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EC number: 476-890-3 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_ecotoxicological-information.png)
Toxicity to terrestrial plants
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: short-term
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Justification for type of information:
- See attached document in section 13 "Assessment report" for justification and rationale of the analogy approach.
Original letters from the French Competent Authorities requiring the read across to be done with cerium oxide isostearate are attached below. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Key result
- Species:
- other: Allium cepa, Avena sativa, Beta vulgaris, Brassica napus, Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: also EC25
- Key result
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: also EC25
- Key result
- Species:
- other: Allium cepa, Avena sativa, Beta vulgaris, Brassica napus, Cucumis sativus, Glycine max
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- biomass
- Details on results:
- The study from which these data are sourced indicates that conservative establishment of the LOEC and the NOEC should be interpreted with care as, though significances were shown in single treatments, not always a continuous dose response relationship was given for all species. For this reason, it was decided to report only the EC50 values in the present target record.
- Conclusions:
- Iron oxide isostearate is to be considered as cerium and iron oxide isostearate as presenting EC50 values above 1000 mg product/kg dry soil based on seedling emergence, symptoms of phytotoxicity and biomass of monocot (Allium cepa, Avena sativa) and dicot (Beta vulgaris, Brassica napus, Cucumis sativus, Glycine max) crops.
- Executive summary:
The source and target substances present similar characterization (nanoparticles of very similar parameters), and similar physico-chemical and ecotoxicological properties (high melting point, low vapour pressure, very low water solubility, no expected bioaccumulation potential when considering cerium and iron elements and isostearate parts, no acute toxicity to daphnids up to and including the saturation concentration). This similarity supports the relevance of the read-across.
Thus, the toxicity to terrestrial plants is expected to be the same for the source and target substances.
Iron oxide isostearate is to be considered as cerium and iron oxide isostearate as presenting EC50 values above 1000 mg product/kg dry soil based on seedling emergence, symptoms of phytotoxicity and biomass of monocot (Allium cepa, Avena sativa) and dicot (Beta vulgaris, Brassica napus, Cucumis sativus, Glycine max) crops.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: short-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- from 4 February 2008 to 1 December 2008
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 208 (Terrestrial Plants Test: Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- - Method of application to soil surface:
A stock solution of the highest concentration was prepared by dissolving 182.5 g test item in 500 mL carrier (cyclohexan). The lower concentrations were obtained by diluting an aliquot of the stock solution (80, 32, 12.8, 5, 2.04, 0.8, 0.32, 0.14 mL made up to 200 mL respectively) in cyclohexan.
Application was performed by distributing the total of the 200 mL prepared spray solution on 1078 g of sand with a hand atomiser. After evaporation of the carrier the treated sand was mixed with 80.3 kg of prepared soil.
- Controls: 200 mL of water and carrier control
- Chemical name of vehicle: cyclohexan (carrier)
- Evaporation of vehicle before use: yes - Species:
- Beta vulgaris
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: sugarbeet
- Plant family: chenopodiaceae
- Variety: Christella
- Source of seed: Albacete agricola
- Prior seed treatment/sterilization: none
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): no data
- Seed storage: no data - Species:
- Brassica napus
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: rape
- Plant family: Cruciferaceae
- Variety: Siesta
- Source of seed: Saaten Union
- Prior seed treatment/sterilization: none
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): no data
- Seed storage: no data - Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: cucumber
- Plant family: Cucurbitaceae
- Variety: Supermarketer
- Source of seed: Maskarell Semillas
- Prior seed treatment/sterilization: none
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): no data
- Seed storage: no data - Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: soybean
- Plant family: Fabaceae
- Variety: Die Saat
- Source of seed: Saatgut Auslese
- Prior seed treatment/sterilization: none
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): no data
- Seed storage: no data - Species:
- Allium cepa
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: onion
- Plant family: Liliaceae
- Variety: Blanca grande del pais
- Source of seed: Fito
- Prior seed treatment/sterilization: none
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): no data
- Seed storage: no data - Species:
- Avena sativa
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: oat
- Plant family: Poaceae
- Variety: Alandra
- Source of seed: Agrusa
- Prior seed treatment/sterilization: no data
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): no data
- Seed storage: no data - Test type:
- other: early seedling emergence and growth toxicity test
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Substrate type:
- artificial soil
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 21 d
- Remarks:
- following 50% emergence in the control
- Post exposure observation period:
- none
- Test temperature:
- 18°C to 21°C
- Moisture:
- 52% to 95%
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Testing facility: polycarbonate greenhouse, floor area is 400 m2, located in Anna (195m above sea-level), in the province of Valencia, Spain.
- Test container: pot of non-porous material
- Amount of soil: no data
- Method of seeding: seed depth between 0.5 cm (B. vulgaris, B. napus, A. cepa) and 1cm (C. sativus, G. max, A. sativa)
- No. of seeds per container: 5 (dicotyledonae) and 7 (monocotyledonae)
- No. of plants (retained after thinning): 3 (dicotyledonae) and 5 (monocotyledonae). Pot size relative to seedlings number was sufficient to avoid overcrowding of plants.
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 10 (dicotyledonae) and 6 (monocotyledonae)
- No. of replicates per control: 10 (dicotyledonae) and 6 (monocotyledonae)
- No. of replicates per vehicle control: 10 (dicotyledonae) and 6 (monocotyledonae)
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE (if soil)
- Soil texture:
- % sand: 42%
- % silt: 26%
- % clay: 32%
- Soil taxonomic classification: clay loam
- Soil classification system: no data
- pH: 7.49
- total organic matter content: 1.07%
- Pesticide/fertiliser use history: soil, sand and clay have not been subjected to any pesticide or organic fertiliser treatment for at least 3 years prior to collection and until use within this study.
- Pretreatment of soil: sieving to a particle size of 5 mm after slight drying.
- Storage (condition, duration): no data
GROWTH CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 16h light, 8h dark
- Light source: natural light complemented with by high pressure sodium lamps
- Light intensity and quality: minimum 5000 lux
- Day/night temperatures: 18°C to 21°C
- Relative humidity (%): 52% to 95%
- Watering regime and schedules: The pots were irrigated with a water and nutrient source located at the bottom of each pot. A cotton strip connected soil and water source. The water consumed was controlled regularly and missing water supplemented. No plant protection measures were performed over the whole testing period.
- Water source/type: no data
- Volume applied: no data
- Interval of applications: no data
- Any pest control method/fertilization: none
ACCLIMATION PERIOD: no data
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED:
Observations were made during the test to document plant conditions and growth. The condition of test plants was assessed weekly after 50% emergence in the control. Phytotoxic main adverse effects (i.e. stunted growth, wilting, discoloration, necrosis, leaf cupping) were assessed 7, 14, and 21 days after 50% of seeds in control had emerged.
At the final assessment 21 days after 50% of the seeds in the control had emerged the shoot fresh weight was determined for all plants of one replicate as a pooled sample. For each replicate the plants were clipped at soil level and each replicate was weighed immediately afterwards to avoid losses of plant fresh weight. After drying in a oven at 80°C until constant weight was reached, dry weights of replicates were determined also as a pooled sample.
- Phytotoxicity rating system: no data
VEHICLE CONTROL PERFORMED: yes (carrier)
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: ca. 2.5
- Range finding study: no data - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- 0, 0.66, 1.64, 4.10, 10.24, 25.6, 64, 160, 400 and 1000 mg/kg dry soil
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Species:
- other: Allium cepa, Avena sativa, Beta vulgaris, Brassica napus, Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Species:
- other: Allium cepa, Avena sativa, Beta vulgaris, Brassica napus, Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- > 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Key result
- Species:
- other: Allium cepa, Avena sativa, Beta vulgaris, Brassica napus, Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: also EC25
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.66 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: seedling emergence and biomass
- Remarks on result:
- other: NOEC < 0.66 mg/kg dw
- Key result
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: also EC25
- Species:
- other: Avena sativa, Beta vulgaris
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- biomass
- Species:
- other: Avena sativa, Beta vulgaris
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- > 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- biomass
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1.64 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- biomass
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 4.1 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- biomass
- Species:
- Brassica napus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 160 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- biomass
- Species:
- Brassica napus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 400 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- biomass
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.66 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- biomass
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1.64 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- biomass
- Key result
- Species:
- other: Allium cepa, Avena sativa, Beta vulgaris, Brassica napus, Cucumis sativus, Glycine max
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- biomass
- Remarks on result:
- other: also EC25
- Details on results:
- SEEDLING EMERGENCE
Significant effects on the emergence were noted for Glycine max from a nominal soil concentration of 0.66 to 1000 mg test item per kg dry soil with a maximum inhibition of 26.67% observed at a nominal rate of 400 mg product/kg dry soil: LOEC = 0.66 mg/kg dry soil.
Calculation of EC25 or EC50 could not be performed, as only limited inhibition and no continuous dose response relationship was found.
No significant effects were observed in the other species: NOEC ≥ 1000 mg/kg dry soil.
PHYTOTOXICITY:
Visual phytotoxicity in all tested concentrations did not occur for tested species.
BIOMASS:
Increasing concentration rates of the test item exhibited significant effects for Allium cepa, Brassica napus, Cucumis sativus and Glycine max. The most sensitive species was Cucumis sativus showing a maximum biomass inhibition of 21.69% at a nominal rate of 64 mg product/kg dry soil. Calculation of EC25 or EC50 could not be performed, as only limited inhibition was found.
It is important to notice that no difference was found between water and carrier controls, regardless the considered endpoint. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- In control: seedling emergence > 70%; no visible phytotoxicity, mean control survival > 90%
- Conclusions:
- The critical value for the establishment of an EC50 must be found beyond the maximum tested rate of 1000 mg product/ kg dry soil concerning seedling and biomass inhibition for all the tested species.
The conservative establishment of the LOEC and the NOEC should be interpreted with care as, though significances were shown in single treatments, not always a continuous dose response relationship was given for all species. - Executive summary:
The effect of cerium and iron oxide isostearate on the seedling emergence and growth of monocot (Allium cepa, Avena sativa) and dicot (Beta vulgaris, Brassica napus, Cucumis sativus, Glycine max) crops was studied at nominal concentrations of 0, 0.66, 1.64, 4.10, 10.24, 25.6, 64, 160, 400 and 1000 mg/kg dry soil (according to OECD guideline 207 and GLP). The growth medium used in the seedling emergence and growth test was artificial soil (sand 42%, silt 26%, clay 32%, pH 7.49, total organic matter content 1.07%). The endpoints assessed were seedling emergence, phytotoxicity at days 7, 14 and 21, and biomass at the end of the test (i. e. 21 days after 50 % emergence in the control).
SEEDLING EMERGENCE
Significant effects on the emergence were noted for Glycine max from a nominal soil concentration of 0.66 to 1000 mg test item per kg dry soil with a maximum inhibition of 26.67% observed at a nominal rate of 400 mg product/kg dry soil: LOEC = 0.66 mg/kg dry soil.
Calculation of EC25 or EC50 could not be performed, as only limited inhibition and no continuous dose response relationship was found.
No significant effects were observed in the other species: NOEC ≥ 1000 mg/kg dry soil.
PHYTOTOXICITY:
Visual phytotoxicity in all tested concentrations did not occur for tested species.
BIOMASS:
Increasing concentration rates of the test item exhibited significant effects for Allium cepa, Brassica napus, Cucumis sativus and Glycine max. The most sensitive species was Cucumis sativus showing a maximum biomass inhibition of 21.69% at a nominal rate of 64 mg product/kg dry soil. Calculation of EC25 or EC50 could not be performed, as only limited inhibition was found.
The critical value for the establishment of an EC50 must be found beyond the maximum tested rate of 1000 mg product/ kg dry soil concerning seedling and biomass inhibition for all the tested species.
The conservative establishment of the LOEC and the NOEC should be interpreted with care as, though significances were shown in single treatments, not always a continuous dose response relationship was given for all species.
Referenceopen allclose all
Description of key information
By analogy with cerium and iron oxide isostearate (active matter of DPX10), iron oxide isostearate (active matter of DPX13) should present EC50 values above 1000 mg product/kg dry soil based on seedling emergence, symptoms of phytotoxicity and biomass of monocot (Allium cepa, Avena sativa) and dicot (Beta vulgaris, Brassica napus, Cucumis sativus, Glycine max) crops.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
One GLP-compliant study performed according to OECD guideline 208 is available on the analogue, cerium and iron oxide isostearate (active matter of DPX10). It is quoted as reliability 1 according to Klimisch criteria and flagged as a key study.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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