Phenylacetaldehyde

Genetic toxicity: in vitro

Administrative data

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

22 Jan - 08 Feb 2016

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2016

Report date:

2016

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Test guideline 1

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Version / remarks:

adopted 21 July 1997

Deviations:

no

Test guideline 2

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.13/14 (Mutagenicity - Reverse Mutation Test Using Bacteria)

Version / remarks:

30 May 2008

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Remarks:

Hess. Ministerium für Umwelt, Klimaschutz, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz, Wiesbaden, Germany

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

Phenylacetaldehyde

EC Number:

204-574-5

EC Name:

Phenylacetaldehyde

Cas Number:

122-78-1

Molecular formula:

C8H8O

IUPAC Name:

2-phenylacetaldehyde

Method

Target gene:

his operon (for S. typhimurium strains)
trp operon (for E. coli strain)

Species / strain

Species / strain 1

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100

Species / strain 2

Species / strain / cell type:

E. coli WP2 uvr A

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

cofactor supplemented post-mitochondrial fraction (S9 mix), prepared from the livers of rats treated with phenobarbital/β-naphthoflavone

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

Pre-experiment: 3, 10, 33, 100, 333, 1000, 2500 and 5000 µg/plate with and without metabolic activation

The pre-experiment is reported as Experiment 1.

Experiment 2: 3, 10, 33, 100, 333, 1000, 2500 and 5000 µg/plate with and without metabolic activation

Vehicle / solvent:

- Vehicle/solvent used: DMSO
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: The solvent was chosen because of its solubility properties and its relative nontoxicity to bacteria.

Controls

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

untreated controls

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

sodium azide

methylmethanesulfonate

other: 4-nitro-o-phenylene-diamine (4-NOPD), 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA)

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION: in agar (plate incorporation) (Experiment 1); pre-incubation (Experiment 2)

DURATION
- Pre-incubation period: 1 h
- Exposure duration: at least 48 h

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: 3 replications each in 2 independent experiments

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: reduction in the number of spontaneous revertants or a clearing of the bacterial background lawn

Evaluation criteria:

A test substance is considered as a mutagenic if a biologically relevant increase in the number of revertants exceeding the threshold of twice (strains TA 98, TA 100, and WP2 uvrA) or thrice (strains TA 1535 and TA 1537) the colony count of the corresponding solvent control is observed.
A dose-dependent increase is considered biologically relevant if the threshold is exceeded at more than one concentration.
An increase exceeding the threshold at only one concentration is judged as biologically relevant if reproduced in an independent second experiment.
A dose-dependent increase in the number of revertant colonies below the threshold is regarded as an indication of a mutagenic potential if reproduced in an independent second experiment. However, whenever the colony counts remain within the historical range of negative and solvent controls such an increase is not considered biologically relevant.

Statistics:

Mean values and standard deviations were calculated.

Results and discussion

Test results

Test results 1

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Remarks:

(exp. 1: -S9: starting at 1000 µg/plate in TA98, TA100, TA1537 and at 2500 µg/plate in TA1535; +S9: starting at 2500 µg/plate in all strains; exp. 2: starting at 333 µg/plate in all strains with and without S9 mix)

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Test results 2

Key result

Species / strain:

E. coli WP2 uvr A

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Remarks:

(exp. 1: starting at 2500 µg/plate with and without S9 mix; exp. 2: starting at 333 µg/plate with and without S9 mix)

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Precipitation: The test substance precipitated in the overlay agar in the test tubes at the highest concentration of 5000 µg/plate in Experiment 1 and in the concentrations ranging from 2500 to 5000 µg/plate in Experiment 2. Precipitation of the test substance in the overlay agar on the incubated agar plates was observed from 2500 to 5000 µg/plate with and without metabolic activation in both experiments.

RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES: The pre-experiment is reported as Experiment I (all strains were tested in the pre-experiment).

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY: Toxic effects, evident as a reduction in the number of revertants (below the indication factor of 0.5), occurred in all strains with and without metabolic activation.

Any other information on results incl. tables

Table 2. Test results of Experiment 1 (plate incorporation).

With or without S9-Mix	Test substance concentration [μg/plate]	Mean number of revertant colonies per plate (average of 3 plates ± Standard deviation)
		Base-pair substitution type			Frameshift type
		TA1535	TA100	WP2 uvrA	TA1537	TA98
-	0 (DMSO)	11 ± 5	193 ± 14	38 ± 5	12 ± 3	22 ± 4
-	0	11 ± 2	206 ± 8	46 ± 3	9 ± 2	31 ± 6
-	3	10 ± 3	192 ± 15	50 ± 10	10 ± 3	29 ± 8
-	10	12 ± 5	208 ± 9	34 ± 7	10 ± 2	26 ± 10
-	33	12 ± 2	196 ± 25	47 ± 7	9 ± 4	25 ± 10
-	100	15 ± 2	192 ± 20	41 ± 3	13 ± 3	22 ± 6
-	333	13 ± 2	196 ± 22	35 ± 5	9 ± 2	24 ± 5
-	1000	11 ± 2	13 ± 1	28 ± 1	5 ± 3	9 ± 2
-	2500	1 ± 1^P	1 ± 0^P	5 ± 2^P	3 ± 0^P	4 ± 1^P
-	5000	0 ± 0^P	1 ± 1^P	0 ± 0^P	1 ± 1^P	0 ± 0^P
Positive controls, –S9	Name	NaN3	NaN3	MMS	4-NOPD	4-NOPD
	Concentration [μg/plate]	10	10	2.0 µL	50	10
	Mean No. of colonies/plate (average of 3 ± SD)	1044 ± 127	1756 ± 164	912 ± 137	74 ± 22	357 ± 40
+	0 (DMSO)	11 ± 2	203 ± 2	47 ± 5	11 ± 2	28 ± 2
+	0	13 ± 4	211 ± 10	48 ± 5	16 ± 1	33 ± 11
+	3	9 ± 5	201 ± 12	49 ± 11	14 ± 3	35 ± 7
+	10	14 ± 6	196 ± 36	44 ± 7	11 ± 3	31 ± 12
+	33	11 ± 4	194 ± 23	54 ± 5	14 ± 1	40 ± 8
+	100	12 ± 4	205 ± 9	49 ± 9	10 ± 2	38 ± 11
+	333	12 ± 5	181 ± 16	46 ± 5	10 ± 6	32 ± 3
+	1000	10 ± 3	105 ± 26	47 ± 12	12 ± 4	47 ± 12
+	2500	1 ± 1^P	2 ± 0^P	8 ± 1^P,M	2 ± 1^P	9 ± 4^P
+	5000	0 ± 0^P	1 ± 2^P	1 ± 1^P	0 ± 0^P	1 ± 1^P
Positive controls, +S9	Name	2-AA	2-AA	2-AA	2-AA	2-AA
	Concentration [μg/plate]	2.5	2.5	10	2.5	2.5
	Mean No. of colonies/plate (average of 3 ± SD)	465 ± 42	4391 ± 109	463 ± 29	158 ± 28	5064 ± 226

NaN3: sodium azide

4-NOPD: 4-nitro-o-phenylene-diamine

MMS: methylmethanesulfonate

2-AA: 2-aminoanthracene

M: manual count

P: precipitate

 

Table 3. Test results of Experiment 2 (preincubation).

With or without S9-Mix	Test substance concentration [μg/plate]	Mean number of revertant colonies per plate (average of 3 plates ± Standard deviation)
		Base-pair substitution type			Frameshift type
		TA1535	TA100	WP2 uvrA	TA1537	TA98
-	0 (DMSO)	12 ± 3	143 ± 22	39 ± 9	14 ± 1	29 ± 6
-	0	10 ± 2	205 ± 4	34 ± 9	11 ± 1	29 ± 1
-	3	14 ± 5	131 ± 22	33 ± 3	14 ± 5	21 ± 2
-	10	12 ± 3	166 ± 24	39 ± 13	13 ± 4	24 ± 5
-	33	12 ± 6	139 ± 13	35 ± 4	10 ± 4	21 ± 6
-	100	9 ± 2	116 ± 12	32 ± 2	10 ± 4	30 ± 3
-	333	5 ± 2^R	4 ± 1^R	8 ± 1^R	2 ± 1^R	2 ± 1^R
-	1000	1 ± 1^R	1 ± 1^R	4 ± 1^R	1 ± 1^R	0 ± 0^R
-	2500	0 ± 1^P,R	0 ± 0^P,R	0 ± 0^P,R	0 ± 0^P,R	0 ± 0^P,R
-	5000	0 ± 0^P,R	0 ± 0^P,R	0 ± 0^P,R	0 ± 0^P,R	0 ± 0^P,R
Positive controls, –S9	Name	NaN3	NaN3	MMS	4-NOPD	4-NOPD
	Concentration [μg/plate]	10	10	2.0 µL	50	10
	Mean No. of colonies/plate (average of 3 ± SD)	1135 ± 86	1765 ± 42	653 ± 30	86 ± 14	369 ± 19
+	0 (DMSO)	13 ± 2	165 ± 42	46 ± 6	15 ± 6	33 ± 4
+	0	16 ± 3	170 ± 23	49 ± 14	20 ± 4	39 ± 1
+	3	11 ± 3	126 ± 13	32 ± 10	16 ± 1	40 ± 5
+	10	13 ± 5	141 ± 22	25 ± 8	18 ± 3	36 ± 10
+	33	13 ± 3	141 ± 27	32 ± 8	15 ± 1	40 ± 6
+	100	12 ± 2	127 ± 12	61 ± 12	13 ± 3	39 ± 6
+	333	2 ± 1^R	1 ± 1^R	4 ± 1^R	4 ± 2^R	2 ± 1^R
+	1000	1 ± 0^R	0 ± 1^R	2 ± 1^R	1 ± 1^R	1 ± 1^R
+	2500	0 ± 0^P,R	0 ± 1^P,R	1 ± 1^P,R	0 ± 1^P,R	1 ± 1^P,R
+	5000	0 ± 0^P,R	0 ± 0^P,R	0 ± 0^P,R	0 ± 0^P,R	0 ± 0^P,R
Positive controls, +S9	Name	2-AA	2-AA	2-AA	2-AA	2-AA
	Concentration [μg/plate]	2.5	2.5	10	2.5	2.5
	Mean No. of colonies/plate (average of 3 ± SD)	342 ± 63	2934 ± 90	464 ± 2	140 ± 6	3950 ± 265

NaN3: sodium azide

4-NOPD: 4-nitro-o-phenylene-diamine

MMS: methylmethanesulfonate

2-AA: 2-aminoanthracene

P: precipitate

R: reduced background growth

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

Under the conditions of the conducted test the substance was not mutagenic in any of the five strains (TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and WP2 uvrA) tested with and without metabolic activation.