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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 271-591-2 | CAS number: 68585-82-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics
- Type of information:
- other: theoretical assessment
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Toxicokinetic assessment based on available information from the open literature as well as on the physico-chemical properties of the substance.
- Objective of study:
- absorption
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Based on REACH guidance IR CSA R.7, the toxicokinetic assessment is based on available information from the open literature as well as on the physico-chemical properties of the substance.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Type:
- absorption
- Results:
- For risk assessment purposes, the oral and dermal absorption is derived to be 10% and the inhalation absorption is derived to be 100%.
Reference
A substance can enter the body via the lungs, the gastrointestinal tract, and the skin. To determine the absorption rate, the different routes need to be assessed individually. In general, a compound needs to be dissolved before it can be taken up from the gastro-intestinal tract after oral administration. Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped is considered to be insoluble in water. Thus, the water insolubility can be considered a potentially rate-limiting factor for the absorption of the compound. Although the molecular weight of this substance is favorable for absorption, it is unlikely that Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped will show a high systemic exposure after oral administration. In the presence of food and bile salts some systemic exposure might be possible. In a study with radioactive Yttriumchloride, tissue distribution was studied after oral administration. The uptake of Yttrium was very low in tissues outside the gastrointestinal tract, indicating some but poor absorption of this isotope from the intestine. Although similar behavior of YCl3and Y2O3can be expected, these data should only be used as an indication for the behavior.
Based on the available data, for risk assessment purposes the oral absorption of Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped is set at 10% as a worst case assumption.
Once absorbed, distribution of Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped throughout the body will be limited due to its water insolubility. The Y3+-ion is a strong Lewis base, and it can therefore form colloids with proteins. Indeed, Yttriumchloride has been shown to bind to glycoprotein from bovine cortical bone in vitro and to deposit in the bones of growing rats. However, the amounts were either not quantified or yttrium did not accumulate in large amounts. It is of note that these data were not obtained from studies with Yttriumoxide and since the precise mode of action is not known it is not clear whether Yttriumoxide behaves in a similar way as Yttriumchloride. Taking all available data into account, it can be concluded that the bioaccumulation potential of Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped is expected to be low.
Since Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped has a boiling point above 150°C, a low vapour pressure can be assumed and therefore this substance is not available for inhalation as a vapour. Based on the particle size distribution study performed with Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped, particles < 100 μm which have a potential to be inhaled, are present. Particles with an aerodynamic diameter below 50 μm may reach the thoracic regions, whereas particles with an aerodynamic diameter below 15 μm may reach the alveolar region of the respiratory tract. The water insolubility of Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped indicates that the substance will not dissolve into the mucus lining of the respiratory tract, which will limit the amount that can be absorbed directly. Poorly water-soluble particles depositing in the alveolar region will mainly be engulfed by alveolar macrophages. The macrophages will then either translocate particles to the ciliated airways or carry particles into the pulmonary interstitium and lymphoid tissues. As most of the particles have a size < 10 μm (99.93%), the fraction that will reach the alveolar region of the respiratory tract will be available for absorption. For risk assessment purposes the inhalation absorption of Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped is set at 100%.
Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped is a solid which is considered to be insoluble in water and has therefore no real potential for dermal absorption. Its moderate molecular weight above 100 g/mol favors dermal absorption. Based on these physical/chemical properties of Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped, dermal absorption is considered to be low. Since the criteria for 10% dermal absorption as given in the REACH guidance (MW > 500 and log Pow < -1 or > 4 are not met, 100% dermal absorption should be considered for dermal absorption.
However, as it is general accepted that dermal absorption does not exceed oral absorption, for risk assessment purposes 10% dermal absorption of Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped as default value is considered to be more appropriate.
Based on its physical/chemical properties, absorption factors for Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped are derived to be 10% (oral), 100% (inhalation) and 10% (dermal) for risk assessment purposes. The bioaccumulation potential of Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped is expected to be low.
Description of key information
Based on REACH guidance IR CSA R.7, the toxicokinetic assessment is based on available information from the open literature as well as on the physico-chemical properties of the substance.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Bioaccumulation potential:
- low bioaccumulation potential
- Absorption rate - oral (%):
- 10
- Absorption rate - dermal (%):
- 10
- Absorption rate - inhalation (%):
- 100
Additional information
A substance can enter the body via the lungs, the gastrointestinal tract, and the skin. To determine the absorption rate, the different routes need to be assessed individually. In general, a compound needs to be dissolved before it can be taken up from the gastro-intestinal tract after oral administration. Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped is considered to be insoluble in water. Thus, the water insolubility can be considered a potentially rate-limiting factor for the absorption of the compound. Although the molecular weight of this substance is favorable for absorption, it is unlikely that Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped will show a high systemic exposure after oral administration. In the presence of food and bile salts some systemic exposure might be possible. In a study with radioactive Yttriumchloride, tissue distribution was studied after oral administration. The uptake of Yttrium was very low in tissues outside the gastrointestinal tract, indicating some but poor absorption of this isotope from the intestine. Although similar behavior of YCl3and Y2O3can be expected, these data should only be used as an indication for the behavior.
Based on the available data, for risk assessment purposes the oral absorption of Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped is set at 10% as a worst case assumption.
Once absorbed, distribution of Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped throughout the body will be limited due to its water insolubility. The Y3+-ion is a strong Lewis base, and it can therefore form colloids with proteins. Indeed, Yttriumchloride has been shown to bind to glycoprotein from bovine cortical bone in vitro and to deposit in the bones of growing rats. However, the amounts were either not quantified or yttrium did not accumulate in large amounts. It is of note that these data were not obtained from studies with Yttriumoxide and since the precise mode of action is not known it is not clear whether Yttriumoxide behaves in a similar way as Yttriumchloride. Taking all available data into account, it can be concluded that the bioaccumulation potential of Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped is expected to be low.
Since Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped has a boiling point above 150°C, a low vapour pressure can be assumed and therefore this substance is not available for inhalation as a vapour. Based on the particle size distribution study performed with Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped, particles < 100 μm which have a potential to be inhaled, are present. Particles with an aerodynamic diameter below 50 μm may reach the thoracic regions, whereas particles with an aerodynamic diameter below 15 μm may reach the alveolar region of the respiratory tract. The water insolubility of Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped indicates that the substance will not dissolve into the mucus lining of the respiratory tract, which will limit the amount that can be absorbed directly. Poorly water-soluble particles depositing in the alveolar region will mainly be engulfed by alveolar macrophages. The macrophages will then either translocate particles to the ciliated airways or carry particles into the pulmonary interstitium and lymphoid tissues. As most of the particles have a size < 10 μm (99.93%), the fraction that will reach the alveolar region of the respiratory tract will be available for absorption. For risk assessment purposes the inhalation absorption of Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped is set at 100%.
Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped is a solid which is considered to be insoluble in water and has therefore no real potential for dermal absorption. Its moderate molecular weight above 100 g/mol favors dermal absorption. Based on these physical/chemical properties of Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped, dermal absorption is considered to be low. Since the criteria for 10% dermal absorption as given in the REACH guidance (MW > 500 and log Pow < -1 or > 4 are not met, 100% dermal absorption should be considered for dermal absorption.
However, as it is general accepted that dermal absorption does not exceed oral absorption, for risk assessment purposes 10% dermal absorption of Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped as default value is considered to be more appropriate.
Based on its physical/chemical properties, absorption factors for Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped are derived to be 10% (oral), 100% (inhalation) and 10% (dermal) for risk assessment purposes. The bioaccumulation potential of Yttrium Oxide, Europium-Doped is expected to be low.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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