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EC number: 219-535-8 | CAS number: 2457-01-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Ecotoxicological Summary
Administrative data
Hazard for aquatic organisms
Hazard for air
Hazard for terrestrial organisms
Hazard for predators
Additional information
Read-across approach
There are no ecotoxicological data available for barium bis(2-ethylhexanoate) and in the assessment of the ecotoxicity of barium bis(2-ethylhexanoate), a read-across approach from data for the metal cation and the organic anion is followed. This read-across strategy is based upon the assumption that upon release to the environment and dissolution in aqueous media, barium bis(2-ethylhexanoate) will dissociate and only be present in its dissociated form, i.e. as barium cation and 2-ethyl hexanoate anion.
Upon dissolution in water, it is indeed predicted that metal carboxylates dissociate completely into the metal cation and the organic anion at environmentally relevant conditions. No information is available on the stability constants of barium bis(2-ethylhexanoate), but predictions of stability of other barium carboxylates (Ba propionate, Ba valerate and Ba isovalerate) in a standard ISO 6341 medium (2 mMCaCl2, 0.5 mM MgSO4, 0.77 mM NaHCO3 and 0.077 mM KCl, pH 6 and 8) clearly show that monodentate ligands such as carboxylic acids have no potential for complexing barium ions in solution (< 1% of total metal concentration complexed at 0.001 mM Ba; Visual minteq. Version 3.0, update of 18 October 2012. http://www2.lwr.kth.se/English/OurSoftware/vminteq/index.html).
The fate and behaviour (e.g. partitioning) in the environment for Ba2+ and 2-ethyl hexanoate anion are predicted to be significantly different from each other, resulting in a different distribution over the environmental compartments (water, air, sediment and soil). Because the relative exposure to both constituent ions is hence predicted to be different from the original composition of barium bis(2-ethylhexanoate), data for the ecotoxicological properties of barium bis(2-ethylhexanoate) tested as such are considered less relevant for effects and risk assessment and a read-across approach to separate data for both the barium cation and 2-ethyl hexanoate anion is preferred.
For most metal-containing compounds, it is the potentially bioavailable metal ion that is liberated (in greater or lesser amounts) upon contact with water that is the moiety of ecotoxicological concern. The solubility of barium bis(2-ethylhexanoate) (see IUCLID section 4.8 or chapter 1.3 of the CSR) is above the range of effects concentrations for dissolved barium in the aquatic environment (PNECfreshwater for Ba = 227.8 µg Ba/L) and therefore ecotoxicity data for soluble barium salts can be directly used in a read-across approach for barium bis(2-ethylhexanoate). As a conservative approach also the ecotoxicological properties of the carboxylic acid are considered in the effects assessment.
According to the REACH Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, chapter B.8 Scope of exposure assessment, an environmental exposure and risk assessment is mandatory for a substance if it is classified as hazardous to the aquatic environment or if it has another classification and an aquatic PNEC can be derived. The threshold for PNEC derivation is not reported in the guidance, and was set at the limit test concentration for acute toxicity tests with fish, daphnids and algae, i.e. 100 mg/L. Therefore if a substance is not classified as dangerous for the aquatic environment, but meets the criteria for at least one of the other hazard classes or categories and has L(E)C50 values < 100 mg/L, it was still considered for the environmental exposure assessment.
For barium bis(2-ethylhexanoate), both the Ba2+ ion and the 2-ethyl hexanoate anion are considered for the environmental exposure and risk assessment. Both moieties are not classified as hazardous to the aquatic environment, but have another official Annex VI classification (Acute Tox. 3 and 4 for barium chloride and Repr. 2 for 2-ethylhexanoic acid) and some key L(E)C50 values for effects of both constituents on aquatic organisms are < 100 mg/L (Table 1). Both moieties show comparable acute toxicity to aquatic organisms.
In case both moieties require a risk assessment, the dose additivity approach is used to explain the ecotoxicological effects of the metal carboxylate based on the data for the individual moieties. As stated in a toxicity assessment of chemical mixtures opinion for the European Commission (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS), Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER), and Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR). 2011. Preliminary opinion on Toxicity and Assessment of Chemical Mixtures; http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/environmental_risks/docs/scher_o_155.pdf), the dose/concentration addition method should be preferred over the independent action approach if no mode of action information is available.
Table 1: Acute toxicity data for the constituent ions of barium bis(2 -ethylhexanoate) to aquatic organisms (only most sensitive species per trophic level).
Trophic level | Endpoint | 2 -ethyl hexanoic acid | Barium ion |
Algae | 72h ErC50 | 49.3 mg/L (Desmodesmus subspicatus) | > 34.3 mg Ba/L (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) |
Fish | 96h LC50 | > 100 mg/L (Oryzias latipes) | > 97.5 mg Ba/L (Danio rerio) |
Aquatic invertebrates | 48h EC50 | 85.4 mg/L (Daphnia magna) | 14.5 mg Ba/L (Daphnia magna) |
Conclusion on classification
The substance barium bis(2 -ethylhexanoate) will dissociate into barium and 2-ethylhexanoate ions after dissolution in water and hence can be regarded as a mixture of both constituent ions. In the absence of toxicity data for barium bis(2-ethylhexanoate) itself,
its classification for environmental hazards is based on the classification of its moieties (barium and 2-ethylhexanoic acid). Both barium and 2-ethylhexanoic acid are not classified as hazardous to the aquatic environment, and according to the summation method, it is therefore concluded that barium bis(2-ethylhexanoate) is not hazardous to the aquatic environment.
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