phenyl pent-4-enoate

Acute Toxicity: inhalation

Administrative data

Endpoint:

acute toxicity: inhalation

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

2016

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: see 'Remark'

Remarks:

Guideline study performed under GLP. All relevant validity criteria were met. Minor deviation: Three males Group 3 were slightly outside ±20% (lower than) of the mean body weights of the Group 2 males. This was not considered to impact the validity of the study.

Justification for type of information:

Information as to the availability of the in vivo study is provided in 'attached justification'.

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2016

Report date:

2016

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Test guideline 1

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 403 (Acute Inhalation Toxicity)

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

Three males Group 3 were slightly outside ±20% (lower than) of the mean body weights of the Group 2 males. Not considered to impact the validity of the study.

Test guideline 2

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.2 (Acute Toxicity (Inhalation))

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

See above

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Remarks:

inspected: June 2015; signature: September 2015

Test type:

standard acute method

Limit test:

no

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

phenyl pent-4-enoate

EC Number:

812-668-8

Cas Number:

51231-09-5

Molecular formula:

C11H12O2

IUPAC Name:

phenyl pent-4-enoate

Test material form:

liquid

Details on test material:

- Physical state: Liquid
- Storage condition of test material: Approximately 4 °C, in the dark
- Other: clear colourless

Test animals

Species:

rat

Strain:

Wistar

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Recognised supplier
- Age at study initiation: 8 - 12 weeks; females were nulliparous and non pregnant.
- Weight at study initiation: 200 - 350 g
- Fasting period before study: None.
- Housing: Housed in groups of up to five by sex in solid-floor polypropylene cages with stainless steel lids, furnished with softwood flakes provided with environmental enrichment items.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Certified diet from recognised supplier, provided ad libitum (except for exposure period period)
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum (except for exposure period period)
- Acclimation period: At least 5 days

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 19 - 25
- Humidity (%): 30 - 70%
- Air changes (per hr): > 15 air changes per hour
- Photoperiod: 12 h light / 12 h dark

Administration / exposure

Route of administration:

inhalation: aerosol

Type of inhalation exposure:

nose only

Vehicle:

air

Remarks:

Oxygen concentration (%) was monitored during the study by an electronic oxygen analyzer. The test atmospheres were generated to contain at least 19% oxygen.

Details on inhalation exposure:

GENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE / CHAMBER DESCRIPTION
- Exposure apparatus: The test item was aerosolized using a metal concentric jet nebulizer located at the top of the exposure chamber. The nebulizer was connected to a glass syringe attached to an infusion pump, which provided a continuous supply of test item under pressure, and to a metered compressed air supply.
- Exposure chamber volume: approximately 30 litres (dimensions: 28 cm diameter x 50 cm high)
- Method of holding animals in test chamber: Prior to the day of exposure each rat was acclimatized (for approximately 2 hours) to a tapered polycarbonate restraining tube. During the exposure period, each rat was individually held in a tapered, polycarbonate restraining tube fitted onto a single tier of the exposure chamber and sealed by means of a rubber ‘O’ ring. Only the nose of each animal was exposed to the test atmosphere.
- Source and rate of air: filtered air; chamber flow rate was maintained at 60 L/min providing 120 air changes per hour.
- Method of conditioning air: Compressed air was supplied by means of an oil free compressor and passed through a water trap and respiratory quality filters before it was introduced to the nebulizer.
- System of generating particulates/aerosols: metal concentric jet nebulizer; the concentration within the exposure chamber was controlled by adjusting the rate of the infusion pump and air flow settings into the chamber. The chamber flow rate was maintained between 30 to 60 L/min providing 60 to 120 air changes per hour. 30 L/min in group 2 and 3 and 60 L/min in group 1.
- Method of particle size determination: Particle size was determined using a cascade impactor. The device consisted of six impactors stages. The mean amount for each stage was used to determine the cumulative amount below each cut-off point size to calculate the proportional (%) aerosol of defined size ranges. The resulting values were converted to probits and plotted against Log10 cut-point size. From this plot, the Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter (MMAD) was determined (as the 50% point) and the geometric standard deviation was calculated. In addition the proportion (%) of aerosol less than 4 μm (considered to be the inhalable fraction) was determined.
- Treatment of exhaust air: The extract from the exposure chamber passed through a ‘scrubber’ trap and was connected with a high efficiency filter to a metered exhaust system. The chamber was maintained under negative pressure. A schematic of the dynamic (continuous flow) system is presented in the full study report.
- Temperature, humidity, in air chamber: The temperature and relative humidity inside the exposure chamber were measured by an electronic thermometer/humidity meter: 19 to 20 °C and 30 to 70% humidity.

TEST ATMOSPHERE
- Brief description of analytical method used: The test atmosphere was sampled nine times during the exposure period. The sampling procedure involved 2 to 10 litres (dependent on target concentration) of test atmosphere being drawn through a glass fibre filter. Each filter was then submitted for chemical analysis by gas chromatography (GC). The test filter samples received were extracted with methanol to achieve the working concentration. Blank filters were accurately fortified with known amounts of test item and either analysed without further procedure or purged with nitrogen prior to analysis. A range of standard solutions were prepared in methanol from a stock solution of 1.023 mg/mL by serial dilution covering the concentration range 0.0512 to 0.1535 mg/mL. Full details of the analytical method are provided in the full study report. The linearity of the analytical system used for sample analyses was demonstrated with a good relationship between peak areas measured and working standard concentrations. The regression coefficients calculated were found to be 0.9996. The fortified samples of filters were found to have a recovery value of ± 10% of the fortification. The results indicate the accurate use of the test item and filters during this study. Working solutions of the test item were shown to be sufficiently stable to complete the analysis without deterioration of the analyte. Full details of the analytical method are provided in the full study report.
- Samples taken from breathing zone: yes

TEST ATMOSPHERE
- Particle size distribution: The particle size of the generated atmosphere inside the exposure chamber was determined three times during each exposure period using a cascade impactor. The particle size distribution for each group is reported in table 1.
- MMAD (Mass median aerodynamic diameter) / GSD (Geometric st. dev.): The Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter (MMAD) was determined and is reported for each group in table 1.

Analytical verification of test atmosphere concentrations:

yes

Duration of exposure:

4 h

Concentrations:

Following an appropriate equilibration period three groups were subjected to a single exposure to the test item for a period of four hours. Based on the expected toxicity of the test item, a target concentration of 5.0 mg/L was used for the first exposure. Further concentrations were selected after consideration of the results of the previous exposure. Full details are provided in table 2.

No. of animals per sex per dose:

5 per sex per dose

Control animals:

no

Details on study design:

- Duration of observation period following administration: 14 days
- Frequency of observations and weighing: Clinical signs at hourly intervals during exposure, immediately on removal from the restraining tubes at the end of exposure, one hour after termination of exposure and subsequently once daily for up to fourteen days. Any evidence of mortality or overt toxicity was recorded at each observation. Individual body weights were recorded on arrival, prior to treatment on the day of exposure and on Days 1, 3, 7 and 14 or after mortality.
- Necropsy of survivors performed: yes (and in the event of any mortalities)
- Other examinations performed: clinical signs, body weight, organ weights, and any other relevant toxicological effects were reported.

Statistics:

Using the mortality data obtained, an estimate of the acute inhalation median lethal concentration (LC50) was calculated using validated data analysis software which utilized Log-Normal (Probit) regression models in order to calculate the LC50 values. LC50 values and 95% confidence limits were calculated for males and females separately.

Results and discussion

Effect levels

Effect levels 1

Sex:

male/female

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect level:

3.18 mg/L air

Based on:

test mat.

95% CL:

> 2.4 - < 3.96

Exp. duration:

4 h

Remarks on result:

other: Effect levels based on analytically confirmed: mean achieved concentrations for each exposure/sex groups

Effect levels 2

Sex:

male

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect level:

3.67 mg/L air

Based on:

test mat.

95% CL:

> 2.35 - < 4.99

Exp. duration:

4 h

Remarks on result:

other: Effect levels based on analytically confirmed: mean achieved concentrations for each exposure/sex groups

Effect levels 3

Sex:

female

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect level:

2.72 mg/L air

Based on:

test mat.

95% CL:

> 1.88 - < 3.55

Exp. duration:

4 h

Remarks on result:

other: Effect levels based on analytically confirmed: mean achieved concentrations for each exposure/sex groups

Mortality:

Mortalities are reported in table 3.

Clinical signs:

other: Common abnormalities noted during the study included increased respiratory rate, hunched posture, pilo-erection and wet fur. During exposure all organisms exhibited decreased respiratory rate. On removal from the chamber there were frequent instances of

Body weight:

In group 2, 0.95 mg/L: All males and one female exhibited body weight losses or showed no body weight gain on Day 1 post-exposure. Three female exhibited slight body weight losses from Days 3 to 7 post-exposure and one male exhibited a slight body weight loss during the final week of the recovery period. All other males and females gained weight during the remainder of the recovery period.
In group 3, 2.60 mg/L: All surviving males and one out of three surviving females exhibited body weight losses on Day 1 post-exposure. Body weight gains were noted for all surviving organisms during the remainder of the recovery period. These in general, were in the ranges expected and considered normal for this type of study.
In group 1: 5.17 mg/L: The surviving male showed body weight gain after initial day-1 exposure and subsequently exhibited body weight gains during the remainder of the recovery period. These in general, were in the ranges expected and considered normal for this type of study

Gross pathology:

In group 2, 0.95 mg/L: No macroscopic abnormalities in three males and two females; dark patches in lungs was seen in two males and three females.
In group 3, 2.60 mg/L: No macroscopic abnormalities in in four males and three female survivors. In the mortalities, gaseous distension of the small and/or large intestine and/or dark patches in lung was observed.
In group 1: 5.17 mg/L: Dark patches in lungs was observed in the single surviving male. In the mortalities, abnormally dark lungs and dark liver was observed along with instances of dark patches in the lungs.

Other findings:

- Other observations: The respiratory tract was subjected to a detailed macroscopic examination for signs of irritancy or local toxicity during necropsy.

Any other information on results incl. tables

Table 1. Characteristics of the achieved atmosphere:

Group Number	Mean Achieved Atmosphere Concentration (mg/L)	Mean Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter (µm)	Inhalable Fraction (% <4 µm)	Geometric Standard Deviation
1	5.00	2.25	76.7	2.21
2	1.04	2.19	77.8	2.21
3	3.05	2.17	78.2	2.21

 

Table 2. Mean achieved atmosphere concentrations:

Group Number	Atmosphere Concentration
	Mean Achieved (mg/L)	Standard Deviation	Nominal (mg/L)
1	5.00	0.14	13.1
2	1.04	0.07	2.80
3	3.05	0.09	8.72

 

Table 3. Mortality data summary:

Group Number	Mean Achieved Atmosphere Concentration (mg/L)	Deaths
		Male	Female	Total
1	5.00	5/5	5/5	10/10
2	1.04	0/5	0/5	0/10
3	3.05	2/5	3/5	5/10

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Interpretation of results:

Category 4 based on GHS criteria

Remarks:

Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU

Conclusions:

Under the conditions of this study, the inhalation LC50 (male/female) was: 3.18 (C.I. 2.40 – 3.96) mg/L; LC50 (male): 3.67 (C.I. 2.35 – 4.99) mg/L and LC50 (female): 2.72 (C.I. 1.88 – 3.55) mg/L within the RCCHan WIST rat.

Executive summary:

The study was performed according to OECD TG 403 and EU Method B.2 in accordance with GLP to assess the acute inhalation toxicity of the test item. Three groups of ten RccHanTM : WIST strain rats (five males and five females) were exposed to an aerosol atmosphere of the test item. The groups were exposed for four hours using a nose only exposure system, followed by a fourteen day observation period. The mean achieved atmosphere concentrations were as follows: Group 1: 5.17 mg/L, Group 2: 0.95 mg/L and Group 3: 2.60 mg/L. The characteristics of the achieved atmosphere where Mean Mass Median Diameter (particle size) and Inhalable Fraction <4 μm: Group 1: 3.48 μm and 56.9%; Group 2: 2.59 μm and 75.1% and Group 3: 2.46 μm and 74.5%. The Geometric Standard Deviation was Group 1: 2.25, Group 2: 1.91 and Group 3: 2.10, respectively. There was 4 male and 5 female mortalities in Group 1, no mortalities in Group 2 and 1 male and 2 female mortalities in Group 3. In Group 1, the surviving male indicated body weight gain during the recovery period. Within Group 2, all males and one female exhibited body weight losses or showed no body weight gain on Day 1 post-exposure. Three females exhibited slight body weight losses from Days 3 to 7 post-exposure and one male exhibited a slight body weight loss during the final week of the recovery period. However, in Group 2 all males and females gained weight during the recovery period. Within Group 3, All surviving males and one out of three surviving females exhibited body weight losses on Day 1 post-exposure. Body weight gains were noted for all survivors during the remainder of the recovery period. These in general, where in the ranges expected and considered normal for this type of study. In Group 2 clinical observations for all males and females appeared normal at day 2 post exposure. All survivors in Group 3 appeared normal at day 4 and 5 post exposure. During necropsy in surviving Group 1 male and two males and three females of Group 2: 0.95 mg/L there was evidence of dark patches in the lungs. No macroscopic abnormalities was observed in three males and two females in Group 2. No macroscopic abnormalities were observed in four males and three female survivors in Group 3: 2.60 mg/L. Under the conditions of this study, the inhalation LC50 (male/female) was: 3.18 (C.I. 2.40 – 3.96) mg/L; LC50 (male): 3.67 (C.I. 2.35 – 4.99) mg/L and LC50 (female): 2.72 (C.I. 1.88 – 3.55) mg/L within the RCCHan WIST rat. The test item was classified as Acute Inhalation Toxicity: Category 4 according to Regulation (EC) 1272/2008.