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EC number: 224-481-3 | CAS number: 4378-61-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Genetic toxicity: in vitro
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
- Remarks:
- Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Remarks:
- Study conducted in compliance with agreed protocols, with no or minor deviations from standard test guidelines and/or no or minor methodological deficiencies, which do not affect the quality of the relevant results. The study report was conclusive, done to a valid guideline and the study was conducted under GLP conditions.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 005
- Report date:
- 2005
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Type of assay:
- bacterial reverse mutation assay
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- 4,10-dibromodibenzo[def,mno]chrysene-6,12-dione
- EC Number:
- 224-481-3
- EC Name:
- 4,10-dibromodibenzo[def,mno]chrysene-6,12-dione
- Cas Number:
- 4378-61-4
- Molecular formula:
- C22H8Br2O2
- IUPAC Name:
- 4,10-dibromonaphtho[7,8,1,2,3-nopqr]tetraphene-6,12-dione
- Test material form:
- solid: nanoform
Constituent 1
Method
- Target gene:
- his- for S. typhimurium strains TA 1537, TA 1535, TA 100, TA 98
trp- for E. coli WP2 uvr A
Species / strain
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and E. coli WP2
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- phenobarbital/ß-naphthoflavone-induced rat liver S9-mix
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- Experiment I (plate incorporation): 3, 10, 33, 100, 333, 1000, 2500 and 5000 µg/plate both with and without metabolic activation
Experiment II (pre-incubation): 33, 100, 333, 1000, 2500 and 5000 µg/plate both with and without metabolic activation - Vehicle / solvent:
- DMSO, purity >99% (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). The solvent was chosen because of its solubility properties and its relative non-toxicity to bacteria
Controls
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- untreated
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- DMSO
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- other: Without metabolic activation: sodium azide, 4-nitro-o-phenylene-diamine, methyl methane sulfonate / With metabolic activation: 2-aminoanthracene
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- METHOD OF APPLICATION:
plate incorporation (experiment I); preincubation (experiment II). Since experiment I gave a negative result, experiment II was performed as a
preincubation assay.
DURATION
- Preincubation period: 60 minutes at 37°C
- Exposure duration: 48 hours at 37°C
NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: 3
DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY: yes - Evaluation criteria:
- A test item is considered as a mutagen if a biologically relevant increase in the number of revertants exceeding the threshold of twice (strains TA 98, TA 100, and WP2 uvrA) or thrice (strains TA 1535 and TA 1537) the colony count of the corresponding solvent control is observed.
A dose dependent increase is considered biologically relevant if the threshold is exceeded at more than one concentration.
An increase exceeding the threshold at only one concentration is judged as biologically relevant if reproduced in an independent second experiment.
A dose dependent increase in the number of revertant colonies below the threshold is regarded as an indication of a mutagenic potential if reproduced in an independent second experiment. However, whenever the colony counts remain within the historical range of negative and solvent controls such an increase is not considered biologically relevant. - Statistics:
- Not mandatory according to OECD guideline 471
Results and discussion
Test resultsopen allclose all
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- No toxic effects, evident as a reduction in the number of revertants, occurred in the test groups with and without metabolic activation
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Species / strain:
- E. coli WP2 uvr A
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- No toxic effects, evident as a reduction in the number of revertants, occurred in the test groups with and without metabolic activation.
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES:
Pre-experiment was reported as experiment I because the criterion (evaluable plates (>0 colonies) at five concentrations or more in all strains are used) was met. - Remarks on result:
- other: all strains/cell types tested
- Remarks:
- Migrated from field 'Test system'.
Any other information on results incl. tables
The plates incubated with the test item showed normal background growth up to 5000 μg/plate with and without S9 mix in both experiments except for strains TA 1535, TA 98 and TA 100, where reduced background growth was observed at 5000 μg/plate in the presence of metabolic activation in experiment II
No toxic effects, evident as a reduction in the number of revertants, occurred in the test groups with and without metabolic activation.
No substantial increase in revertant colony numbers of any of the five tester strains was observed following treatment with the test item at any dose level, neither in the presence nor absence of metabolic activation (S9 mix). A minor increase was observed in strain TA 98 with metabolic activation in experiment II at 1000 µg/plate. Since this single increase is caused by only one plate, this effect is judged as biologically irrelevant.
The historical control range was exceeded in strains TA 1535 (negative and solvent control, experiment I, and negative control, experiment II). TA 100 (negative control, experiment II) without S9 mix and in strains TA 1537 (negative control, experiment I), TA 100 (negative control, experiment II) and WP2 uvrA (negative control, experiment I) with S9 mix. Since this deviation is rather small, this effect is considered to be based upon biologically irrelevant fluctuations in the number of colonies.
Appropriate reference mutagens were used as positive controls. They showed a distinct increase of induced revertant colonies.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results (migrated information):
negative both with and without metabolic activation
In conclusion, it can be stated that during the described mutagenicity test and under the experimental conditions reported, the test item did not induce gene mutations by base pair changes or frameshifts in the genome of the strains used.
Therefore, Pigment Red 168 is considered to be non-mutagenic in this Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli reverse mutation assay. - Executive summary:
This study was performed to investigate the potential of Pigment Red 168 to induce gene mutations in the plate incorporation test (experiment I) and the pre-incubation test (experiment II) using the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100, and the Escherichia coli strain WP2 uvrA. The assay was performed according to OECD TG 471 with and without liver microsomal activation. Each concentration, including the controls, was tested in triplicate. The test item was tested at the following concentrations: Pre-Experiment and Experiment I: 3; 10; 33; 100; 333; 1000; 2500; and 5000 μg/plate Experiment II: 33; 100; 333; 1000; 2500; and 5000 μg/plate. The plates incubated with the test item showed normal background growth up to 5000 μg/plate with and without metabolic activation in both independent experiments except for strains TA 1535, TA 98, and TA 100, where reduced background growth was observed at 5000 μg/plate in the presence of metabolic activation in experiment II. No toxic effects, evident as a reduction in the number of revertants, occurred in the test groups with and without metabolic activation. No substantial increase in revertant colony numbers of any of the five tester strains was observed following treatment with Pigment Red 168 at any dose level, neither in the presence nor absence of metabolic activation (S9 mix). Appropriate reference mutagens were used as positive controls and showed a distinct increase of induced revertant colonies. In conclusion, it can be stated that during the described mutagenicity test and under the experimental conditions reported, the test item did not induce gene mutations by base pair changes or frameshifts in the genome of the strains used. Therefore, the test item is considered to be non-mutagenic in this Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli reverse mutation assay.
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