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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 215-691-6 | CAS number: 1344-28-1
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 3 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- By inhalation
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 12.5
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 75 mg/m³
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 37.7 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
NOAECcorr = NOAECinhal * (6 h/d / 8 h/d) * (6.7 m³ (8h)/10 m³ (8h)) = 75 * 0.75 * 0.67 = 37.7 mg/m³
The inhalatory NOAEC was corrected for the difference between respiratory rates under standard conditions and under conditions of light activity. Furthermore the inhalatory NOAEC was corrected for differences in the experimental and human exposure conditions.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose descriptor starting point is based on a NOAEC.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 1
- Justification:
- The DNEL is based on a chronic study.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- AF not used for inhalation route
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default value according to ECHA REACH Guidance.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Default value for workers according to ECHA REACH Guidance.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The study is comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No remaining uncertainties.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 3 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 12.5
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 75 mg/m³
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose descriptor starting point is based on a NOAEC.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 1
- Justification:
- The DNEL is based on a chronic study.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- The DNEL is based on a chronic study.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default value according to ECHA REACH Guidance.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Default value for workers according to ECHA REACH Guidance.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The study is comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions and the results are in line with other inhalation studies.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No remaining uncertainties.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Additional information - workers
Please refer to Additional information - general population.
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.75 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- By inhalation
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 25
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 75 mg/m³
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 18.75 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
NOAECcorr = NOAECinhal * (6 h/d / 24 h/d) * = 75 * 0.25 = 18.75 mg/m³
The inhalatory NOAEC was corrected for differences in the experimental and human exposure conditions.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose descriptor starting point is based on a NOAEC.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 1
- Justification:
- The DNEL is based on a chronic study.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- AF not used for inhalation route
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default value according to ECHA REACH Guidance.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default value for general population according to ECHA REACH Guidance.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The study is comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No remaining uncertainties.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.75 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 25
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 75 mg/m³
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose descriptor starting point is based on a NOAEC.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 1
- Justification:
- The DNEL is based on a chronic study.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- AF not used for inhalation route
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default value according to ECHA REACH Guidance.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default value for general population according to ECHA REACH Guidance.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The study is comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No remaining uncertainties
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 1.32 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- neurotoxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 100
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 30 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 131.67 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
NOAELcorr = NOAEL * 4.39 = 30 mg Al/kg bw/day * 4.39 = 131.67 mg Al/kg bw/day
Modification of starting point to adjust ratios of the whole Al body fractional uptake for aluminium citrate (0.079%) to the whole body fractional uptakes of aluminium oxide (0.018%; Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd., 2010).
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose descriptor starting point is based on a NOAEL.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 1
- Justification:
- The study exposed the animals until they were 1 year of age.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- The experimental animal was the rat.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default value according to ECHA REACH Guidance.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default value for general population according to ECHA REACH Guidance.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The DNEL is based on a high-quality study.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No remaining uncertainties.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Additional information - General Population
DNELs have been derived due to effects noted in the available toxicity
studies. As a result of the hazard assessment it is found, that the
substance aluminium oxide does not meet the criteria for classification
according to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008. An exposure assessment and
risk assessment is therefore not required according to REACH Article
14(4) and as outlined in the ECHA Technical Guidance Part B: Hazard
Assessment (B.8, Version 2.1, December 2011).
Key Studies for Dose Descriptor Inhalation Long-term:
Gross et al. (1973) is considered the most adequate study from which to obtain a dose descriptor for a DNEL for repeated dose toxicity (inhalation, local effect) for aluminium oxide. The NOAEC from Gross et al. (1973), a chronic study, is 75 mg/m³. No alveolar proteinosis or endogenous lipid pneumonitis was observed. Alveoli were filled with dust-filled but otherwise “well-preserved” macrophages, septal walls were not thickened, there was no evidence of stromal proliferation, and no fibrosis was found in the lungs or lymph nodes.
Key study: Gross et al. (1973)
Dose Descriptor: 75 mg/m³, NOAEC
Test Animal: Rat
Test substance: aluminium oxide - mean particle size diameters: 0.8 μm
Doses used: 0, 30 and 75 mg/m³
Duration of exposure in the experiment: 6 months (for 75 mg/m³) and 12 months (for 30 mg/m³); 6 hours per day, 5 days per week; follow-up to 30 months.
Effects observed: Dust-filled macrophages; no alveolar proteinosis, endogenous lipid pneumonitis or fibrosis.
Based on the weight of evidence, the target substances behave as low cytotoxic, poorly soluble particulates (PSPs). From a risk assessment perspective based on studies in rats, two possible thresholds can be envisioned for pulmonary toxic effects on chronic exposure to ‘nuisance” PSPs:
1) a dosimetric threshold to avoid overloading macrophages and leading to a persistent inflammatory response;
2) a mechanistic threshold greater than the dosimetric threshold that occurs when anti-inflammatory responses are overwhelmed and effects may progress to fibrosis (Oberdorster, 2002).
For a persistent inflammatory response potentially leading to fibrosis, the mode of action for aluminium oxide (dust), aluminium hydroxide and aluminium powder (uncoated) in the respirable and inhalable size range is based on a dosimetric threshold and related to volumetric overloading of macrophages.
Key Study for Dose Descriptor Oral Long-term:
The long-term DNEL for systemic effects via the oral routes is based on a chronic 1-year oral study with the read-across substance aluminium citrate (ToxTest. Alberta Research Council Inc., 2010). The GLP study was designed “to develop data on the potential functional and morphological hazards to the nervous system that may arise from pre-and post-natal exposure to aluminium citrate”. In terms of hazard assessment of toxic effects, available data on the toxicity to reproduction/development of other aluminium compounds was taken into account by read-across following a structural analogue approach, since the pathways leading to toxic outcomes are likely to be dominated by the chemistry and biochemistry of the aluminium ion (Al3+) (Krewski et al., 2007). The oral NOAEL for female and male rats was found to be 30 mg Al/kg bw/day. However, this was already a conservative assumption as the effects observed could have been secondary to kidney toxicity based on a crystallisation of aluminium citrate in the kidneys after chronic exposure and/or reduced body weight and not directly Al-related.
Key Study: Developmental and One-Year Chronic Neurotoxicity Study of Aluminium Citrate in Rats. ToxTest, Alberta Research Council Inc. Project No. TEH-113.
Dose Descriptor: NOAEL - 30 mg Al/kg bw/day
Test Animal: Rat
Test substance: aluminium citrate
Doses used: 30, 100 and 300 mg Al/kg bw/day
Duration of exposure in the experiment: Pregnant females were exposed to aluminium citrate from GD6 to GD21 and from PND 1 to PND 21. Pups were exposed to aluminium citrate in utero and with maternal milk from PND 1 to PND 21, 64, 120 or 364.
Effects observed: A deficit in footsplay- and hind-limb grip strength in the mid-dose group, supported by evidence of dose response for this endpoint after chronic exposure.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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