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EC number: 215-609-9 | CAS number: 1333-86-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Short-term toxicity to fish
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with national standard methods
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: DIN 38412, p. 15 and Deutsche Einheitsverfahren zur Wasseruntersuchung (1975)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Incomplete description of dilution water
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- Suspensions of the test material at concentrations of 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 1.0 g/L were prepared. The solution water was a mixture of chlorine-free drinking water, from Cologne, and deionised water, with a Ca:Mg ratio of 4:1.
- Test organisms (species):
- Leuciscus idus
- Details on test organisms:
- Satzfischzucht P. Eggers, Hohenwested. The fish were 5 -6 cm long, and weighed 1.5 +/- 0.3 g
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Post exposure observation period:
- no
- Hardness:
- 15 +- 3°d
- Test temperature:
- 20 +- 1°C
- pH:
- 7-8
- Dissolved oxygen:
- > 6 mg O2/l
- Salinity:
- not applcable
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- nominal
- Details on test conditions:
- 10 fish were tested in each 10 liter vessel with suspensions of the test material. Parts of the substance sedimented on the walls and bottom of the test vessels during the test.
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- > 1 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 1 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Details on results:
- no signs of toxicity were observed at concentrations up to 1 g/l
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- No signs of toxicity were observed at concentrations up to 1000 mg/L (highest tested dose)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 203 (Fish, Acute Toxicity Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- Dutch standard water (DSW) formulated using Milli-Ro water according to Adema* were used as test medium.
DSW has the following composition:
Ca2* 54.4 mg/l
Mg2+ 17.5 mg/l
Na* 27.4 mg/l
K+ 7.8 mg/l
Cl- 96.6 mg/l
SO4 2- 70.1 mg/l
CO3 2- 210 mg/l
HCO3 84.8 mg/l
Milli-Ro water: Tap-water purified by reverse osmosis (Millipore Corp. , Bedford, Mass., USA)
It should be noted that the DSW was aerated continuously before and during use in the tests which might have changed these values
* Adema D:M:M:, 1980; in: degradability, Eco-toxicity and Bioaccumulation: The determination of the possible effects of chemicals and wastes on the
aquatic environment; Part II, Chapter 5, Government Publishing Office, The Hague, The Netherlands)
The test substance was added quantitatively to DSW providing concentrations of 1000 mg/l. Subsequently, this dispersions of CORAX N220 were
stirred for 70 hours before the exposure started. The final test solutions were turbid, with particles dispersed throughout the medium. Also, a thin
oil-like film was observed on the surface. Although during the exposure period substance deposits were formed in all vessels containing the test
substance, the dispersions remained opaque throughout the 96 hour exposure period. - Test organisms (species):
- Danio rerio (previous name: Brachydanio rerio)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Zebra-fish (Brachydanio rerio, Teleostei, Cyprinidea
- Strain:
- Source: RASBORA, Veenendaal, The Netherlands
- Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD):
- Length at study initiation (length definition, mean, range and SD): 3.1 +- 0.21 cm
- Weight at study initiation (mean and range, SD): 0.31 +- 0.05 g
total fish used: 55
- Method of breeding:
- Feeding during test: No feeding from 24 h prior to the test and during the total test period
- Food type:
- Amount:
- Frequency:
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: At least 14 days after delivery
- Acclimation conditions (same as test or not): oxygen concentration, pH, nitrate and nitrite concentration, ammonia concentration and hardness of
the water: once a week. Temperature: every working day
- Type and amount of food: with Trouvit or Artemia
- Feeding frequency: daily
- Health during acclimation (any mortality observed): Following a 48-h settling-in period the fish were allowed to acclimatise for at least seven days.
In the batch of fish used for the test, mortality during the seven days prior to the start of the
test was less than 5%
QUARANTINE (wild caught)
- Duration:
- Health/mortality: - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- yes
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Post exposure observation period:
- no
- Hardness:
- After aeration the hardness was 210 mg CaCO3 per litre
- Test temperature:
- The temperature of the test medium measured in the blank control ranged from 20 to 21°C
- pH:
- The pH ranged from 7.7 to 8.4
- Dissolved oxygen:
- The oxygen concentration (mg O2/l) at the beginning: 8.0 to 8.8 and at the end of the test: 8.6 to 9.1
- Salinity:
- not applicable
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- nominal concentration: 1000 mg/l
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: all-glass, 4 litre
- Aeration: continuously
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): static
- No. of organisms per vessel: 10
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 3
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 1
- No. of vessels per vehicle control (replicates):
- Biomass loading rate: 0.78 g fish/litre
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: no
- Photoperiod: 16 h daily
- Light intensity:
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) :
At 2.5, 24, 48, 72, 96 h following the start of exposure. Dead fish were removed when observed. During the test it was not possible to record effects on behaviour and appearance in all three vessels containing 1000 mg/l due to the opacity of the test solutions. At the end of the test the fish were
transferred to the control vessel and observed for effects. Fish were considered to be dead when no reaction after touching the caudal peduncle and visible breathing movements were absent. The surviving fish were rapidly killed by exposing them to ca. 1.2% ethylene glycol monophenylethre in
water.
TEST CONCENTRATIONS:
supersaturated dispersion of 1000 mg/l, the maximum concentration to be tested in aquatic toxicity tests
- Spacing factor for test concentrations:
- Justification for using less concentrations than requested by guideline: Corax N 220 is insoluble in water
- Range finding study
- Test concentrations: 5 fish per group were exposed to a supersaturated solution of nominally 1000 mg/l or the filtrate of such a solution
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: limit study, a supersaturated solution of nominally 1000 mg/l - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- pentachlorophenol
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 1 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Details on results:
- It was not possible to record effects on behaviour and appearance in these vessels due to the opacity of the test solution.
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- The 96h-LC50 of the present test is 0.24 mg/l with 95% confidence interval between 0.19 and 0.34 mg/l. This is in agreement with the historical range of the 96h-LC50 for zebra-fish, this range is betwen 0.2 and 1.0 mg/l.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of the present test with CORAX N 220, exposure of fish to supersaturated solutions of nominally 1000 mg/l did not induce any mortality.
- Executive summary:
Carbon black was not toxic at nominal concentrations of 1000 mg/l supersaturated suspensions.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with national standard methods
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: DIN 38412 p.15 and Deutsche Einheitsverfahren zur Wasseruntersuchung DEV L15
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Filter not described, and test was of only 48 hour duration. Incomplete description of dilution water.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- Suspensions of 10 g of the test substance in 1 l of water were filtered. The filtered solution was mixed in ratios of 1/10, <, 2/3, 3/2, and 4/1 with dilution water a mixture of chlorine-free drinking water, from Cologne, and deionised water, with a Ca:Mg ratio of 4:1.
- Test organisms (species):
- Leuciscus idus melanotus
- Details on test organisms:
- Satzfischzucht P. Eggers, Hohenwested. The fishs were 5 -6 cm long, and weighed 1.5 +/- 0.3 g
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Hardness:
- 15 +- 3°d
- Test temperature:
- temperature during the test duration: 20 +-1 °C
- pH:
- pH value during the test duration: 7-8
- Dissolved oxygen:
- The dissolved oxygen was > 6 mg O2/l during the test duration
- Salinity:
- not applicable
- Details on test conditions:
- 10 fishs were tested in each 10 liter vessel.
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Key result
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 8 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat. (dissolved fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Details on results:
- No signs of toxicity observed, in filtrate from up to 8000 mg/l solution
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- No signs of toxicity observed, in filtrate from up to 8000 mg/l solution
- Executive summary:
Carbon black is not toxic within its aqueous solubility.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with national standard methods
- Guideline:
- other: DIN 38412,p.15 and Dts. Einheitsverfahren zur Wasseruntersuchung (1975)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Incomplete description of dilution water.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- Suspensions of the test material at concentrations of 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 1.0 g/L were prepared. The solution water was a mixture of chlorine-free drinking water, from Cologne, and deionised water, with a Ca:Mg ratio of 4:1.
- Test organisms (species):
- Leuciscus idus melanotus
- Details on test organisms:
- Satzfischzucht P. Eggers, Hohenwested. The fishs were 5 -6 cm long, and weighed 1.5 +/- 0.3 g
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Hardness:
- 15 +-3°d
- Test temperature:
- the temperature was 20 +-1°C during test duration
- pH:
- the pH value was 7-8 during the test duration
- Dissolved oxygen:
- the oxygen concentration was > 6 mgO2/l during the test duration
- Salinity:
- not applicable
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- nominal concentrations
- Details on test conditions:
- 10 fishs were tested in each 10 liter vessel with suspensions of the test material. Parts of the substance sedimented on the walls and bottom of the test vessels during the test.
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 1 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Details on results:
- No signs of toxicity observed, in filtrate from up to 1g/l test solution
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- No signs of toxicity observed, in filtrate from up to 1g/l test solution
- Executive summary:
Carbon black is not toxic within its aqueous solubility
- Endpoint:
- fish embryo acute toxicity (FET)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- not reported
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study without detailed documentation
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 236 (Fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) test)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Remarks:
- water
- Test organisms (species):
- Danio rerio (previous name: Brachydanio rerio)
- Details on test organisms:
- 4-hpf zebrafish embryos
- Test type:
- not specified
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Remarks on exposure duration:
- 4-96 hpf
- Details on test conditions:
- A group of 4-hpf zebrafish embryos (n=20) was exposed to 120 and 240 mg/L of carbon black (6 mL of test medium in a Petri dish. The exposure period was from 4 to 96 hpf
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 240 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Details on results:
- The effects on developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were studied according to OECD TG 236. Dilution water controls were also tested, and embryos were exposed from 4 to 96 hpf (hours post fertilization. The embryos were examined at 24, 48, 52, 56, 72, 75 and 96 hpf. Molecular and cellular analysis showed that the embryonic development of the exposed embryos was not affected. Exposure to 120 or 240 mg/L of carbon black did not induce any hatching delay and did not affect the head–trunk angle of zebrafish embryos both at 24 and 48 hpf or the body length of zebrafish embryos at 48 hpf.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- analysis of variance, p < 0.05
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Carbon black did not affect hatching at the concentrations tested. Molecular and cellular analysis showed that the embryonic development of the exposed embryos was not affected.
- Executive summary:
The effects on developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were studied according to OECD TG 236. Dilution water controls were also tested, and embryos were exposed from 4 to 96 hpf (hours post fertilization). The embryos were examined at 24, 48, 52, 56, 72, 75 and 96 hpf. Molecular and cellular analysis showed that the embryonic development of the exposed embryos was not affected. Exposure to 120 or 240 mg/L of carbon black did not induce any hatching delay and did not affect the head–trunk angle of zebrafish embryos both at 24 and 48 hpf or the body length of zebrafish embryos at 48 hpf.
Referenceopen allclose all
Description of key information
In several high-quality acute toxicity tests with different carbon black nanoforms (with no surface treatment), exact acute toxicity values could not be achieved because carbon black is highly insoluble in water and organic solvents. In all of these studies the No Effect Concentrations (NOECs) were equal to the highest test concentrations, usually 1000 mg/L. LC 50 is thus above 1000 mg/ m3. No signs of toxicity were noted.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
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