentrations of 3.16, 10.0, 31.6, 100, 316, 1000 and 2000 μg Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate/mL medium were employed. No signs of cytotoxicity were noted up to the top concentration of 2000 μg/mL medium.
Hence, 2000 μg/mL were employed as the top concentration for the genotoxicity tests without (4-hour or 24-hour exposure) and with metabolic activation (4-hour exposure).
No signs of cytotoxicity were noted in the main study up to the top concentration of 2000 μg Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate/mL medium in the experiments without and with metabolic activation.
Mitomycin C (at 0.2 μg/mL) and colchicine (at 0.02 μg/mL) were employed as positive controls in the absence and cyclophosphamide (at 20 μg/mL) in the presence of metabolic activation.
Tests without metabolic activation (4- and 24-hour exposure)
The micronucleus frequencies of cultures treated with the concentrations of 125, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 or 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 μg Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate/mL medium in the absence of metabolic activation (4- and 24-hour exposure, respectively) ranged from 3.0 to 4.5 micronucleated cells per 1000 binucleated cells. There was no dose-related increase in micronuclei up to the top concentration of 2000 μg/mL medium. The frequency of micronucleated cells was within the historical control range of the untreated and vehicle controls.
Vehicle controls should give reproducibly low and consistent micronucleus frequencies. In this test a frequency of 3.5 micronucleated cells per 1000 binucleated cells for the 4-hour and 24-hour exposure was observed. The vehicle result was within the historical control ranges.
In the positive control cultures the micronucleus frequencies were increased to 37.5 or 53.5 micronucleated cells per 1000 binucleate cells for the 4-hour and 24-hour exposure, respectively. This demonstrated that Mitomycin C induced significant chromosomal damage and colchicine induced significant damage to the cell division apparatus.
Test with metabolic activation (4-hour exposure)
The micronucleus frequencies of cultures treated with the concentrations of 125, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 μg Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate/ml medium (4-h exposure) in the presence of metabolic activation ranged from 2.5 to 4.5 micronucleated cells per 1000 bi nucleated cells. There was no dose-related increase in micronuclei up to the top concentration of 2000 μg/ml medium. The frequency of
micronucleated cells was within the historical control range of the untreated and vehicle controls.
Vehicle controls should give reproducibly low and consistent micronucleus frequencies. In this test a mean frequency of 3.5 micronucleated cells per 1000 binucleated cells was observed. The vehicle result was within the historical control ranges.
In the positive control culture the micronucleus frequency was increased to 27 .0 micronucleated cells per 1000 binucleate cells for the 4-hour exposure. This demonstrated that cyclophosphamide induced significant chromosomal damage.
Conclusion
Under the present test conditions, Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate tested up to a concentration of 2000 μg/ml medium in the absence and in the presence of metabolic activation employing two exposure times (without S9) and one exposure time (with S9) revealed no indications of chromosomal damage in the in vitro micronucleus test.
The results for the vehicle controls were within historical control range.
In the same test, Mitomycin C and cyclophosphamide induced significant chromosomal damage and colchicine induced significant damage to the cell division apparatus, respectively. Therefore, the test is considered valid.
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- From 07 September 2016 to 21 November 2016
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Justification for type of information:
- REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
In accordance with REACH Annex XI, Section 1.5, of Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH) the standard testing regime may be adapted in cases where a grouping or read-across approach has been applied.
The similarities may be based on:
(1) a common functional group
(2) the common precursors and/or the likelihood of common breakdown products via physical or biological processes, which result in structurally similar chemicals; or
(3) a constant pattern in the changing of the potency of the properties across the category
The source substance and the target substance are considered to be similar enough to facilitate read-across for the following reasons:
1. Both substances show low systemic toxicity in in vivo studies. A number of studies are provided to show that monovalent potassium and/or sodium inorganic orthophosphates exhibit low systemic toxicity via the oral route for both acute exposure and repeated dose exposure.
2. Substance similarities: Both salts are monovalent inorganic phosphates, composed of a phosphate anion and an alkali metal cation. Both the Na+ and the K+ cation have a similar biological function and therefore orthophosphate salts of these types are not considered to differ in their systemic toxicity profile; differences arise in their local effects profile due to the increasing or decreasing acidity of the substances. This has been shown not to have an effect on the systemic toxicity profile of the substances, thus suggesting that they are metabolized via similar metabolic pathways and to similar breakdown products.
Justification for no further testing for genetic toxicity: As sodium and potassium phosphates are routinely used in the nutrient broths that support bacterial colonies in the laboratory and as such bacteria are constantly exposed to these inorganic phosphates. In addition, sodium orthophosphates are also found in the metabolic activation mixture (e.g. S9-mix) which is used in an AMES test to determine whether a test chemical can be metabolized within the body to produce a compound that may be genotoxic. The constant exposure of bacteria to these materials suggests that they pose no inherent risk of genotoxicity. In addition the Na+, K+ and PO43- ions are essential for life and are not considered to be genotoxic or mutagenic in standard test systems.
2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES)
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
4. DATA MATRIX
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 490 (In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Tests Using the Thymidine Kinase Gene)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.17 (Mutagenicity - In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- Date of Inspection: 16-19 April 2013 Date of Signature on Certificate: 14 May 2014
- Type of assay:
- other: gene mutation in mammalian cells
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- SOURCE OF TEST MATERIAL
- Source and lot/batch No.of test material: Batch No: 1541481
- Expiration date of the lot/batch: November 2018
- Purity test date: 99.8 %
STABILITY AND STORAGE CONDITIONS OF TEST MATERIAL
- Storage condition of test material: At +10°C to +25°C, in a tightly closed container and stored at a dry, cool and well-ventilated place
TREATMENT OF TEST MATERIAL PRIOR TO TESTING
- Treatment of test material prior to testing: Completely dissolved in highly purified water
FORM AS APPLIED IN THE TEST (if different from that of starting material): Solution
OTHER SPECIFICS: - Target gene:
- Thymidine kinase, TK +/-, locus of the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell line.
- Species / strain / cell type:
- mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
- Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
- CELLS USED
- Source of cells: The indicator cell used for this study was the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell line that is heterozygous at the TK locus (+/-). The particular clone (3.7.2C) used in this assay is isolated by ATCC (American Type Culture Collection), 0801 University Blvd., Manassas, VA 20110-2209, USA.
- Methods for maintenance in cell culture if applicable: Master stock cultures were maintained in liquid nitrogen.Laboratory cultures were periodically checked for karyotype stability and the absence of mycoplasma contamination by culturing methods. To reduce the background mutant frequency (spontaneous frequency) of TK / mutants to a level as low as possible, cell cultures were exposed to conditions that select against the TK / phenotype (exposure to aminopterin or methotrexate).
MEDIA USED
- Type and identity of media including CO2 concentration if applicable: The cells used during the experimental studies were maintained in growth medium RPMI 1640 with glutamaxTM medium supplemented with Pluronic® F68 , gentamycin , amphotericin B1 and horse serum1 (10% by volume).
- Properly maintained: yes
- Periodically checked for Mycoplasma contamination: yes
- Periodically checked for karyotype stability: yes
- Periodically 'cleansed' against high spontaneous background: yes - Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
- not applicable
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- rat liver enzymes (S9 fraction) and an energy producing system comprising nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP, sodium salt) and glucose-6-phosphate.
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- Based on the results of the preliminary study five concentrations of 125, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 µg for the experiments without and with metabolic activation were employed in the mutagenicity tests.
A preliminary study was conducted to establish the highest concentration for the main study. This study was performed without and with metabolic activation. A wide range of test item concentrations of 10.0, 31.6, 100, 316, 1000, and 2000 µg PRAYPHOS™ MSP FG/FG GR/mL medium were tested for cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity (decreased survival) was noted at a concentration of 1000 or 2000 µg/mL in the presence of metabolic activation (3-hour exposure). No changes in pH or osmolality were noted in the test item formulations compared to the control.
Hence, in the main study the highest concentration employed was 2000 µg PRAYPHOS™ MSP FG/FG GR/mL medium in the experiments without and with metabolic activation. - Vehicle / solvent:
- - Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: water
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Vehicle (purified water) treatment groups were used as the negative control
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- methylmethanesulfonate
- Remarks:
- without metabolic activation
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Vehicle treatment groups (purified water) were used as the negative control
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- 3-methylcholanthrene
- Remarks:
- with metabolic activation
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- The study was conducted according to a method that was designed to assess the potential mutagenicity of the test material on the thymidine kinase, TK +/-, locus of the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell line. The method used meets the requirements of the OECD (490) and Method B17 of Commission Regulation (EC) No. 440/2008 of 30 May 2008.
One main experiment was performed. In this main experiment, L5178Y TK +/- 3.7.2c mouse lymphoma cells (heterozygous at the thymidine kinase locus) were treated with the test material at five dose levels, in duplicate, together with vehicle (water) and positive controls. The exposure groups used were as follows: 3 hour exposures both with and without metabolic activation. A repeat experiment was used with 3 hour exposure for the metabolic activation groups and 24 hours for the without metabolic activation groups.
The dose range of test material was selected following the results of a preliminary toxicity test and was 125 to 2000 µg/ml for all exposure groups.
In the preliminary study, cytotoxicity (decreased survival) was noted at a concentration of 1000 or 2000 µg/mL in the presence of metabolic activation (3-hour exposure). Hence, in the main study the highest concentration employed was 2000 µg PRAYPHOS™ MSP FG/FG GR/mL medium in the experiments without and with metabolic activation. The vehicle controls had acceptable mutant frequency values that were within the normal range for the L5178Y cell line at the TK +/- locus. The positive control materials induced marked increases in the mutant frequency indicating the satisfactory performance of the test and of the activity of the metabolising system.
The test material did not induce any toxicologically significant dose-related increases in the mutant frequency at any dose level, either with or without metabolic activation, in any of the exposure groups. - Evaluation criteria:
- Please see Interpretation of Results in "Any other information and methods incl. tables" section. As this section will not accommodate the required information.
- Statistics:
- Please see Interpretation of Results in "Any other information and methods incl. tables" section. As this section will not accommodate the required information.
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Remarks:
- non-mutagenic
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- In preliminary experiment, cytotoxicity was noted at a concentration of 1000 or 2000 ug/mL in the presence of metabolic activation (3-hour exposure)
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- Results
A preliminary study was conducted to establish the highest concentration for the main study. This study was performed without and with metabolic activation.A wide range of test item concentrations of 10.0, 31.6, 100, 316, 1000, and 2000 µg sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate/mL medium were tested for cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity (decreased survival) was noted at a concentration of 1000 or 2000 µg/mL in the presence of metabolic activation (3-hour exposure). For details, seeTable 1. No changes in pH or osmolality were noted in the test item formulations compared to the control (seeText table 7-1 'pH values and osmolality').
Hence, in the main study the highest concentration employed was 2000 µg sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate/mL medium in the experiments without and with metabolic activation.
Methylmethanesulfonate (0.013 or 0.012 µg/mL for a 3- and 24-hour exposure, respectively) was employed as a positive control in the absence of exogenous metabolic activation and 3-Methylcholanthrene (1.0 µg/mL) in the presence of exogenous metabolic activation.
In the main study, cytotoxicity (decreased relative total growth) was noted in the first experiment with metabolic activation at concentrations of 1000 and 2000 µg sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate/mL medium and at 2000 µg/mL medium in the second experiment with S9. No signs of cytotoxicity were noted in the experiments without metabolic activation.
The negative controls had mutation frequencies of 63.89 or 137.93 per 106 clonable cells in the experiments without metabolic activation (3- or 24-hour exposure, respectively, for details seeTable 3a) and 55.47 or 120.71 per 106 clonable cells in the experiments with metabolic activation (for details see Table 3b) and, hence, were all well within the historical data-range.
The mutation frequencies of the cultures treated with sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate ranged from 57.17 to 74.73 per 106 clonable cells (3-hour exposure) and from 84.33 to 164.59 per 106clonable cells (24-hour exposure) in the experiments without metabolic activation (for details seeTable 3a). In the experiments with metabolic activation, mutation frequencies ranged from 63.82 to 86.21 per 106 clonable cells (3-hour exposure, first assay) and from 50.23 to 155.35 per 106 clonable cells (3-hour exposure, second assay) (for details, seeTable 3b). These results were within the range of the negative control values and the normal range of 50 to 170 mutants per 106 viable cells and, hence, no mutagenicity was observed according to the criteria for assay evaluation.
In addition, no change was observed in the ratio of small to large mutant colonies, ranging from 0.40to 1.31 for sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate-treated cells and ratios of 0.42 to 0.94for the negative controls (see Table 4a and Table 4b).
The positive controls Methylmethanesulfonate (MMS) and 3-Methylcholanthrene (3‑MC) caused pronounced increases in the mutation frequency of 474.25 and 652.55 per 106clonable cells in the case of MMS (for details seeTable 3a) and of 387.42 and 489.98 per 106clonable cells in the case of 3-MC (for details seeTable 3b). All positive controls showed an increase in the small colony MF of at least 150 x 10-6above that seen in the concurrent solvent control and an absolute increase in total mutation frequency of at least 300 x 10-6. Furthermore, the mean relative total growth (RTG) for the positive controls was greater than or equal to 10%. Hence, the acceptance criteria were met.
The calculations of suspension growth of the negative controls were in the acceptance criteria range between 8 and 32 following 3-hour treatments or between 32 and 180 following 24-hour treatments (for details see Table 2a and Table 2b). The mean cloning efficiencies (CE = PEx 100) of the negative controls from the Mutation Experiments were between the range 65% to 120% (see Table 3a and Table 3b). Hence, the acceptance criteria described in were met.
The mutation frequency and the colony size ratio of the positive controls and negative controls without and with metabolic activation for the last 11 experiments (background data, not audited by the QAU-department) are attached.
The pH and osmolality data of the negative control and of all test item formulations in the medium were determined in the first preliminary test - see Text table 7-1 below in 'Any other information on results incl. tables.'
No relevant changes in pH or osmolality of the test item formulations at concentrations of 10.0 to 2000 µg/mL medium compared to the negative control were noted. - Conclusions:
- Under the present test conditions, sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate, tested up to a concentration of 2000 µg/mL medium, the recommended maximum concentration by the guideline, in two independent experiments was negative with respect to the mutant frequency in the L5178Y TK +/- mammalian cell mutagenicity test. Under these conditions, the positive controls exerted potent mutagenic effects and demonstrated the sensitivity of the test system and conditions.
In addition, no change was noted in the ratio of small to large mutant colonies. Therefore, sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate also did not exhibit clastogenic potential at the concentration-range investigated. According to the evaluation criteria for this assay, these findings indicate that sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate, tested up to a concentration of 2000 µg/mL medium, neither induced mutations nor had any chromosomal aberration potential. - Executive summary:
In order to investigate the mutagenic potential on mammalian cells, the sodium dihydrogenorthophosphatewas assayed in a gene mutation assay in cultured mammalian cells (L5178Y TK +/‑) both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation by a liver post-mitochondrial fraction (S9 mix) from Aroclor 1254‑induced rats. The test was carried out employing two exposure times without S9 mix: 3 and 24 hours, and one exposure time with S9 mix: 3 hours, the experiment with S9 mix was carried out in two independent assays.
Sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate was completely dissolved in highly purified water. The vehicle highly purified water served as the negative control.
A preliminary study was conducted to establish the highest concentration for the main study. This study was performed without and with metabolic activation. A wide range of test item concentrations of 10.0, 31.6, 100, 316, 1000, and 2000 µg sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate/mL medium were tested for cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity (decreased survival) was noted at a concentration of 1000 or 2000 µg/mL in the presence of metabolic activation (3-hour exposure). No changes in pH or osmolality were noted in the test item formulations compared to the control.
Hence, in the main study the highest concentration employed was 2000 µg sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate/mL medium in the experiments without and with metabolic activation.
Methylmethanesulfonate (0.013 or 0.012 µg/mL for a 3- and 24-hour exposure, respectively) was employed as a positive control in the absence of exogenous metabolic activation and 3‑Methylcholanthrene (1.0 µg/mL) in the presence of exogenous metabolic activation.
In the main study, cytotoxicity (decreased relative total growth) was noted in the first experiment with metabolic activation at concentrations of 1000 and 2000 µg sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate/mL medium and at 2000 µg/mL medium in the second experiment with S9. No signs of cytotoxicity were noted in the experiments without metabolic activation.
The negative controls had mutation frequencies of63.89or137.93per 106clonable cells in the experiments without metabolic activation(3- or 24-hour exposure, respectively,and55.47or 120.71per 106clonable cells in the experiments with metabolic activationand, hence, were all well within the historical data-range.
The mutation frequencies of the cultures treated with sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate ranged from 57.17to74.73 per 106clonable cells (3-hour exposure) and from 84.33to 164.59per 106clonable cells (24-hour exposure) in the experiments without metabolic activation. In the experiments with metabolic activation, mutation frequencies ranged from 63.82 to 86.21 per 106clonable cells (3-hour exposure, first assay) and from 50.23to 155.35 per 106clonable cells (3-hour exposure, second assay). These results were within the range of the negative control values and the normal range of 50 to 170 mutants per 106viable cells and, hence, no mutagenicity was observed according to the criteria for assay evaluation.
In addition, no change was observed in the ratio of small to large mutant colonies, ranging from 0.40to1.31for sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate -treated cells and ratios of 0.42to0.94for the negative controls.
The positive controls Methylmethanesulfonate (MMS) and 3-Methylcholanthrene (3‑MC) caused pronounced increases in the mutation frequency of 474.25 and 652.55 per 106clonable cells in the case of MMS and of 387.42 and 489.98 per 106clonable cells in the case of 3-MC. As the increase in the small colony mutation frequency was at least 150 x 10-6above the concurrent negative control, anabsolute increase in totalmutation frequency was at least 300 x 10-6 for the positive controls and the mean relative total growth (RTG) greater than or equal to 10%, the acceptance criteria for the positive controls were met.
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
- Remarks:
- Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- The experimental phase of this study was performed between 26 May 2010 and 24 June 2010.
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Justification for type of information:
- REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
In accordance with REACH Annex XI, Section 1.5, of Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH) the standard testing regime may be adapted in cases where a grouping or read-across approach has been applied.
The similarities may be based on:
(1) a common functional group
(2) the common precursors and/or the likelihood of common breakdown products via physical or biological processes, which result in structurally similar chemicals; or
(3) a constant pattern in the changing of the potency of the properties across the category
The source substance and the target substance are considered to be similar enough to facilitate read-across for the following reasons:
1. Both substances show low systemic toxicity in in vivo studies. A number of studies are provided to show that monovalent potassium and/or sodium inorganic orthophosphates exhibit low systemic toxicity via the oral route for both acute exposure and repeated dose exposure.
2. Substance similarities: Both salts are monovalent inorganic phosphates, composed of a phosphate anion and an alkali metal cation. Both the Na+ and the K+ cation have a similar biological function and therefore orthophosphate salts of these types are not considered to differ in their systemic toxicity profile; differences arise in their local effects profile due to the increasing or decreasing acidity of the substances. This has been shown not to have an effect on the systemic toxicity profile of the substances, thus suggesting that they are metabolized via similar metabolic pathways and to similar breakdown products.
Justification for no further testing for genetic toxicity: As sodium and potassium phosphates are routinely used in the nutrient broths that support bacterial colonies in the laboratory and as such bacteria are constantly exposed to these inorganic phosphates. In addition, sodium orthophosphates are also found in the metabolic activation mixture (e.g. S9-mix) which is used in an AMES test to determine whether a test chemical can be metabolized within the body to produce a compound that may be genotoxic. The constant exposure of bacteria to these materials suggests that they pose no inherent risk of genotoxicity. In addition the Na+, K+ and PO43- ions are essential for life and are not considered to be genotoxic or mutagenic in standard test systems.
2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES)
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
4. DATA MATRIX
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’ - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.13/14 (Mutagenicity - Reverse Mutation Test Using Bacteria)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- JAPAN: Guidelines for Screening Mutagenicity Testing Of Chemicals
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPPTS 870.5100 - Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test (August 1998)
- Version / remarks:
- Meets the requirements of the Japanese Regulatory Authorities including METI, MHLW and MAFF, OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals No. 471 "and the USA, EPA (TSCA) OPPTS harmonised guidelines.
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Type of assay:
- bacterial reverse mutation assay
- Target gene:
- Histidine for Salmonella.
Tryptophan for E.Coli - Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100
- Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
- Not applicable.
- Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
- not applicable
- Species / strain / cell type:
- E. coli WP2 uvr A
- Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
- Not applicable.
- Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
- not applicable
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- phenobarbitone/betanaphthoflavone induced rat liver, S9
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- Preliminary Toxicity Test: 0, 0.15, 0.5, 1.5, 5, 15, 50, 150, 500, 1500 and 5000 µg/plate
main test:
Experiment one: 50, 150, 500, 1500 and 5000 µg/plate
Experiment two: 50, 150, 500, 1500 and 5000 µg/plate - Vehicle / solvent:
- - Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: Sterile distilled water.
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: The test material was fully miscible in sterile distilled water at 50 mg/ml in solubility checks performed in house. Sterile distilled water was therefore selected as the vehicle. - Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Spontaneous mutation rates of TA100
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Sterile distilled water
- True negative controls:
- not specified
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- other: 2-Aminoanthracene: 1 µg/plate
- Remarks:
- With S9 mix
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Spontaneous mutation rates of TA1535
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Sterile distilled water
- True negative controls:
- not specified
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- other: 2-Aminoanthracene: 2 µg/plate
- Remarks:
- With S9 mix
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Spontaneous mutation rates of TA1537
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Sterile distilled water
- True negative controls:
- not specified
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- other: 2-Aminoanthracene: 2 µg/plate
- Remarks:
- With S9 mix
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Spontaneous mutation rates of WP2uvrA
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Sterile distilled water
- True negative controls:
- not specified
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- other: 2-Aminoanthracene: 10 µg/plate
- Remarks:
- With S9 mix
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Spontaneous mutation rates of TA98
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Sterile distilled water
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- benzo(a)pyrene
- Remarks:
- With S9 mix Migrated to IUCLID6: Benzo(a)pyrene: 5 µg/plate
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Spontaneous mutation rates of TA98
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Sterile distilled water
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide
- Remarks:
- without S9 mix Migrated to IUCLID6: 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide: 0.2 µg/plate
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Spontaneous mutation rates of TA1537
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Sterile distilled water.
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- 9-aminoacridine
- Remarks:
- without S9 mix Migrated to IUCLID6: 9-Aminoacridine: 80 µg/plate
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Spontaneous mutation rates of TA100
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Sterile distilled water.
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- N-ethyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
- Remarks:
- without S9 mix Migrated to IUCLID6: N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine: 3 µg/plate
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Spontaneous mutation rates of TA1535
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Sterile distilled water
- True negative controls:
- not specified
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- N-ethyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
- Remarks:
- Without S9 mix Migrated to IUCLID6: N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine: 5 µg/plate
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Spontaneous mutation rates of WP2uvrA
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Sterile distilled water
- True negative controls:
- not specified
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- N-ethyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
- Remarks:
- Without S9 mix Migrated to IUCLID6: N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine: 2 µg/plate
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- Test Procedure
Preliminary Toxicity Test
In order to select appropriate dose levels for use in the main test, a preliminary test was carried out to determine the toxicity of the test material. The concentrations tested were 0, 0.15, 0.5, 1.5, 5, 15, 50, 150, 500, 1500 and 5000 µg/plate. The test was performed by mixing 0.1 ml of bacterial culture (TA100 or WP2uvrA-), 2 ml of molten, trace histidine or tryptophan supplemented, top agar, 0.1 ml of test material formulation and 0.5 ml of S9-mix or phosphate buffer and overlaying onto sterile plates of Vogel-Bonner Minimal agar (30 ml/plate). Ten concentrations of the test material formulation and a vehicle control (sterile distilled water) were tested. In addition, 0.1 ml of the maximum concentration of the test material and 2 ml of molten, trace histidine or tryptophan supplemented, top agar were overlaid onto a sterile Nutrient agar plate in order to assess the sterility of the test material. After approximately 48 hours incubation at 37°C the plates were assessed for numbers of revertant colonies using a Domino colony counter and examined for effects on the growth of the bacterial background lawn.
Mutation Test - Experiment 1
Five concentrations of the test material (50, 150, 500, 1500 and 5000 µg/plate) were assayed in triplicate against each tester strain, using the direct plate incorporation method.
Measured aliquots (0.1 ml) of one of the bacterial cultures were dispensed into sets of test tubes followed by 2.0 ml of molten, trace histidine or tryptophan supplemented, top agar, 0.1 ml of the test material formulation, vehicle or positive control and either 0.5 ml of S9-mix or phosphate buffer. The contents of each test tube were mixed and equally distributed onto the surface of Vogel-Bonner Minimal agar plates (one tube per plate). This procedure was repeated, in triplicate, for each bacterial strain and for each concentration of test material both with and without S9-mix.
All of the plates were incubated at 37°C for approximately 48 hours and the frequency of revertant colonies assessed using a Domino colony counter.
Mutation Test - Experiment 2
The second experiment was performed using fresh bacterial cultures, test material and control solutions. The test material dose range was the same as Experiment 1 (50 to 5000 µg/plate).
The test material formulations and vehicle control were dosed using the pre-incubation method as follows:
Measured aliquots (0.1 ml) of one of the bacterial cultures were dispensed into sets of test tubes followed by 0.5 ml of S9-mix or phosphate buffer and 0.1 ml of the vehicle or test material formulation and incubated for 20 minutes at 37°C with shaking at approximately 130 rpm prior to the addition of 2 ml of molten, trace histidine or tryptophan supplemented, top agar. The contents of the tube were then mixed and equally distributed on the surface of Vogel-Bonner Minimal agar plates (one tube per plate). This procedure was repeated, in triplicate, for each bacterial strain and for each concentration of test material both with and without S9-mix.
The positive and untreated controls were dosed using the standard plate incorporation method described in Section "Mutation Test - Experiment 1".
All of the plates were incubated at 37°C for approximately 48 hours and the frequency of revertant colonies assessed using a Domino colony counter. - Evaluation criteria:
- Acceptance Criteria
The reverse mutation assay may be considered valid if the following criteria are met:
All tester strain cultures exhibit a characteristic number of spontaneous revertants per plate in the vehicle and untreated controls. Acceptable ranges are presented in the standard test method section 3 with historical control ranges for 2008 and 2009 in Appendix 2.
The appropriate characteristics for each tester strain have been confirmed, eg rfa cell-wall mutation and pKM101 plasmid R-factor etc.
All tester strain cultures should be in the range of 1 to 9.9 x 109 bacteria per ml.
Each mean positive control value should be at least twice the respective vehicle control value for each strain, thus demonstrating both the intrinsic sensitivity of the tester strains to mutagenic exposure and the integrity of the S9-mix. The historical control ranges for 2008 and 2009 are presented in the attached Appendix 2.
There should be a minimum of four non-toxic test material dose levels.
There should be no evidence of excessive contamination.
Evaluation Criteria
There are several criteria for determining a positive result, such as a dose-related increase in revertant frequency over the dose range tested and/or a reproducible increase at one or more concentrations in at least one bacterial strain with or without metabolic activation. Biological relevance of the results will be considered first, statistical methods, as recommended by the UKEMS (6) can also be used as an aid to evaluation, however, statistical significance will not be the only determining factor for a positive response.
A test material will be considered non-mutagenic (negative) in the test system if the above criteria are not met.
Although most experiments will give clear positive or negative results, in some instances the data generated will prohibit a definitive judgement about the test material activity. Results of this type will be reported as equivocal. - Statistics:
- Standard deviation
- Species / strain:
- E. coli WP2 uvr A
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- Tested up to maximum recommended dose of 5000 µg/plate
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations
- Remarks:
- Tested up to maximum recommended dose of 5000 µg/plate
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- RESULTS
Preliminary Toxicity Test
The test material was non-toxic to the strains of bacteria used (TA100 and WP2uvrA-). The test material formulation and S9-mix used in this experiment were both shown to be sterile.
The numbers of revertant colonies for the toxicity assay were:
With (+) or without (-)
S9-mix Strain Dose (µg/plate)
0 0.15 0.5 1.5 5 15 50 150 500 1500 5000
- TA100 88 80 111 93 98 86 90 93 76 99 74
+ TA100 98 74 102 88 109 92 80 114 97 90 99
- WP2uvrA- 22 27 18 23 24 19 22 25 21 22 22
+ WP2uvrA- 19 32 30 31 22 23 25 24 22 20 23
Mutation Test
Prior to use, the master strains were checked for characteristics, viability and spontaneous reversion rate (all were found to be satisfactory). The amino acid supplemented top agar and S9‑mix used in both experiments was shown to be sterile. The culture density for each bacterial strain was also checked and considered acceptable. These data are not given in the report.
Results for the negative controls (spontaneous mutation rates) are presented in Table 1 and were considered to be acceptable. These data are for concurrent untreated control plates performed on the same day as the Mutation Test.
The individual plate counts, the mean number of revertant colonies and the standard deviations, for the test material, positive and vehicle controls, both with and without metabolic activation, are presented in Table 2 and Table 3 for Experiment 1 and Table 4 and Table 5 for Experiment 2.
A history profile of vehicle and positive control values for 2008 and 2009 is presented in Appendix 2.
The test material caused no visible reduction in the growth of the bacterial background lawn at any dose level and was, therefore, tested up to the maximum recommended dose level of 5000 µg/plate. No test material precipitate was observed on the plates of any of the doses tested in either the presence or absence of S9-mix.
No significant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies were recorded for any of the strains of bacteria, at any dose level either with or without metabolic activation or exposure method.
All of the positive control chemicals used in the test induced marked increases in the frequency of revertant colonies thus confirming the activity of theS9-mix and the sensitivity of the bacterial strains. - Remarks on result:
- other: all strains/cell types tested
- Remarks:
- Migrated from field 'Test system'.
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results:
negative
The test material was considered to be non-mutagenic under the conditions of this test. - Executive summary:
Introduction.
The method conforms to the guidelines for bacterial mutagenicity testing published by the major Japanese Regulatory Authorities including METI, MHLW and MAFF. It also meets the requirements of the OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals No. 471 "Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test", Method B13/14 of Commission Regulation (EC) Number 440/2008 of 30 May 2008 and the USA, EPA (TSCA) OPPTS harmonised guidelines.
Methods.
Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98, TA100 and Escherichia coli strain WP2uvrA-were treated with the test material using both the Ames plate incorporation and pre-incubation methods at five dose levels, in triplicate, both with and without the addition of a rat liver homogenate metabolising system (10% liver S9 in standard co-factors). The dose range was determined in a preliminary toxicity assay and was 50 to 5000 µg/plate in the first experiment. The experiment was repeated on a separate day (pre-incubation method) using the same dose range as Experiment 1, fresh cultures of the bacterial strains and fresh test material formulations.
Results.
The vehicle (sterile distilled water) control plates gave counts of revertant colonies within the normal range. All of the positive control chemicals used in the test induced marked increases in the frequency of revertant colonies, both with or without metabolic activation. Thus, the sensitivity of the assay and the efficacy of the S9-mix were validated.
The test material caused no visible reduction in the growth of the bacterial background lawn at any dose level and was, therefore, tested up to the maximum recommended dose level of 5000 µg/plate. No test material precipitate was observed on the plates at any of the doses tested in either the presence or absence of S9-mix.
No significant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies were recorded for any of the bacterial strains, with any dose of the test material, either with or without metabolic activation or exposure method.
Conclusion.
The test material was considered to be non-mutagenic under the conditions of this test.
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
- Remarks:
- Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Justification for type of information:
- REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
In accordance with REACH Annex XI, Section 1.5, of Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH) the standard testing regime may be adapted in cases where a grouping or read-across approach has been applied.
The similarities may be based on:
(1) a common functional group
(2) the common precursors and/or the likelihood of common breakdown products via physical or biological processes, which result in structurally similar chemicals; or
(3) a constant pattern in the changing of the potency of the properties across the category
The source substance and the target substance are considered to be similar enough to facilitate read-across for the following reasons:
1. Both substances show low systemic toxicity in in vivo studies. A number of studies are provided to show that monovalent potassium and/or sodium inorganic orthophosphates exhibit low systemic toxicity via the oral route for both acute exposure and repeated dose exposure.
2. Substance similarities: Both salts are monovalent inorganic phosphates, composed of a phosphate anion and an alkali metal cation. Both the Na+ and the K+ cation have a similar biological function and therefore orthophosphate salts of these types are not considered to differ in their systemic toxicity profile; differences arise in their local effects profile due to the increasing or decreasing acidity of the substances. This has been shown not to have an effect on the systemic toxicity profile of the substances, thus suggesting that they are metabolized via similar metabolic pathways and to similar breakdown products.
Justification for no further testing for genetic toxicity: As sodium and potassium phosphates are routinely used in the nutrient broths that support bacterial colonies in the laboratory and as such bacteria are constantly exposed to these inorganic phosphates. In addition, sodium orthophosphates are also found in the metabolic activation mixture (e.g. S9-mix) which is used in an AMES test to determine whether a test chemical can be metabolized within the body to produce a compound that may be genotoxic. The constant exposure of bacteria to these materials suggests that they pose no inherent risk of genotoxicity. In addition the Na+, K+ and PO43- ions are essential for life and are not considered to be genotoxic or mutagenic in standard test systems.
2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES)
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
4. DATA MATRIX
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’ - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Species / strain:
- E. coli WP2 uvr A
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- Tested up to maximum recommended dose of 5000 µg/plate
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations
- Remarks:
- Tested up to maximum recommended dose of 5000 µg/plate
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- RESULTS
Preliminary Toxicity Test
The test material was non-toxic to the strains of bacteria used (TA100 and WP2uvrA-). The test material formulation and S9-mix used in this experiment were both shown to be sterile.
The numbers of revertant colonies for the toxicity assay were:
With (+) or without (-)
S9-mix Strain Dose (µg/plate)
0 0.15 0.5 1.5 5 15 50 150 500 1500 5000
- TA100 88 80 111 93 98 86 90 93 76 99 74
+ TA100 98 74 102 88 109 92 80 114 97 90 99
- WP2uvrA- 22 27 18 23 24 19 22 25 21 22 22
+ WP2uvrA- 19 32 30 31 22 23 25 24 22 20 23
Mutation Test
Prior to use, the master strains were checked for characteristics, viability and spontaneous reversion rate (all were found to be satisfactory). The amino acid supplemented top agar and S9‑mix used in both experiments was shown to be sterile. The culture density for each bacterial strain was also checked and considered acceptable. These data are not given in the report.
Results for the negative controls (spontaneous mutation rates) are presented in Table 1 and were considered to be acceptable. These data are for concurrent untreated control plates performed on the same day as the Mutation Test.
The individual plate counts, the mean number of revertant colonies and the standard deviations, for the test material, positive and vehicle controls, both with and without metabolic activation, are presented in Table 2 and Table 3 for Experiment 1 and Table 4 and Table 5 for Experiment 2.
A history profile of vehicle and positive control values for 2008 and 2009 is presented in Appendix 2.
The test material caused no visible reduction in the growth of the bacterial background lawn at any dose level and was, therefore, tested up to the maximum recommended dose level of 5000 µg/plate. No test material precipitate was observed on the plates of any of the doses tested in either the presence or absence of S9-mix.
No significant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies were recorded for any of the strains of bacteria, at any dose level either with or without metabolic activation or exposure method.
All of the positive control chemicals used in the test induced marked increases in the frequency of revertant colonies thus confirming the activity of theS9-mix and the sensitivity of the bacterial strains. - Remarks on result:
- other: all strains/cell types tested
- Remarks:
- Migrated from field 'Test system'.
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results:
negative
The test material was considered to be non-mutagenic under the conditions of this test. - Executive summary:
Introduction.
The method conforms to the guidelines for bacterial mutagenicity testing published by the major Japanese Regulatory Authorities including METI, MHLW and MAFF. It also meets the requirements of the OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals No. 471 "Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test", Method B13/14 of Commission Regulation (EC) Number 440/2008 of 30 May 2008 and the USA, EPA (TSCA) OPPTS harmonised guidelines.
Methods.
Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98, TA100 and Escherichia coli strain WP2uvrA-were treated with the test material using both the Ames plate incorporation and pre-incubation methods at five dose levels, in triplicate, both with and without the addition of a rat liver homogenate metabolising system (10% liver S9 in standard co-factors). The dose range was determined in a preliminary toxicity assay and was 50 to 5000 µg/plate in the first experiment. The experiment was repeated on a separate day (pre-incubation method) using the same dose range as Experiment 1, fresh cultures of the bacterial strains and fresh test material formulations.
Results.
The vehicle (sterile distilled water) control plates gave counts of revertant colonies within the normal range. All of the positive control chemicals used in the test induced marked increases in the frequency of revertant colonies, both with or without metabolic activation. Thus, the sensitivity of the assay and the efficacy of the S9-mix were validated.
The test material caused no visible reduction in the growth of the bacterial background lawn at any dose level and was, therefore, tested up to the maximum recommended dose level of 5000 µg/plate. No test material precipitate was observed on the plates at any of the doses tested in either the presence or absence of S9-mix.
No significant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies were recorded for any of the bacterial strains, with any dose of the test material, either with or without metabolic activation or exposure method.
Conclusion.
The test material was considered to be non-mutagenic under the conditions of this test.
- Endpoint:
- in vitro cytogenicity / micronucleus study
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Justification for type of information:
- REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
In accordance with REACH Annex XI, Section 1.5, of Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH) the standard testing regime may be adapted in cases where a grouping or read-across approach has been applied.
The similarities may be based on:
(1) a common functional group
(2) the common precursors and/or the likelihood of common breakdown products via physical or biological processes, which result in structurally similar chemicals; or
(3) a constant pattern in the changing of the potency of the properties across the category
The source substance and the target substance are considered to be similar enough to facilitate read-across for the following reasons:
1. Both substances show low systemic toxicity in in vivo studies. A number of studies are provided to show that monovalent potassium and/or sodium inorganic orthophosphates exhibit low systemic toxicity via the oral route for both acute exposure and repeated dose exposure.
2. Substance similarities: Both salts are monovalent inorganic phosphates, composed of a phosphate anion and an alkali metal cation. Both the Na+ and the K+ cation have a similar biological function and therefore orthophosphate salts of these types are not considered to differ in their systemic toxicity profile; differences arise in their local effects profile due to the increasing or decreasing acidity of the substances. This has been shown not to have an effect on the systemic toxicity profile of the substances, thus suggesting that they are metabolized via similar metabolic pathways and to similar breakdown products.
Justification for no further testing for genetic toxicity: As sodium and potassium phosphates are routinely used in the nutrient broths that support bacterial colonies in the laboratory and as such bacteria are constantly exposed to these inorganic phosphates. In addition, sodium orthophosphates are also found in the metabolic activation mixture (e.g. S9-mix) which is used in an AMES test to determine whether a test chemical can be metabolized within the body to produce a compound that may be genotoxic. The constant exposure of bacteria to these materials suggests that they pose no inherent risk of genotoxicity. In addition the Na+, K+ and PO43- ions are essential for life and are not considered to be genotoxic or mutagenic in standard test systems.
2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES)
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
4. DATA MATRIX
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- lymphocytes: human peripheral lymphocytes
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Effects of pH/osmolarity : No relevant changes in pH or osmolality of the test item formulations at concentrations of 3.16 to 2000 µg/mL medium were noted
- Water solubility: Soluble in water
RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES: . In this preliminary experiment without and with metabolic activation concentrations of 3.16, 10.0, 31.6, 100, 316, 1000 and 2000 µg Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate/mL medium were employed. No signs of cytotoxicity were noted up to the top concentration of 2000 µg/mL medium. Hence, 2000 µg/mL were employed as the top concentration for the genotoxicity tests without (4-hour or 24-hour exposure) and with metabolic activation (4-hour exposure).
CYTOKINESIS BLOCK (if used)
- Distribution of mono-, bi- and multi-nucleated cells: Cytokinesis block proliferation index ranged between 1.26-1.48 for the test substance
NUMBER OF CELLS WITH MICRONUCLEI
- Number of cells for each treated and control culture: see tables below
HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA (with ranges, means and standard deviation and confidence interval (e.g. 95%)
- Positive historical control data (micronucleus frequencies per 1000 cells):
Mitomycin C:
Mean: 46.9
SD: 35
range 17-137
Colchicine:
Mean: 25.9
SD: 9.5
range 15-63
cyclophosphamide:
Mean: 44.0
SD: 37.7
range 14-158
- Negative (solvent/vehicle) historical control data:
Without metabolic activation
Untreated control
mean 6.6
SD 2.9
range 2.0 - 17
95% Confidence interval 5.9 - 7.3
Vehicle control
mean 6.3
SD 3.1
range 2.0 - 18
95% Confidence interval 5.7 - 6.8
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY:
- Measurement of cytotoxicity used: CBPI or RI in the case of the cytokinesis-block method - Conclusions:
- Dipotassium hydrogenorthophosphate was estimated to be non-genotoxic as found in the source study performed with monosodium phosphate.
- Executive summary:
Dipotassium hydrogenorthophosphate was estimated to be non-genotoxic as found in the source study performed with monosodium phosphate. As explained in the justification for type of information, the differences in molecular structure between dipotassium hydrogenorthophosphate and monosodium phosphate are unlikely to lead to differences in the genotoxicity that are higher than the typical experimental error of the test method.
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Justification for type of information:
- REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
In accordance with REACH Annex XI, Section 1.5, of Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH) the standard testing regime may be adapted in cases where a grouping or read-across approach has been applied.
The similarities may be based on:
(1) a common functional group
(2) the common precursors and/or the likelihood of common breakdown products via physical or biological processes, which result in structurally similar chemicals; or
(3) a constant pattern in the changing of the potency of the properties across the category
The source substance and the target substance are considered to be similar enough to facilitate read-across for the following reasons:
1. Both substances show low systemic toxicity in in vivo studies. A number of studies are provided to show that monovalent potassium and/or sodium inorganic orthophosphates exhibit low systemic toxicity via the oral route for both acute exposure and repeated dose exposure.
2. Substance similarities: Both salts are monovalent inorganic phosphates, composed of a phosphate anion and an alkali metal cation. Both the Na+ and the K+ cation have a similar biological function and therefore orthophosphate salts of these types are not considered to differ in their systemic toxicity profile; differences arise in their local effects profile due to the increasing or decreasing acidity of the substances. This has been shown not to have an effect on the systemic toxicity profile of the substances, thus suggesting that they are metabolized via similar metabolic pathways and to similar breakdown products.
Justification for no further testing for genetic toxicity: As sodium and potassium phosphates are routinely used in the nutrient broths that support bacterial colonies in the laboratory and as such bacteria are constantly exposed to these inorganic phosphates. In addition, sodium orthophosphates are also found in the metabolic activation mixture (e.g. S9-mix) which is used in an AMES test to determine whether a test chemical can be metabolized within the body to produce a compound that may be genotoxic. The constant exposure of bacteria to these materials suggests that they pose no inherent risk of genotoxicity. In addition the Na+, K+ and PO43- ions are essential for life and are not considered to be genotoxic or mutagenic in standard test systems.
2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES)
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
4. DATA MATRIX
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Remarks:
- non-mutagenic
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- In preliminary experiment, cytotoxicity was noted at a concentration of 1000 or 2000 ug/mL in the presence of metabolic activation (3-hour exposure)
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- Results
A preliminary study was conducted to establish the highest concentration for the main study. This study was performed without and with metabolic activation.A wide range of test item concentrations of 10.0, 31.6, 100, 316, 1000, and 2000 µg sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate/mL medium were tested for cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity (decreased survival) was noted at a concentration of 1000 or 2000 µg/mL in the presence of metabolic activation (3-hour exposure). For details, seeTable 1. No changes in pH or osmolality were noted in the test item formulations compared to the control (seeText table 7-1 'pH values and osmolality').
Hence, in the main study the highest concentration employed was 2000 µg sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate/mL medium in the experiments without and with metabolic activation.
Methylmethanesulfonate (0.013 or 0.012 µg/mL for a 3- and 24-hour exposure, respectively) was employed as a positive control in the absence of exogenous metabolic activation and 3-Methylcholanthrene (1.0 µg/mL) in the presence of exogenous metabolic activation.
In the main study, cytotoxicity (decreased relative total growth) was noted in the first experiment with metabolic activation at concentrations of 1000 and 2000 µg sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate/mL medium and at 2000 µg/mL medium in the second experiment with S9. No signs of cytotoxicity were noted in the experiments without metabolic activation.
The negative controls had mutation frequencies of 63.89 or 137.93 per 106 clonable cells in the experiments without metabolic activation (3- or 24-hour exposure, respectively, for details seeTable 3a) and 55.47 or 120.71 per 106 clonable cells in the experiments with metabolic activation (for details see Table 3b) and, hence, were all well within the historical data-range.
The mutation frequencies of the cultures treated with sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate ranged from 57.17 to 74.73 per 106 clonable cells (3-hour exposure) and from 84.33 to 164.59 per 106clonable cells (24-hour exposure) in the experiments without metabolic activation (for details seeTable 3a). In the experiments with metabolic activation, mutation frequencies ranged from 63.82 to 86.21 per 106 clonable cells (3-hour exposure, first assay) and from 50.23 to 155.35 per 106 clonable cells (3-hour exposure, second assay) (for details, seeTable 3b). These results were within the range of the negative control values and the normal range of 50 to 170 mutants per 106 viable cells and, hence, no mutagenicity was observed according to the criteria for assay evaluation.
In addition, no change was observed in the ratio of small to large mutant colonies, ranging from 0.40to 1.31 for sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate-treated cells and ratios of 0.42 to 0.94for the negative controls (see Table 4a and Table 4b).
The positive controls Methylmethanesulfonate (MMS) and 3-Methylcholanthrene (3‑MC) caused pronounced increases in the mutation frequency of 474.25 and 652.55 per 106clonable cells in the case of MMS (for details seeTable 3a) and of 387.42 and 489.98 per 106clonable cells in the case of 3-MC (for details seeTable 3b). All positive controls showed an increase in the small colony MF of at least 150 x 10-6above that seen in the concurrent solvent control and an absolute increase in total mutation frequency of at least 300 x 10-6. Furthermore, the mean relative total growth (RTG) for the positive controls was greater than or equal to 10%. Hence, the acceptance criteria were met.
The calculations of suspension growth of the negative controls were in the acceptance criteria range between 8 and 32 following 3-hour treatments or between 32 and 180 following 24-hour treatments (for details see Table 2a and Table 2b). The mean cloning efficiencies (CE = PEx 100) of the negative controls from the Mutation Experiments were between the range 65% to 120% (see Table 3a and Table 3b). Hence, the acceptance criteria described in were met.
The mutation frequency and the colony size ratio of the positive controls and negative controls without and with metabolic activation for the last 11 experiments (background data, not audited by the QAU-department) are attached.
The pH and osmolality data of the negative control and of all test item formulations in the medium were determined in the first preliminary test - see Text table 7-1 below in 'Any other information on results incl. tables.'
No relevant changes in pH or osmolality of the test item formulations at concentrations of 10.0 to 2000 µg/mL medium compared to the negative control were noted. - Conclusions:
- Dipotassium hydrogenorthophosphate is estimated to be non-genotoxic in a L5178Y TK +/- mammalian cell mutagenicity test as found in the source study performed with sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate
- Executive summary:
Dipotassium hydrogenorthophosphate is estimated to be non-genotoxic in a L5178Y TK +/- mammalian cell mutagenicity test as found in the source study performed with sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate. As explained in the justification for type of information, the differences in molecular structure between dipotassium hydrogenorthophosphate and sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate are unlikely to lead to differences in the genotoxicity that are higher than the typical experimental error of the test method.
Referenceopen allclose all
Table 1: Experiments without metabolic activation (S9 mix)
4 hr exposure | ||||
Concentration [µg/mL medium] | CBPI | RI [%] | Number of binucleated cells scored | Number of micrnucleated cells per 1000 bionucleate cells |
Highly purified water (vehicle controls) | ||||
0 | 1.35 | 100 | 2000 | 3.5 |
Sodiu dihydrogen orthophosphate | ||||
125 | 1.36 | 103 | 2000 | 4.0 |
250 | 1.40 | 114 | 2000 | 3.0 |
500 | 1.48 | 139 | 2000 | 4.5 |
1000 | 1.38 | 109 | 2000 | 4.5 |
2000 | 1.36 | 205 | 2000 | 4.0 |
Mitomycin C | ||||
0.2 | 1.38 | 109 | 2000 | 37.5 s |
24 -h exposure | ||||
Concentration of test item [µg/mL medium | CBPI | RI [%] | Number of binucleate cells scored | Number of micronucleated cells per 1000 binucleate cells |
Highly purified water (vehicle control) | ||||
0 | 1.30 | 100 | 2000 | 3.5 |
Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate | ||||
250 | 1.29 | 95 | 2000 | 3.0 |
500 | 1.31 | 104 | 2000 | 3.5 |
1000 | 1.26 | 87 | 2000 | 3.0 |
2000 | 1.26 | 87 | 2000 | 3.5 |
Colchicine | ||||
0.02 | 1.21 | 70 | 2000 | 53.5 s |
CBPI = Cytokinesis block proliferation index
RI = Replicative Index
s. = significantly different from negative control (p ≤ 0.05)
Table 2: Experiment with metabolic activation (S9 mix)
4 -h exposure | ||||
Concentration of test item [µg/mL medium] | CBPI | RI [%] | Number of binucleate cells scored | Number of micronucleated cells per 1000 binucleate cells |
Highly purified water (vehicle contol) | ||||
0 | 1.31 | 100 | 2000 | 3.5 |
Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate | ||||
125 | 1.36 | 118 | 2000 | 3.5 |
250 | 1.29 | 94 | 2000 | 2.5 |
500 | 1.29 | 96 | 2000 | 4.5 |
1000 | 1.31 | 103 | 2000 | 3.5 |
2000 | 1.29 | 94 | 2000 | 3.5 |
Cyclophospamide | ||||
20 | 1.29 | 93 | 2000 | 27.0 s |
CBPI = Cytokinesis block proliferation index
RI = Replicative Index
s. = significantly different from negative control (p ≤ 0.05)
Table 3: Experiment without metabolic activation (S9 mix) - 4 -hr exposure
Culture number | Concentration [µg/mL medium] | mononucleate | Number of binucleate cells# | multinucleate | CBPI | RI [%] | Number of binucleate cells scored | Number of micronucleated cells per 1000 binucleate cells | Significance chi2 -test |
Highly purified water (vehicle control) | |||||||||
1 | 0 | 345 | 144 | 11 | 1.33 | 100 | 1000 | 3 | - |
9 | 0 | 330 | 162 | 8 | 1.36 | 100 | 1000 | 4 | - |
Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate | |||||||||
6 | 125 | 340 | 155 | 5 | 1.33 | 100 | 1000 | 4 | n.s. |
14 | 125 | 320 | 169 | 11 | 1.38 | 106 | 1000 | 4 | n.s. |
5 | 250 | 342 | 146 | 12 | 1.34 | 103 | 1000 | 3 | n.s. |
13 | 250 | 296 | 181 | 23 | 1.45 | 125 | 1000 | 3 | n.s. |
4 | 500 | 246 | 237 | 17 | 1.54 | 164 | 1000 | 5 | n.s. |
12 | 500 | 306 | 183 | 11 | 1.41 | 114 | 1000 | 4 | n.s. |
3 | 1000 | 344 | 143 | 13 | 1.34 | 103 | 1000 | 4 | n.s. |
11 | 1000 | 310 | 177 | 13 | 1.41 | 114 | 1000 | 5 | n.s. |
2 | 2000 | 334 | 160 | 6 | 1.34 | 103 | 1000 | 4 | n.s. |
10 | 2000 | 320 | 172 | 8 | 1.38 | 106 | 1000 | 4 | n.s. |
Mitmycin C | |||||||||
7 | 0.2 | 309 | 183 | 8 | 1.40 | 121 | 1000 | 36 | s. |
15 | 0.2 | 326 | 171 | 3 | 135 | 97 | 1000 | 39 | s. |
n.s. = not significantly different from negative control (p ≤ 0.05)
s. = significantly different from negative control (p ≤ 0.05)
CBPI = Cytokinesis block proliferation index
RI = Replicative test
Table 4: Experiment without metabolic activation (S9 mix) - 24hr exposure
Culture number | Concentration [µg/mL medium] | mononucleate | Number of binucleate cells# | multinucleate | CBPI | RI [%] | Number of binucleate cells scored | Number of micronucleated cells per 1000 binucleate cells | Significane chi2-test |
Highly ourified water (vehicle control) | |||||||||
1 | 0 | 354 | 134 | 12 | 1.32 | 100 | 1000 | 4 | - |
9 | 0 | 378 | 106 | 16 | 1.28 | 100 | 1000 | 3 | - |
Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate | |||||||||
5 | 250 | 366 | 105 | 29 | 1.33 | 103 | 1000 | 4 | n.s. |
13 | 250 | 379 | 120 | 1 | 1.24 | 86 | 1000 | 2 | n.s. |
4 | 500 | 363 | 122 | 15 | 1.30 | 94 | 1000 | 5 | n.s. |
12 | 500 | 356 | 130 | 14 | 1.32 | 114 | 1000 | 2 | n.s. |
3 | 1000 | 377 | 110 | 13 | 1.27 | 84 | 1000 | 3 | n.s. |
11 | 1000 | 382 | 112 | 6 | 1.25 | 89 | 1000 | 3 | n.s. |
2 | 2000 | 370 | 119 | 11 | 1.28 | 88 | 1000 | 4 | n.s. |
10 | 2000 | 389 | 103 | 8 | 1.24 | 86 | 1000 | 3 | n.s. |
Colchicine | |||||||||
7 | 0.02 | 403 | 86 | 11 | 1.22 | 69 | 1000 | 61 | s. |
15 | 0.02 | 408 | 85 | 7 | 1.20 | 71 | 1000 | 46 | s. |
n.s = not significantly different from negative control (p ≤ 0.05)
s. = significantly different from negative control (p ≤ 0.05)
CBPI = Cytokinesis block proliferation index
RI = Replicative Index
Table 5: Experiment with metabolic activation (+S9 mix) -4hr exposure
Culture number | Concentration [µg/mL medium] | mononucleate | Number of binucleate cells# | multinucleate | CBPI | RI [%] | Number of binucleate cells scored | Number of micronucleated cells per 1000 binucleate cells | Significance chi2-test |
Highly purified water (vehicle control) | |||||||||
1 | 0 | 366 | 128 | 6 | 1.28 | 100 | 1000 | 4 | - |
9 | 0 | 343 | 143 | 14 | 1.34 | 100 | 1000 | 3 | - |
Sodium dihydrogen orthphosphate | |||||||||
6 | 125 | 320 | 165 | 15 | 1.39 | 139 | 1000 | 4 | n.s. |
14 | 125 | 345 | 146 | 9 | 1.33 | 97 | 1000 | 3 | n.s. |
5 | 250 | 367 | 127 | 6 | 1.28 | 100 | 1000 | 2 | n.s. |
13 | 250 | 362 | 127 | 11 | 1.30 | 88 | 1000 | 3 | n.s |
4 | 500 | 344 | 144 | 12 | 1.34 | 121 | 1000 | 4 | n.s. |
12 | 500 | 288 | 103 | 9 | 1.24 | 71 | 1000 | 5 | n.s. |
3 | 1000 | 325 | 163 | 12 | 1.37 | 132 | 1000 | 3 | n.s. |
11 | 1000 | 380 | 116 | 4 | 1.25 | 74 | 1000 | 4 | n.s. |
2 | 2000 | 378 | 106 | 16 | 1.28 | 100 | 1000 | 2 | n.s. |
10 | 2000 | 361 | 130 | 9 | 1.30 | 88 | 1000 | 5 | n.s. |
Cyclophosphamide | |||||||||
7 | 20 | 367 | 127 | 6 | 1.28 | 100 | 1000 | 26 | s. |
15 | 20 | 362 | 132 | 6 | 1.29 | 85 | 1000 | 28 | s. |
n.s. = not significantly different from negative control (p ≤ 0.05)
s. = significantly different from negative control (p ≤ 0.05)
CBPI = Cytokinesis block proliferation index
RI replicative index
Please see Attached Tables
Due to the nature and quantity of the tables it was not possible to insert them in this section.
Text table 7-1 pH values and osmolality
Concentration of |
pH value |
Osmolality |
Sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate |
|
[mOsmol/kg] |
[µg/mL medium] |
|
|
Medium |
7.59 |
290.0 |
Negative control |
7.60 |
290.0 |
10 |
7.62 |
285.0 |
31.6 |
7.65 |
285.0 |
100 |
7.53 |
285.0 |
316 |
7.67 |
285.0 |
1000 |
6.96 |
290.0 |
2000 |
6.68 |
310.0 |
Table1 Spontaneous Mutation Rates (Concurrent Negative Controls)
EXPERIMENT 1
Number of revertants (mean number of colonies per plate) |
|||||||||
Base-pair substitution type |
Frameshift type |
||||||||
TA100 |
TA1535 |
WP2uvrA- |
TA98 |
TA1537 |
|||||
96 |
|
20 |
|
22 |
|
16 |
|
7 |
|
95 |
(93) |
21 |
(20) |
18 |
(21) |
21 |
(21) |
12 |
(11) |
88 |
|
18 |
|
22 |
|
25 |
|
13 |
|
EXPERIMENT 2
Number of revertants (mean number of colonies per plate) |
|||||||||
Base-pair substitution type |
Frameshift type |
||||||||
TA100 |
TA1535 |
WP2uvrA- |
TA98 |
TA1537 |
|||||
89 |
|
12 |
|
53 |
|
18 |
|
10 |
|
96 |
(97) |
18 |
(13) |
34 |
(40) |
21 |
(21) |
13 |
(11) |
107 |
|
10 |
|
32 |
|
23 |
|
11 |
|
Table 2 Test Results: Experiment 1 – Without Metabolic Activation
Test Period |
From: 08 June 2010 |
To: 11 June 2010 |
||||||||||
With or without S9-Mix |
Test substance concentration (µg/plate) |
Number of revertants (mean number of colonies per plate) |
||||||||||
Base-pair substitution type |
Frameshift type |
|||||||||||
TA100 |
TA1535 |
WP2uvrA- |
TA98 |
TA1537 |
||||||||
- |
0 |
108 92 89 |
(96) 10.2# |
22 29 25 |
(25) 3.5 |
23 32 27 |
(27) 4.5 |
22 15 27 |
(21) 6.0 |
16 14 10 |
(13) 3.1 |
|
- |
50 |
86 99 115 |
(100) 14.5 |
26 27 27 |
(27) 0.6 |
33 29 27 |
(30) 3.1 |
14 21 14 |
(16) 4.0 |
10 15 16 |
(14) 3.2 |
|
- |
150 |
107 111 97 |
(105) 7.2 |
20 25 24 |
(23) 2.6 |
24 30 24 |
(26) 3.5 |
20 18 15 |
(18) 2.5 |
15 16 13 |
(15) 1.5 |
|
- |
500 |
98 103 102 |
(101) 2.6 |
29 21 23 |
(24) 4.2 |
32 26 30 |
(29) 3.1 |
20 19 18 |
(19) 1.0 |
12 7 15 |
(11) 4.0 |
|
- |
1500 |
103 103 117 |
(108) 8.1 |
23 20 18 |
(20) 2.5 |
27 31 26 |
(28) 2.6 |
16 14 22 |
(17) 4.2 |
10 15 10 |
(12) 2.9 |
|
- |
5000 |
111 119 112 |
(114) 4.4 |
25 19 22 |
(22) 3.0 |
29 27 22 |
(26) 3.6 |
13 21 19 |
(18) 4.2 |
12 13 11 |
(12) 1.0 |
|
Positive controls
S9-Mix
- |
Name Concentration (μg/plate) No. colonies per plate |
ENNG |
ENNG |
ENNG |
4NQO |
9AA |
||||||
3 |
5 |
2 |
0.2 |
80 |
||||||||
499 514 504 |
(506) 7.6 |
306 269 231 |
(269) 37.5 |
208 189 240 |
(212) 25.8 |
145 145 152 |
(147) 4.0 |
559 652 385 |
(532) 135.5 |
|||
ENNG N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
4NQO 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide
9AA 9-Aminoacridine
# Standard deviation
Table 3 Test Results: Experiment 1 – With Metabolic Activation
Test Period |
From: 08 June 2010 |
To: 11 June 2010 |
||||||||||
With or without S9-Mix |
Test substance concentration (µg/plate) |
Number of revertants (mean number of colonies per plate) |
||||||||||
Base-pair substitution type |
Frameshift type |
|||||||||||
TA100 |
TA1535 |
WP2uvrA- |
TA98 |
TA1537 |
||||||||
+ |
0 |
103 103 87 |
(98) 9.2# |
14 14 13 |
(14) 0.6 |
26 30 36 |
(31) 5.0 |
24 25 31 |
(27) 3.8 |
9 14 14 |
(12) 2.9 |
|
+ |
50 |
104 110 99 |
(104) 5.5 |
13 7 10 |
(10) 3.0 |
25 30 31 |
(29) 3.2 |
21 18 23 |
(21) 2.5 |
10 15 14 |
(13) 2.6 |
|
+ |
150 |
119 100 93 |
(104) 13.5 |
12 13 14 |
(13) 1.0 |
30 34 32 |
(32) 2.0 |
23 25 25 |
(24) 1.2 |
13 10 7 |
(10) 3.0 |
|
+ |
500 |
90 84 92 |
(89) 4.2 |
14 14 15 |
(14) 0.6 |
30 24 26 |
(27) 3.1 |
18 24 29 |
(24) 5.5 |
15 11 11 |
(12) 2.3 |
|
+ |
1500 |
104 107 100 |
(104) 3.5 |
12 9 14 |
(12) 2.5 |
35 29 29 |
(31) 3.5 |
27 23 33 |
(28) 5.0 |
10 15 9 |
(11) 3.2 |
|
+ |
5000 |
86 98 84 |
(89) 7.6 |
14 14 12 |
(13) 1.2 |
30 30 27 |
(29) 1.7 |
24 23 32 |
(26) 4.9 |
12 9 14 |
(12) 2.5 |
|
Positive controls
S9-Mix
+ |
Name Concentration (μg/plate) No. colonies per plate |
2AA |
2AA |
2AA |
BP |
2AA |
||||||
1 |
2 |
10 |
5 |
2 |
||||||||
405 389 381 |
(392) 12.2 |
219 197 229 |
(215) 16.4 |
300 323 324 |
(316) 13.6 |
202 133 128 |
(154) 41.4 |
242 273 216 |
(244) 28.5 |
|||
2AABP#
2AA 2-Aminoanthracene
BP Benzo(a)pyren
# Standard deviation
Table 4 Test Results: Experiment 2 – Without Metabolic Activation
Test Period |
From: 21 June 2010 |
To: 24 June 2010 |
||||||||||
With or without S9-Mix |
Test substance concentration (µg/plate) |
Number of revertants (mean number of colonies per plate) |
||||||||||
Base-pair substitution type |
Frameshift type |
|||||||||||
TA100 |
TA1535 |
WP2uvrA- |
TA98 |
TA1537 |
||||||||
- |
0 |
122 107 101 |
(110) 10.8# |
18 9 15 |
(14) 4.6 |
30 21 33 |
(28) 6.2 |
32 26 20 |
(26) 6.0 |
20 19 15 |
(18) 2.6 |
|
- |
50 |
98 122 98 |
(106) 13.9 |
15 11 18 |
(15) 3.5 |
35 24 42 |
(34) 9.1 |
18 20 23 |
(20) 2.5 |
9 27 8 |
(15) 10.7 |
|
- |
150 |
84 101 110 |
(98) 13.2 |
13 15 8 |
(12) 3.6 |
33 25 31 |
(30) 4.2 |
27 16 24 |
(22) 5.7 |
12 14 18 |
(15) 3.1 |
|
- |
500 |
123 113 122 |
(119) 5.5 |
12 8 13 |
(11) 2.6 |
25 43 25 |
(31) 10.4 |
26 24 35 |
(28) 5.9 |
15 10 16 |
(14) 3.2 |
|
- |
1500 |
112 106 97 |
(105) 7.5 |
11 13 15 |
(13) 2.0 |
33 37 33 |
(34) 2.3 |
31 20 23 |
(25) 5.7 |
11 14 14 |
(13) 1.7 |
|
- |
5000 |
89 100 101 |
(97) 6.7 |
7 8 20 |
(12) 7.2 |
35 31 30 |
(32) 2.6 |
27 20 21 |
(23) 3.8 |
7 9 10 |
(9) 1.5 |
|
Positive controls
S9-Mix
- |
Name Concentration (μg/plate) No. colonies per plate |
ENNG |
ENNG |
ENNG |
4NQO |
9AA |
||||||
3 |
5 |
2 |
0.2 |
80 |
||||||||
507 430 484 |
(474) 39.5 |
466 276 298 |
(347) 103.9 |
317 330 301 |
(316) 14.5 |
152 157 132 |
(147) 13.2 |
2206 2210 2107 |
(2174) 58.3 |
|||
ENNG4NQO9AA#
ENNG N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
4NQO 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide
9AA 9-Aminoacridine
# Standard deviation
Table 5 Test Results: Experiment 2 – With Metabolic Activation
Test Period |
From: 21 June 2010 |
To: 24 June 2010 |
||||||||||
With or without S9-Mix |
Test substance concentration (µg/plate) |
Number of revertants (mean number of colonies per plate) |
||||||||||
Base-pair substitution type |
Frameshift type |
|||||||||||
TA100 |
TA1535 |
WP2uvrA- |
TA98 |
TA1537 |
||||||||
+ |
0 |
102 107 118 |
(109) 8.2# |
16 18 20 |
(18) 2.0 |
40 34 43 |
(39) 4.6 |
42 27 24 |
(31) 9.6 |
20 11 9 |
(13) 5.9 |
|
+ |
50 |
99 108 85 |
(97) 11.6 |
11 11 13 |
(12) 1.2 |
37 37 37 |
(37) 0.0 |
26 24 32 |
(27) 4.2 |
15 19 10 |
(15) 4.5 |
|
+ |
150 |
81 82 95 |
(86) 7.8 |
11 9 22 |
(14) 7.0 |
44 42 35 |
(40) 4.7 |
37 34 22 |
(31) 7.9 |
23 13 9 |
(15) 7.2 |
|
+ |
500 |
99 108 136 |
(114) 19.3 |
19 13 16 |
(16) 3.0 |
33 36 35 |
(35) 1.5 |
30 23 26 |
(26) 3.5 |
13 7 7 |
(9) 3.5 |
|
+ |
1500 |
101 76 75 |
(84) 14.7 |
14 9 15 |
(13) 3.2 |
32 41 34 |
(36) 4.7 |
25 25 30 |
(27) 2.9 |
10 11 10 |
(10) 0.6 |
|
+ |
5000 |
93 77 84 |
(85) 8.0 |
14 9 13 |
(12) 2.6 |
40 41 41 |
(41) 0.6 |
23 31 29 |
(28) 4.2 |
9 12 10 |
(10) 1.5 |
|
Positive controls
S9-Mix
+ |
Name Concentration (μg/plate) No. colonies per plate |
2AA |
2AA |
2AA |
BP |
2AA |
||||||
1 |
2 |
10 |
5 |
2 |
||||||||
592 675 673 |
(647) 47.4 |
145 132 152 |
(143) 10.1 |
299 262 321 |
(294) 29.8 |
188 198 246 |
(211) 31.0 |
157 166 161 |
(161) 4.5 |
|||
2AABP#
2AA 2-Aminoanthracene
BP Benzo(a)pyren
# Standard deviation
Table1 Spontaneous Mutation Rates (Concurrent Negative Controls)
EXPERIMENT 1
Number of revertants (mean number of colonies per plate) |
|||||||||
Base-pair substitution type |
Frameshift type |
||||||||
TA100 |
TA1535 |
WP2uvrA- |
TA98 |
TA1537 |
|||||
96 |
|
20 |
|
22 |
|
16 |
|
7 |
|
95 |
(93) |
21 |
(20) |
18 |
(21) |
21 |
(21) |
12 |
(11) |
88 |
|
18 |
|
22 |
|
25 |
|
13 |
|
EXPERIMENT 2
Number of revertants (mean number of colonies per plate) |
|||||||||
Base-pair substitution type |
Frameshift type |
||||||||
TA100 |
TA1535 |
WP2uvrA- |
TA98 |
TA1537 |
|||||
89 |
|
12 |
|
53 |
|
18 |
|
10 |
|
96 |
(97) |
18 |
(13) |
34 |
(40) |
21 |
(21) |
13 |
(11) |
107 |
|
10 |
|
32 |
|
23 |
|
11 |
|
Table 2 Test Results: Experiment 1 – Without Metabolic Activation
Test Period |
From: 08 June 2010 |
To: 11 June 2010 |
||||||||||
With or without S9-Mix |
Test substance concentration (µg/plate) |
Number of revertants (mean number of colonies per plate) |
||||||||||
Base-pair substitution type |
Frameshift type |
|||||||||||
TA100 |
TA1535 |
WP2uvrA- |
TA98 |
TA1537 |
||||||||
- |
0 |
108 92 89 |
(96) 10.2# |
22 29 25 |
(25) 3.5 |
23 32 27 |
(27) 4.5 |
22 15 27 |
(21) 6.0 |
16 14 10 |
(13) 3.1 |
|
- |
50 |
86 99 115 |
(100) 14.5 |
26 27 27 |
(27) 0.6 |
33 29 27 |
(30) 3.1 |
14 21 14 |
(16) 4.0 |
10 15 16 |
(14) 3.2 |
|
- |
150 |
107 111 97 |
(105) 7.2 |
20 25 24 |
(23) 2.6 |
24 30 24 |
(26) 3.5 |
20 18 15 |
(18) 2.5 |
15 16 13 |
(15) 1.5 |
|
- |
500 |
98 103 102 |
(101) 2.6 |
29 21 23 |
(24) 4.2 |
32 26 30 |
(29) 3.1 |
20 19 18 |
(19) 1.0 |
12 7 15 |
(11) 4.0 |
|
- |
1500 |
103 103 117 |
(108) 8.1 |
23 20 18 |
(20) 2.5 |
27 31 26 |
(28) 2.6 |
16 14 22 |
(17) 4.2 |
10 15 10 |
(12) 2.9 |
|
- |
5000 |
111 119 112 |
(114) 4.4 |
25 19 22 |
(22) 3.0 |
29 27 22 |
(26) 3.6 |
13 21 19 |
(18) 4.2 |
12 13 11 |
(12) 1.0 |
|
Positive controls
S9-Mix
- |
Name Concentration (μg/plate) No. colonies per plate |
ENNG |
ENNG |
ENNG |
4NQO |
9AA |
||||||
3 |
5 |
2 |
0.2 |
80 |
||||||||
499 514 504 |
(506) 7.6 |
306 269 231 |
(269) 37.5 |
208 189 240 |
(212) 25.8 |
145 145 152 |
(147) 4.0 |
559 652 385 |
(532) 135.5 |
|||
ENNG N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
4NQO 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide
9AA 9-Aminoacridine
# Standard deviation
Table 3 Test Results: Experiment 1 – With Metabolic Activation
Test Period |
From: 08 June 2010 |
To: 11 June 2010 |
||||||||||
With or without S9-Mix |
Test substance concentration (µg/plate) |
Number of revertants (mean number of colonies per plate) |
||||||||||
Base-pair substitution type |
Frameshift type |
|||||||||||
TA100 |
TA1535 |
WP2uvrA- |
TA98 |
TA1537 |
||||||||
+ |
0 |
103 103 87 |
(98) 9.2# |
14 14 13 |
(14) 0.6 |
26 30 36 |
(31) 5.0 |
24 25 31 |
(27) 3.8 |
9 14 14 |
(12) 2.9 |
|
+ |
50 |
104 110 99 |
(104) 5.5 |
13 7 10 |
(10) 3.0 |
25 30 31 |
(29) 3.2 |
21 18 23 |
(21) 2.5 |
10 15 14 |
(13) 2.6 |
|
+ |
150 |
119 100 93 |
(104) 13.5 |
12 13 14 |
(13) 1.0 |
30 34 32 |
(32) 2.0 |
23 25 25 |
(24) 1.2 |
13 10 7 |
(10) 3.0 |
|
+ |
500 |
90 84 92 |
(89) 4.2 |
14 14 15 |
(14) 0.6 |
30 24 26 |
(27) 3.1 |
18 24 29 |
(24) 5.5 |
15 11 11 |
(12) 2.3 |
|
+ |
1500 |
104 107 100 |
(104) 3.5 |
12 9 14 |
(12) 2.5 |
35 29 29 |
(31) 3.5 |
27 23 33 |
(28) 5.0 |
10 15 9 |
(11) 3.2 |
|
+ |
5000 |
86 98 84 |
(89) 7.6 |
14 14 12 |
(13) 1.2 |
30 30 27 |
(29) 1.7 |
24 23 32 |
(26) 4.9 |
12 9 14 |
(12) 2.5 |
|
Positive controls
S9-Mix
+ |
Name Concentration (μg/plate) No. colonies per plate |
2AA |
2AA |
2AA |
BP |
2AA |
||||||
1 |
2 |
10 |
5 |
2 |
||||||||
405 389 381 |
(392) 12.2 |
219 197 229 |
(215) 16.4 |
300 323 324 |
(316) 13.6 |
202 133 128 |
(154) 41.4 |
242 273 216 |
(244) 28.5 |
|||
2AABP#
2AA 2-Aminoanthracene
BP Benzo(a)pyren
# Standard deviation
Table 4 Test Results: Experiment 2 – Without Metabolic Activation
Test Period |
From: 21 June 2010 |
To: 24 June 2010 |
||||||||||
With or without S9-Mix |
Test substance concentration (µg/plate) |
Number of revertants (mean number of colonies per plate) |
||||||||||
Base-pair substitution type |
Frameshift type |
|||||||||||
TA100 |
TA1535 |
WP2uvrA- |
TA98 |
TA1537 |
||||||||
- |
0 |
122 107 101 |
(110) 10.8# |
18 9 15 |
(14) 4.6 |
30 21 33 |
(28) 6.2 |
32 26 20 |
(26) 6.0 |
20 19 15 |
(18) 2.6 |
|
- |
50 |
98 122 98 |
(106) 13.9 |
15 11 18 |
(15) 3.5 |
35 24 42 |
(34) 9.1 |
18 20 23 |
(20) 2.5 |
9 27 8 |
(15) 10.7 |
|
- |
150 |
84 101 110 |
(98) 13.2 |
13 15 8 |
(12) 3.6 |
33 25 31 |
(30) 4.2 |
27 16 24 |
(22) 5.7 |
12 14 18 |
(15) 3.1 |
|
- |
500 |
123 113 122 |
(119) 5.5 |
12 8 13 |
(11) 2.6 |
25 43 25 |
(31) 10.4 |
26 24 35 |
(28) 5.9 |
15 10 16 |
(14) 3.2 |
|
- |
1500 |
112 106 97 |
(105) 7.5 |
11 13 15 |
(13) 2.0 |
33 37 33 |
(34) 2.3 |
31 20 23 |
(25) 5.7 |
11 14 14 |
(13) 1.7 |
|
- |
5000 |
89 100 101 |
(97) 6.7 |
7 8 20 |
(12) 7.2 |
35 31 30 |
(32) 2.6 |
27 20 21 |
(23) 3.8 |
7 9 10 |
(9) 1.5 |
|
Positive controls
S9-Mix
- |
Name Concentration (μg/plate) No. colonies per plate |
ENNG |
ENNG |
ENNG |
4NQO |
9AA |
||||||
3 |
5 |
2 |
0.2 |
80 |
||||||||
507 430 484 |
(474) 39.5 |
466 276 298 |
(347) 103.9 |
317 330 301 |
(316) 14.5 |
152 157 132 |
(147) 13.2 |
2206 2210 2107 |
(2174) 58.3 |
|||
ENNG4NQO9AA#
ENNG N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
4NQO 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide
9AA 9-Aminoacridine
# Standard deviation
Table 5 Test Results: Experiment 2 – With Metabolic Activation
Test Period |
From: 21 June 2010 |
To: 24 June 2010 |
||||||||||
With or without S9-Mix |
Test substance concentration (µg/plate) |
Number of revertants (mean number of colonies per plate) |
||||||||||
Base-pair substitution type |
Frameshift type |
|||||||||||
TA100 |
TA1535 |
WP2uvrA- |
TA98 |
TA1537 |
||||||||
+ |
0 |
102 107 118 |
(109) 8.2# |
16 18 20 |
(18) 2.0 |
40 34 43 |
(39) 4.6 |
42 27 24 |
(31) 9.6 |
20 11 9 |
(13) 5.9 |
|
+ |
50 |
99 108 85 |
(97) 11.6 |
11 11 13 |
(12) 1.2 |
37 37 37 |
(37) 0.0 |
26 24 32 |
(27) 4.2 |
15 19 10 |
(15) 4.5 |
|
+ |
150 |
81 82 95 |
(86) 7.8 |
11 9 22 |
(14) 7.0 |
44 42 35 |
(40) 4.7 |
37 34 22 |
(31) 7.9 |
23 13 9 |
(15) 7.2 |
|
+ |
500 |
99 108 136 |
(114) 19.3 |
19 13 16 |
(16) 3.0 |
33 36 35 |
(35) 1.5 |
30 23 26 |
(26) 3.5 |
13 7 7 |
(9) 3.5 |
|
+ |
1500 |
101 76 75 |
(84) 14.7 |
14 9 15 |
(13) 3.2 |
32 41 34 |
(36) 4.7 |
25 25 30 |
(27) 2.9 |
10 11 10 |
(10) 0.6 |
|
+ |
5000 |
93 77 84 |
(85) 8.0 |
14 9 13 |
(12) 2.6 |
40 41 41 |
(41) 0.6 |
23 31 29 |
(28) 4.2 |
9 12 10 |
(10) 1.5 |
|
Positive controls
S9-Mix
+ |
Name Concentration (μg/plate) No. colonies per plate |
2AA |
2AA |
2AA |
BP |
2AA |
||||||
1 |
2 |
10 |
5 |
2 |
||||||||
592 675 673 |
(647) 47.4 |
145 132 152 |
(143) 10.1 |
299 262 321 |
(294) 29.8 |
188 198 246 |
(211) 31.0 |
157 166 161 |
(161) 4.5 |
|||
2AABP#
2AA 2-Aminoanthracene
BP Benzo(a)pyren
# Standard deviation
Table 1: Experiments without metabolic activation (S9 mix)
4 hr exposure | ||||
Concentration [µg/mL medium] | CBPI | RI [%] | Number of binucleated cells scored | Number of micrnucleated cells per 1000 bionucleate cells |
Highly purified water (vehicle controls) | ||||
0 | 1.35 | 100 | 2000 | 3.5 |
Sodiu dihydrogen orthophosphate | ||||
125 | 1.36 | 103 | 2000 | 4.0 |
250 | 1.40 | 114 | 2000 | 3.0 |
500 | 1.48 | 139 | 2000 | 4.5 |
1000 | 1.38 | 109 | 2000 | 4.5 |
2000 | 1.36 | 205 | 2000 | 4.0 |
Mitomycin C | ||||
0.2 | 1.38 | 109 | 2000 | 37.5 s |
24 -h exposure | ||||
Concentration of test item [µg/mL medium | CBPI | RI [%] | Number of binucleate cells scored | Number of micronucleated cells per 1000 binucleate cells |
Highly purified water (vehicle control) | ||||
0 | 1.30 | 100 | 2000 | 3.5 |
Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate | ||||
250 | 1.29 | 95 | 2000 | 3.0 |
500 | 1.31 | 104 | 2000 | 3.5 |
1000 | 1.26 | 87 | 2000 | 3.0 |
2000 | 1.26 | 87 | 2000 | 3.5 |
Colchicine | ||||
0.02 | 1.21 | 70 | 2000 | 53.5 s |
CBPI = Cytokinesis block proliferation index
RI = Replicative Index
s. = significantly different from negative control (p ≤ 0.05)
Table 2: Experiment with metabolic activation (S9 mix)
4 -h exposure | ||||
Concentration of test item [µg/mL medium] | CBPI | RI [%] | Number of binucleate cells scored | Number of micronucleated cells per 1000 binucleate cells |
Highly purified water (vehicle contol) | ||||
0 | 1.31 | 100 | 2000 | 3.5 |
Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate | ||||
125 | 1.36 | 118 | 2000 | 3.5 |
250 | 1.29 | 94 | 2000 | 2.5 |
500 | 1.29 | 96 | 2000 | 4.5 |
1000 | 1.31 | 103 | 2000 | 3.5 |
2000 | 1.29 | 94 | 2000 | 3.5 |
Cyclophospamide | ||||
20 | 1.29 | 93 | 2000 | 27.0 s |
CBPI = Cytokinesis block proliferation index
RI = Replicative Index
s. = significantly different from negative control (p ≤ 0.05)
Table 3: Experiment without metabolic activation (S9 mix) - 4 -hr exposure
Culture number | Concentration [µg/mL medium] | mononucleate | Number of binucleate cells# | multinucleate | CBPI | RI [%] | Number of binucleate cells scored | Number of micronucleated cells per 1000 binucleate cells | Significance chi2 -test |
Highly purified water (vehicle control) | |||||||||
1 | 0 | 345 | 144 | 11 | 1.33 | 100 | 1000 | 3 | - |
9 | 0 | 330 | 162 | 8 | 1.36 | 100 | 1000 | 4 | - |
Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate | |||||||||
6 | 125 | 340 | 155 | 5 | 1.33 | 100 | 1000 | 4 | n.s. |
14 | 125 | 320 | 169 | 11 | 1.38 | 106 | 1000 | 4 | n.s. |
5 | 250 | 342 | 146 | 12 | 1.34 | 103 | 1000 | 3 | n.s. |
13 | 250 | 296 | 181 | 23 | 1.45 | 125 | 1000 | 3 | n.s. |
4 | 500 | 246 | 237 | 17 | 1.54 | 164 | 1000 | 5 | n.s. |
12 | 500 | 306 | 183 | 11 | 1.41 | 114 | 1000 | 4 | n.s. |
3 | 1000 | 344 | 143 | 13 | 1.34 | 103 | 1000 | 4 | n.s. |
11 | 1000 | 310 | 177 | 13 | 1.41 | 114 | 1000 | 5 | n.s. |
2 | 2000 | 334 | 160 | 6 | 1.34 | 103 | 1000 | 4 | n.s. |
10 | 2000 | 320 | 172 | 8 | 1.38 | 106 | 1000 | 4 | n.s. |
Mitmycin C | |||||||||
7 | 0.2 | 309 | 183 | 8 | 1.40 | 121 | 1000 | 36 | s. |
15 | 0.2 | 326 | 171 | 3 | 135 | 97 | 1000 | 39 | s. |
n.s. = not significantly different from negative control (p ≤ 0.05)
s. = significantly different from negative control (p ≤ 0.05)
CBPI = Cytokinesis block proliferation index
RI = Replicative test
Table 4: Experiment without metabolic activation (S9 mix) - 24hr exposure
Culture number | Concentration [µg/mL medium] | mononucleate | Number of binucleate cells# | multinucleate | CBPI | RI [%] | Number of binucleate cells scored | Number of micronucleated cells per 1000 binucleate cells | Significane chi2-test |
Highly ourified water (vehicle control) | |||||||||
1 | 0 | 354 | 134 | 12 | 1.32 | 100 | 1000 | 4 | - |
9 | 0 | 378 | 106 | 16 | 1.28 | 100 | 1000 | 3 | - |
Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate | |||||||||
5 | 250 | 366 | 105 | 29 | 1.33 | 103 | 1000 | 4 | n.s. |
13 | 250 | 379 | 120 | 1 | 1.24 | 86 | 1000 | 2 | n.s. |
4 | 500 | 363 | 122 | 15 | 1.30 | 94 | 1000 | 5 | n.s. |
12 | 500 | 356 | 130 | 14 | 1.32 | 114 | 1000 | 2 | n.s. |
3 | 1000 | 377 | 110 | 13 | 1.27 | 84 | 1000 | 3 | n.s. |
11 | 1000 | 382 | 112 | 6 | 1.25 | 89 | 1000 | 3 | n.s. |
2 | 2000 | 370 | 119 | 11 | 1.28 | 88 | 1000 | 4 | n.s. |
10 | 2000 | 389 | 103 | 8 | 1.24 | 86 | 1000 | 3 | n.s. |
Colchicine | |||||||||
7 | 0.02 | 403 | 86 | 11 | 1.22 | 69 | 1000 | 61 | s. |
15 | 0.02 | 408 | 85 | 7 | 1.20 | 71 | 1000 | 46 | s. |
n.s = not significantly different from negative control (p ≤ 0.05)
s. = significantly different from negative control (p ≤ 0.05)
CBPI = Cytokinesis block proliferation index
RI = Replicative Index
Table 5: Experiment with metabolic activation (+S9 mix) -4hr exposure
Culture number | Concentration [µg/mL medium] | mononucleate | Number of binucleate cells# | multinucleate | CBPI | RI [%] | Number of binucleate cells scored | Number of micronucleated cells per 1000 binucleate cells | Significance chi2-test |
Highly purified water (vehicle control) | |||||||||
1 | 0 | 366 | 128 | 6 | 1.28 | 100 | 1000 | 4 | - |
9 | 0 | 343 | 143 | 14 | 1.34 | 100 | 1000 | 3 | - |
Sodium dihydrogen orthphosphate | |||||||||
6 | 125 | 320 | 165 | 15 | 1.39 | 139 | 1000 | 4 | n.s. |
14 | 125 | 345 | 146 | 9 | 1.33 | 97 | 1000 | 3 | n.s. |
5 | 250 | 367 | 127 | 6 | 1.28 | 100 | 1000 | 2 | n.s. |
13 | 250 | 362 | 127 | 11 | 1.30 | 88 | 1000 | 3 | n.s |
4 | 500 | 344 | 144 | 12 | 1.34 | 121 | 1000 | 4 | n.s. |
12 | 500 | 288 | 103 | 9 | 1.24 | 71 | 1000 | 5 | n.s. |
3 | 1000 | 325 | 163 | 12 | 1.37 | 132 | 1000 | 3 | n.s. |
11 | 1000 | 380 | 116 | 4 | 1.25 | 74 | 1000 | 4 | n.s. |
2 | 2000 | 378 | 106 | 16 | 1.28 | 100 | 1000 | 2 | n.s. |
10 | 2000 | 361 | 130 | 9 | 1.30 | 88 | 1000 | 5 | n.s. |
Cyclophosphamide | |||||||||
7 | 20 | 367 | 127 | 6 | 1.28 | 100 | 1000 | 26 | s. |
15 | 20 | 362 | 132 | 6 | 1.29 | 85 | 1000 | 28 | s. |
n.s. = not significantly different from negative control (p ≤ 0.05)
s. = significantly different from negative control (p ≤ 0.05)
CBPI = Cytokinesis block proliferation index
RI replicative index
Please see Attached Tables
Due to the nature and quantity of the tables it was not possible to insert them in this section.
Text table 7-1 pH values and osmolality
Concentration of |
pH value |
Osmolality |
Sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate |
|
[mOsmol/kg] |
[µg/mL medium] |
|
|
Medium |
7.59 |
290.0 |
Negative control |
7.60 |
290.0 |
10 |
7.62 |
285.0 |
31.6 |
7.65 |
285.0 |
100 |
7.53 |
285.0 |
316 |
7.67 |
285.0 |
1000 |
6.96 |
290.0 |
2000 |
6.68 |
310.0 |
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed (negative)
Additional information
JUSTIFICATION FOR READ ACROSS; sodium and potassium orthophosphates.
The following substances are considered to be similar enough to facilitate read across for genetic toxicity endpoints:
Sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate, CAS: 7558-80-7
Disodium hydrogenorthophosphate, CAS: 7558-79-4
Trisodium orthophosphate, CAS: 7601-54-9
Potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate, CAS: 7778-77-0
Dipotassium hydrogenorthophosphate, CAS: 7758-11-4
Tripotassium orthophosphate, CAS: 7778-53-2
Potassium pentahydrogen bis(phosphate), CAS: 14887-42-4
All of the above substances have exhibited similar toxicity in acute oral and dermal studies and all are highly water soluble.
Read across is justified on the following basis:
1. Low systemic toxicity in in vivo studies.
A number of studies are provided to show that monovalent potassium and/or sodium inorganic orthophosphates exhibit low systemic toxicity via the oral route for both acute exposure and repeated dose exposure. These data are provided in Section 7.2 and Section 7.5 of the dossier for dipotassium hydrogenorthophosphate. The information provided in these records is considered to be indicative of a group of chemicals that are likely to behave in a similar way in vivo.
2. Substance similarities:
All salts are monovalent inorganic phosphates, composed of a phosphate anion and an alkali metal cation. Both the Na+ and the K+ cation have a similar biological function and therefore orthophosphate salts of these types are not considered to differ in their systemic toxicity profile; differences arise in their local effects profile due to the increasing or decreasing acidity of the substances. This has been shown not to have an effect on the systemic toxicity profile of the substances, thus suggesting that they are metabolized via similar metabolic pathways and to similar breakdown products.
Justification for no further testing for genetic toxicity:
Sodium and potassium phosphates are routinely used in the nutrient broths that support bacterial colonies in the laboratory and as such bacteria are constantly exposed to these inorganic phosphates. In addition, sodium orthophosphates are also found in the metabolic activation mixture (e.g. S9-mix) which is used in an AMES test to determine whether a test chemical can be metabolized within the body to produce a compound that may be genotoxic. The constant exposure of bacteria to these materials suggests that they pose no inherent risk of genotoxicity.
In addition the Na+, K+ and PO43-ions are essential for life and are not considered to be genotoxic or mutagenic in standard test systems.
Justification for classification or non-classification
No classification for in vitro genetic toxicity is proposed. This is based on a weight of evidence approach using all relevant data on sodium and potassium orthophosphates and scientific justification for no further testing for the following reasons:
Sodium and potassium phosphates are routinely used in the nutrient broths that support bacterial colonies in the laboratory and as such bacteria are constantly exposed to these inorganic phosphates. In addition, sodium orthophosphates are also found in the metabolic activation mixture (e.g. S9-mix) which is used in an AMES test to determine whether a test chemical can be metabolized within the body to produce a compound that may be genotoxic. The constant exposure of bacteria to these materials suggests that they pose no inherent risk of genotoxicity.
In addition the Na+, K+ and PO43-ions are essential for life and are not considered to be genotoxic or mutagenic in standard test systems
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