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EC number: 235-837-2 | CAS number: 13001-46-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Toxicity to reproduction
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- one-generation reproductive toxicity
- Remarks:
- based on test type (migrated information)
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- Carbon disulphide is both a reagent in the manufacture, as well as a decomposition product of xanthates. Potassium isobutyl xanthate readily decomposes to carbon disulphide, especially in the presence of moisture/water. Therefore, the health effects of carbon disulphide (CS2) need to be considered in the assessment of Potassium isobutyl xanthate.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 1 992
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Female rats were exposed to CS2 by whole body inhalation for 6 h daily for 14 days prior mating, during mating and until gestation day 19. Potential adverse effects on gonadal function, estrous cycles, conception rates, perturition and lactation of the F0 maternal generation were examined. Viability, growth and development of the F1 litters were also assessed.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Carbon disulphide
- EC Number:
- 200-843-6
- EC Name:
- Carbon disulphide
- Cas Number:
- 75-15-0
- Molecular formula:
- CS2
- IUPAC Name:
- dithioxomethane
- Test material form:
- aerosol dispenser: not specified
- Remarks:
- migrated information: aerosol
- Details on test material:
- Carbon disulphide is both a reagent in the manufacture, as well as a decomposition product of xanthates. Potassium isobutyl xanthate readily decomposes to carbon disulphide, especially in the presence of moisture/water. Therefore, the health effects of carbon disulphide (CS2) need to be considered in the assessment of Potassium isobutyl xanthate.
- Name of test material (as cited in study report): carbon disulfide (received from Akzo Chemicals, Inc., Delaware City)
- Molecular formula (if other than submission substance): CS2
- Physical state: liquid
- Analytical purity: 99.99%
- Stability under test conditions: yes
- Storage condition of test material: temperature room
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River breeding Laboratories, Mischigan
- Age at study initiation: (P) 104 days
- Weight at study initiation: Females: 215-300 g
- Housing: individually, clean stainless stell wire-mesh cages suspended above cage-board till gaestation day 19; after mating the females were put to plastic maternity cages with nesting material, ground corn cob bedding
- Diet: ad libitum
- Water: ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 13 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 20-22.8
- Humidity (%): 28-76
- Air changes (per hr): 10
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- inhalation: vapour
- Type of inhalation exposure (if applicable):
- whole body
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on exposure:
- GENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE / CHAMBER DESCRIPTION
The test atmospheres was generated as vapors by introducing liquid carbon diaulfide into 1/4 J Air Atomizers (nebulizers) fitted with Model 1050 Fluid Caps and Model 84 Air Caps (Spraying Systems, Inc.). The air atomizer assemblies were located in the rear wall of the tangential turret head of each exposure chamber at a 90 degree angle to the direction of mass air flow. Liquid test material feed to the air atomizers was accomplished by use of Harvard Apparatus Co., Inc. Model 975 Compact Infmion Pumps. A positive flow of dried air was introduced to the air atomizers at a rate of approximately 6 liters per minute to aid in the complete vaporization of the test material.
- Temperature, humidity: 22 ± 2, 40-70%,
- Air flow rate: 12-15 changes/hour - Details on mating procedure:
- - M/F ratio per cage: 1:1
- Proof of mating was confirmed by the presence of sperm on the vaginal smear or a vaginal copulatory plug, referred to as day 0 of gestation
- After 10 days of unsuccessful pairing replacement of first male by another male with proven fertility took place.
- Further matings after two unsuccessful attempts: no
- After successful mating each pregnant female was caged as described above - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 6 h
- Frequency of treatment:
- daily
- Details on study schedule:
- The parental animals were exposed for at least 14 days and thereafter, they were paired with unexposed males. Exposure continued throughout mating until the 19th day of gestation.
- Age at mating of the mated female animals in the study: 17 weeks
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
389, 777, 1554 mg/m3 (125, 250, 500 ppm)
Basis:
other: target concentrations
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 15, 24 in the control group
- Control animals:
- yes
Examinations
- Parental animals: Observations and examinations:
- CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS AND MORTALITY
- Time schedule: moratlity and moribundity were observed twice daily; detailed clinical observations were recorded daily during the treatment period (before and after exposure). After treatment period clinical observations were recorded weekly.
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: weekly till mating; after mating on gestation days 0, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 20 and on lactation days 0, 3, 6, 9, 15 and 21.
FOOD CONSUMPTION :
- Food consumption for each animal determined: weekly, gestation or lactation body weights - Oestrous cyclicity (parental animals):
- Vaginal smears were evaluated 10 days before CS2 administration and throughout the 14 day pre-pairing exposure period. During mating smearing continued until evidence of copulation.
- Sperm parameters (parental animals):
- not examined
- Litter observations:
- STANDARDISATION OF LITTERS
- yes, maximum of 10 pups/litter, 5/sex when possible randomly selected; excess pups were killed and discarded on lactation day 4.
PARAMETERS EXAMINED
The following parameters were examined in F1 offspring:
number and sex of pups, stillbirths, live births, postnatal mortality, presence of gross anomalies, weight gain, physical or behavioural abnormalities, physical development: pinnal detachment, incisor eruption, palpebral seperation, testicular descent, vaginal patency
GROSS EXAMINATION OF DEAD PUPS: yes - Postmortem examinations (parental animals):
- SACRIFICE
- Maternal animals: All Fo female rats with viable pups were killed on lactation day 21. The females that failed to deliver were also sacrificed, on post coital day 25. Females with total litter loss were sacrificed within 24 h.
GROSS NECROPSY
- Complete gross necropsy performed including examinations of the abdominal, thoracic, and pelvic cavities
HISTOPATHOLOGY
Tissues were examined only when deemed necessary after the gross necropsy - Postmortem examinations (offspring):
- SACRIFICE
- The F1 offspring were sacrificed on lactation day 42.
- These animals were subjected to postmortem examinations (macroscopic and/or microscopic examination)
Pinnal detachment: started on lactation day 4 and continued daily until the pup had both pinnae detached
Incisor eruption: incisors were xhecked on lactation day 9
Palpebral seperation: started on lactation day 13 and continued until both eyelids were seperated
Testicular descent: from lactation day 25, the day were the testis apperared in the scotrum was recorded
Vaginal patency: on day 30 (open vaginal lumen)
GROSS NECROPSY
- Gross necropsy performed
HISTOPATHOLOGY / ORGAN WEIGTHS
Tissues were examined only when deemed necessary after the gross necropsy - Statistics:
- Two-tailed tests (significance level of 5%): Chi-square test with Yates' correction factor and one-way ANOVA with Dunett's test
- Reproductive indices:
- Fertility index (%): No of females paired resulting in pregnancy/total No of females paired with males
- Offspring viability indices:
- Each litter was examined daily for survival and all deaths were recorded. Livebirth index (%): No of viable pups at birth/No of implantation sites
Results and discussion
Results: P0 (first parental generation)
General toxicity (P0)
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- no effects observed
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Other effects:
- not examined
Reproductive function / performance (P0)
- Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:
- no effects observed
- Reproductive function: sperm measures:
- not examined
- Description (incidence and severity):
- female animals
- Reproductive performance:
- no effects observed
Details on results (P0)
BODY WEIGHT AND FOOD CONSUMPTION (PARENTAL ANIMALS): no significant effects detected on the mean weekly body weight or body weight gain and weekly food consumption (evaluated as g/animal/day and g/kg/day). The same was observed during the lactation period measuremnts. Throughout gestation body weights were significantly reduced at the highest concentration group, while food consumption appeared slightly affected at the same group during days 15-20.
REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION: ESTROUS CYCLE (PARENTAL ANIMALS): variations occured in all study groups; the regularity and duration of estrous were not affected by CS2 exposure
REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE (PARENTAL ANIMALS): not affected by CS2 exposure. Female mating indices were 100% for the control group and the concentrations of 125 and 25 ppm, and 93.3% for the 500 ppm, while fertility indices were 87.5 %, 93.3%, 80% and 80%, respectively. The 80% was very common among the historical control data of the laboratory.
GESTATION: apparent signs of dystocia were observed in two females at the highest concentration group
GROSS PATHOLOGY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
Females which failed to deliver: 3, 1, 3 and 2 animals in the control, 125, 250 and 500 ppm groups, respectively, were sacrificed on post-mating day 25 and one female of the last group on day 15. The animals were nongravid and internally normal.
Females with total litter loss: three females in the 500 ppm group, on lactation day 3. Two of them were internally normal, while one had pale eyes, kidneys and liver, as well as irregularly shaped white areas on all lobes of the liver.
Females that deliverd and killed on lactation day 21: no treatment-related findings
Effect levels (P0)
open allclose all
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Effect level:
- 250 ppm
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: maternal toxicity
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Effect level:
- 500 ppm
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: reproductive function and performance
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Effect level:
- 777 mg/m³ air
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: maternal toxicity
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Effect level:
- 1 554 mg/m³ air
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: reproductive function and performance
Results: F1 generation
General toxicity (F1)
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Mortality / viability:
- mortality observed, treatment-related
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Sexual maturation:
- no effects observed
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not examined
- Gross pathological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Histopathological findings:
- not examined
Details on results (F1)
CLINICAL SIGNS (OFFSPRING): the general physical conditions in all F1 pups was similar to the controls.
BODY WEIGHT (OFFSPRING): a non statistically significant difference in mean size of live litters; still biologically significant according to the authors. No significant differences detected on mean body weights of the pups through lactation day 42.
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT: pinnal detachment, incisor eruption, palpebral seperation, testicular descent and vaginal patency were not affected in any of the pups, due to maternal exposure to CS2.
SEX RATIOS (OFFSPRING): not affected
GROSS PATHOLOGY (OFFSPRING): port mortem examinations of pups found dead were (in 2 pups of the 500 ppm group) dark red lungs, red foamy contents in the trachea, red fluid contents in the esophagus and red contents in the stomach.Dark red lungs and a reddened cortico-medullary junction in each kidney were noted for one pup each in the 250 and 500 pprn groups. One control pup died as a result of a water system malfunction; this pup was internally normal. With the exception of the presence or absence of milk in the stomach, all other remarkable post mortem findings involved malformations and variations. The abnormalities observed did not indicate any specific pattern of maldevelopment. Regarding the pups that were sacrificed on lactation day 42, no treatment related findings were observed.
Effect levels (F1)
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Generation:
- F1
- Effect level:
- 250 ppm
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: overall effects
Overall reproductive toxicity
- Reproductive effects observed:
- not specified
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- No effects were observed on the reproductive function and reproductive performance of the animals at all concentration levels. Signs of maternal (body weight loss, dystocia) and neonatal (mortality of the pups, decreased viability, decreased litter size) toxicity were exerted by exposure to CS2 in a concentration of 500 ppm.
Carbon disulphide is both a reagent in the manufacture, as well as a decomposition product of xanthates. Potassium isobutyl xanthate readily decomposes to carbon disulphide, especially in the presence of moisture/water. Therefore, the health effects of carbon disulphide (CS2) need to be considered in the assessment of Potassium isobutyl xanthate. - Executive summary:
In the present study carbon disulfide vapours were administered to 15 Sprague-Dawley female rats/dose via whole body inhalation at dose levels of 125, 250 and 500 ppm (389, 777, 1554 mg/m3) for 14 days before mating, 6 h/day. Twenty- four animals were used as controls and were exposed to clean filtered air. Thereafter, they were paired with unexposed males and exposure to CS2 continued throughout mating and until the 19th day of gestation. The animals were allowed to deliver normally and they were sacrificed on lactation day 21. The pups were sacrificed on lactation day 42. Inhalation of CS2 by Fo maternal animals at a level of 500 ppm elicited maternal toxicity (clinical signs, gestational body weight and food consumption decreases and indications of dystocia) as well as neonatal toxicity (increased pup mortality, decreased pup viability and decreased live litter size). No adverse effects were noted in Fo maternal animals or F1 pups at the 125 and 250 ppm levels. No effects were observed on the reproductive function and performance of the animals at all concentration levels. Based on these results, the NOAEC for maternal toxicity and neonatal toxicity was considered to be 250 ppm (777 mg/m3), while the NOAEC for reproduction toxicity was 500 ppm (1554 mg/m3).
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