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EC number: 215-147-8 | CAS number: 1306-23-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Ecotoxicological Summary
Administrative data
Hazard for aquatic organisms
Freshwater
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC aqua (freshwater)
- PNEC value:
- 0.19 µg/L
- Assessment factor:
- 2
- Extrapolation method:
- sensitivity distribution
Marine water
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC aqua (marine water)
- PNEC value:
- 1.14 µg/L
- Assessment factor:
- 2
- Extrapolation method:
- sensitivity distribution
STP
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC STP
- PNEC value:
- 20 µg/L
- Assessment factor:
- 10
- Extrapolation method:
- assessment factor
Sediment (freshwater)
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC sediment (freshwater)
- PNEC value:
- 1.8 mg/kg sediment dw
- Assessment factor:
- 1
- Extrapolation method:
- equilibrium partitioning method
Sediment (marine water)
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC sediment (marine water)
- PNEC value:
- 0.64 mg/kg sediment dw
- Assessment factor:
- 1
- Extrapolation method:
- equilibrium partitioning method
Hazard for air
Hazard for terrestrial organisms
Soil
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC soil
- PNEC value:
- 0.9 mg/kg soil dw
- Assessment factor:
- 1
- Extrapolation method:
- sensitivity distribution
Hazard for predators
Secondary poisoning
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC oral
- PNEC value:
- 0.16 mg/kg food
- Assessment factor:
- 10
Additional information
A basic assumption made in this hazard assessment and throughout this CSR, (in accordance to the same assumption made in the EU RA process) is that the ecotoxicity of cadmium and cadmium compounds is due to the Cd++ion. As a consequence, all aquatic, sediment and terrestrial toxicity data in this report are expressed as “cadmium”, not as the test compound as such, because ionic cadmium is considered to be the causative factor for toxicity. A further consequence of this is that all ecotoxicity data obtained on different cadmium compounds, are mutually relevant for each other. For that reason, the available ecotoxicity databases related to cadmium and the different cadmium compounds are combined before calculating the PNECs. The only way cadmium compounds can differ in this respect is in their capacity to release cadmium ions into (environmental) solution. That effect is checked eventually in the transformation/dissolution tests and may result in different classifications.
Conclusion on classification
The classification of Cadmium metal and sparingly soluble Cd-compounds is based on the capacity of these substances to release the Cd++ ion in standardized solutions (= “transformation/dissolution test -T/D test - OECD 2001). The Cd++ release measured after a given time (7d for acute effects, 28days for chronic effects) is compared to the ecotoxicity reference values for acute, and chronic aquatic effects, i.e.: 18 µg Cd/l and 0.210 µg Cd/l, resp. (ECB 2007).
Classification under Annex I dangerous substances directive 67/548/EEC
CdS powder was classified R53 (may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment); cfr Annex I of the dangerous substances directive 67/548/EEC).
Classification under Annex VI of the EU CLP regulation
The classification listed in Annex I to Directive 67/548/EEC was translated as Aquatic Chronic 4, H413 (May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life) according to Annex VI of the EU CLP Regulation (EU 2008).
Further considerations referring to 2nd Adaptation to Technical Progress (ATP) to the CLP Regulation (2nd ATP CLP) based on recent information
Transformation/dissolution tests have been performed on fine CdS powder (ECTX 2010) at 1 mg/l loading , pH 6 (worst case). After 7days, 2.71µg/l Cd was released from the CdS; after 28 days, 5.75 µg Cd/l was released. Based on these data, the following classification can be derived based on the2ndATP CLPrules:
-acute aquatic effects: at 1mg/l loading of the finest powder on the EU market, the release of Cd++ ions after 7days (0.0027mg/l) was not exceeding the reference value for acute ecotoxicity (18µg/l).Therefore CdS powder should not be classified for acute aquatic effect (this corresponds with the Annex VI classification).
-chronic aquatic effects:at 1mg/l loading of the CdS powder, the release of Cd++ ions after 28 days was 0.0058 mg/l. Extrapolating these data to the loading criteria under2ndATP of the CLP, the Cd++-release at 100 µg/l and 10 µg/l loading can be calculated as being 0.58 µg/l and 0.058 µg/l, resp. So, the reference value for chronic aquatic effects (0.210µg/l) is exceeded at 100µg/l loading, but not at 10µg/l loading.
For defining the reference loading criterion for chronic aquatic effect, the “degradability” needs to be determined. Cadmium, like all metals, is an element, and therefore the criterion “degradability” cannot be applied as it is for organic substances. As a surrogate for assessing “degradability”, the concept of “removal from the water column” was developed to assess whether or not a given metal ion would remain present in the water column upon addition (and thus be able to excert a chronic effect) or would be rapidly removed from the water column. In this concept, “rapid removal” (defined as >70% removal within 28 days) is considered as equivalent to “rapidly degradable”. Under section 4.6., the rapid removal of Cadmium from the water column is documented. Consequently, the metal is considered as equivalent to being ‘rapidly degradable” in the context of classification for chronic aquatic effects.
Considering the above, it can be concluded that CdS is to be classified Chronic 2, H411(Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects).
Since such ‘chronic 2’ classification is stronger then the existing ‘chronic 4’ classification (Annex VI CLP), it is proposed to replace the Annex VI classification ‘chronic 4’ by a classification as “chronic 2” (2ndATP CLP).
General discussion
A basic assumption made in this hazard assessment and throughout this CSR, (in accordance to the same assumption made in the EU RA process) is that the ecotoxicity of cadmium and cadmium compounds is due to the Cd++ion. As a consequence, all aquatic, sediment and terrestrial toxicity data in this report are expressed as “cadmium”, not as the test compound as such, because ionic cadmium is considered to be the causative factor for toxicity. A further consequence of this is that all ecotoxicity data obtained on different cadmium compounds, are mutually relevant for each other. For that reason, the available ecotoxicity databases related to cadmium and the different cadmium compounds are combined before calculating the PNECs.
The only way cadmium compounds can differ in this respect is in their capacity to release cadmium ions into (environmental) solution. That effect is checked eventually in the transformation/dissolution tests and may result in different classifications (see above).
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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