Chloramide

Endpoint summary

Description of key information

One study with rats is available. Low radioactivity was found in fat, suggesting a low bioaccumulation potential. Based on molecular structure and the molecular mass, it can be expected that this substance would be absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract subsequent to oral ingestion.

Since it is demonstrate that there is no evidence of systemic circulation by oral administration it is unlikely that the monochloramine could have systemic circulation by inhalation route even taking into consideration the toxicokinetic data (ADME) for the route-to-route extrapolation. This agent is highly reactive so that it is unlikely to penetrate deeply into body tissues when it comes in contact with skin and mucous membrane. Therefore, a toxicokinetic test by inhalation does not sound to be relevant.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Bioaccumulation potential:

no bioaccumulation potential

Absorption rate - oral (%):

50

Absorption rate - dermal (%):

50

Absorption rate - inhalation (%):

100

Additional information

Monochloramine administered orally in the rat is rapidly and readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (Abdel-rahman et al., 1983). In humans, orally ingested monochloramine would reach the stomach intact but would rapidly decay in stomach fluid. Therefore, free monochloramine is not expected to enter systemic circulation (Kotlaho et al., 1992).

Abdel-Rahman et al. (1983) studied the kinetics of absorption of monochloramine after oral administration of NH₂³⁶Cl to Sprague-Dawley rats. Five days after administration, the highest concentrations of monochloramine, measured as labelled chloride ion, were found in plasma, followed by whole blood, skin, testes, packed cells, bone marrow, kidney, lung, stomach, thyroid and thymus, duodenum, spleen, liver, ileum and fat. Peak plasma levels of chlorine (as atomic chlorine) occurred 8 hours after NH₂Cl administration. The absorption half-life of NH₂³⁶Cl was 2.5 hours and the plasma elimination half-life was 39 hours. In metabolism studies monochloramine was converted and eliminated in the chloride form, and excretion was primarily via urine.

Based on molecular structure and the molecular mass, it can be expected that this substance would be absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract subsequent to oral ingestion.

Since it is demonstrate that there is no evidence of systemic circulation by oral administration it is unlikely that the monochloramine could have systemic circulation by inhalation route even taking into consideration the toxicokinetic data (ADME) for the route-to-route extrapolation. This agent is highly reactive so that it is unlikely to penetrate deeply into body tissues when it comes in contact with skin and mucous membrane. Therefore, a toxicokinetic test by inhalation does not sound to be relevant.