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EC number: 235-285-2 | CAS number: 12158-74-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Water solubility
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- water solubility
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2014.04.16 - 2014.09.22
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Series on Testing and Assessment No. 29 (23-Jul-2001): Guidance document on transformation/dissolution of metals and metal compounds in aqueous media
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- No screening to maximize the dissolution pH was done. pH 5.5 had been chosen based on previous data.
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- Ministerium für Arbeit, Integration und Soziales des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen
- Type of method:
- other: ICP-OES
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Dicopper hydroxide phosphate
- Physical state: powder - Key result
- Water solubility:
- 168.1 µg/L
- Temp.:
- 21.5 °C
- pH:
- 5.5
- Remarks on result:
- other: Dissolved copper concentrations at loading of 1 mg/L of test item after 24 h (1d)
- Water solubility:
- 202.3 µg/L
- Temp.:
- 21.5 °C
- pH:
- 5.5
- Remarks on result:
- other: Dissolved copper concentrations at loading of 1 mg/L of test item after 168 h (7 d)
- Water solubility:
- 216.2 µg/L
- Temp.:
- 21.5 °C
- pH:
- 5.5
- Remarks on result:
- other: Dissolved copper concentrations at loading of 1 mg/L of test item after 672 h (28 d)
- Water solubility:
- 36.14 µg/L
- Temp.:
- 21.5 °C
- pH:
- 5.5
- Remarks on result:
- other: Dissolved copper concentrations at loading of 0.1 mg/L of test item after 24 h (1d)
- Water solubility:
- 41.5 µg/L
- Temp.:
- 21.5 °C
- pH:
- 5.5
- Remarks on result:
- other: Dissolved copper concentrations at loading of 0.1 mg/L of test item after 168 h (7 d)
- Conclusions:
- Dissolved copper concentrations of the test substance at pH 5.5 at 21.5 °C (OECD 29):
- At loading rate of 1 mg/L test item: 168.1 µg/L after 24 h (1 d)
- At loading rate of 1 mg/L test item: 202.3 µg/L after 168 h (7 d)
- At loading rate of 1 mg/L test item: 216.2 µg/L after 672 h (28 d)
- At loading rate of 0.1 mg/L test item: 36.14 µg/L after 24 h (1 d)
- At loading rate of 0.1 mg/L test item: 41.5 µg/L after 168 h (7 d) - Endpoint:
- water solubility
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- Testing was conducted between 02 October 2009 and 19 November 2009.
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method A.6 (Water Solubility)
- Version / remarks:
- 30 May 2008
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- Date of inspection: 2009-09-15 Date of Signature: 2009-11-26
- Type of method:
- flask method
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Sponsor's identification: Dicopper hydroxide phosphate
Description: light green powder
CAS number: 12158-74-6
Lot number: 90101
Date received: 28 August 2009
Storage conditions: room temperature in the dark - Key result
- Water solubility:
- 0.043 g/L
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- pH:
- 5.4 - 5.7
- Details on results:
- Please see section Remarks on results including tables and figures.
- Conclusions:
- The water solubility of the test material has been determined to be 4.73 x 10-2 g/L of solution at 20.0 ± 0.5°C.
- Executive summary:
The water solubility has been determined to be 4.73 x 10-2g/L of solution at 20.0±0.5°C,using the flask method, Method A6 Water Solubility of Commission Regulation (EC) No 440/2008 of 30 May 2008.
The effect of temperature over the range 10 to 30°C has been considered not to have had a significant influence on the solubility of the test material (range 4.71 x 10-2to 4.77 x 10-2g/L).
The initial solution pH was also shown to significantly influence solubility of the test material. When using an identical initial saturation period of 72 hours, the use of the pH 4 buffer solution somewhat increased the resulting phosphate concentration dissolved (when compared to unbuffered water) whereas the use of the pH 9 buffer solution slightly decreased the analysed phosphate concentration. It had been anticipated that an acidic pH would suppress solubility. However, although the pH 4 buffer solution was initially more acidic than the unbuffered water, due to its buffering capacity, increased dissolution of the test material occurred before the resulting acidic solution began to suppress test material dissolution. Therefore, although the maximum observed solubility was 0.644 g/L (at a final solution pH of 3.9), the water solubility may increase further in cases where additional buffering capacity exists.
- Endpoint:
- water solubility
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 2014.04.16 - 2014.09.23
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- documentation insufficient for assessment
- Remarks:
- The information on the test material was recorded insufficiently, therefore the study is considered not assignable for assessment of T/D properties of the test material registered.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Series on Testing and Assessment No. 29 (23-Jul-2001): Guidance document on transformation/dissolution of metals and metal compounds in aqueous media
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- No screening to maximize the dissolution pH was done. pH 5.5 had been chosen based on previous data.
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- Ministerium für Arbeit, Integration und Soziales des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen
- Type of method:
- other: ICP-OES
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Dicopper hydroxide phosphate
- Physical state: powder
- Analytical purity: ca. 98% - Water solubility:
- 69.53 µg/L
- Temp.:
- 21.5 °C
- pH:
- 5.5
- Remarks on result:
- other: Dissolved copper concentrations at loading of 1 mg/L of test item after 24 h (1d)
- Water solubility:
- 138.2 µg/L
- Temp.:
- 21.5 °C
- pH:
- 5.5
- Remarks on result:
- other: Dissolved copper concentrations at loading of 1 mg/L of test item after 168 h (7 d)
- Water solubility:
- 158.8 µg/L
- Temp.:
- 21.5 °C
- pH:
- 5.5
- Remarks on result:
- other: Dissolved copper concentrations at loading of 1 mg/L of test item after 672 h (28 d)
- Water solubility:
- 28.81 µg/L
- Temp.:
- 21.5 °C
- pH:
- 5.5
- Remarks on result:
- other: Dissolved copper concentrations at loading of 0.1 mg/L of test item after 24 h (1d)
- Water solubility:
- 44.62 µg/L
- Temp.:
- 21.5 °C
- pH:
- 5.5
- Remarks on result:
- other: Dissolved copper concentrations at loading of 0.1 mg/L of test item after 168 h (7 d)
- Conclusions:
- Dissolved copper concentrations of the test item at pH 5.5 at 21.5 °C (OECD 29):
- At loading rate of 1 mg/L test item: 69.53 µg/L after 24 h (1 d)
- At loading rate of 1 mg/L test item: 138.2 µg/L after 168 h (7 d)
- At loading rate of 1 mg/L test item: 158.8 µg/L after 672 h (28 d)
- At loading rate of 0.1 mg/L test item: 28.81 µg/L after 24 h (1 d)
- At loading rate of 0.1 mg/L test item: 44.62 µg/L after 168 h (7 d)
Referenceopen allclose all
Dissolved Cu concentrations in test with the loading of 1 mg/L and media at pH 5.5 (1, 2, 3 - triplicate vessels; a, b - duplicate samples per vessel)
sample name and day |
dilution factor |
Cu conc. measured* dilution [µg/L] |
mean Cu conc. per vessel [µg/L] |
SD Cu conc. per vessel [µg/L] |
within vessel variation [%] |
mean Cu conc. all samples [µg/L] |
SD Cu conc. all samples [µg/L] |
Between vessel variation [%] |
difference between samplings [%] |
1a d1 |
2 |
172.2 |
172.8 |
0.9 |
0.5 |
168.1 |
4.3 |
2.6 |
|
1b d1 |
2 |
173.4 |
|||||||
2a d1 |
2 |
163.0 |
163.2 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
||||
2b d1 |
2 |
163.3 |
|||||||
3a d1 |
2 |
168.0 |
168.3 |
0.4 |
0.2 |
||||
3b d1 |
2 |
168.6 |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1a d7 |
2 |
202.5 |
203.2 |
1.1 |
0.5 |
202.3 |
2.1 |
1.0 |
20.4 |
1b d7 |
2 |
204.0 |
|||||||
2a d7 |
2 |
199.4 |
200.2 |
1.1 |
0.6 |
||||
2b d7 |
2 |
201.0 |
|||||||
3a d7 |
2 |
202.2 |
203.6 |
2.1 |
1.0 |
||||
3b d7 |
2 |
205.1 |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1a d28 |
2 |
217.9 |
219.1 |
1.8 |
0.8 |
216.2 |
3.6 |
1.7 |
6.9 |
1b d28 |
2 |
220.4 |
|||||||
2a d28 |
2 |
214.8 |
217.2 |
3.4 |
1.6 |
||||
2b d28 |
2 |
219.6 |
|||||||
3a d28 |
2 |
211.4 |
212.4 |
1.4 |
0.6 |
||||
3b d28 |
2 |
213.3 |
Dissolved Cu concentrations in test with the loading of 0.1 mg/L and media at pH 5.5 (1, 2, 3 - triplicate vessels; a, b - duplicate samples per vessel)
sample name and day |
dilution factor |
Cu conc. measured* dilution [µg/L] |
mean Cu conc. per vessel [µg/L] |
SD Cu conc. per vessel [µg/L] |
within vessel variation [%] |
mean Cu conc. all samples [µg/L] |
SD Cu conc. all samples [µg/L] |
Between vessel variation [%] |
difference between samplings [%] |
1a d1 |
1 |
33.30 |
33.76 |
0.65 |
1.9 |
36.14 |
3.40 |
9.4 |
|
1b d1 |
1 |
34.23 |
|||||||
2a d1 |
1 |
39.94 |
40.03 |
0.13 |
0.3 |
||||
2b d1 |
1 |
40.11 |
|||||||
3a d1 |
1 |
37.01 |
34.63 |
3.37 |
9.7 |
||||
3b d1 |
1 |
32.25 |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1a d7 |
1 |
40.50 |
40.46 |
0.06 |
0.2 |
41.50 |
1.84 |
4.4 |
14.8 |
1b d7 |
1 |
40.41 |
|||||||
2a d7 |
1 |
43.72 |
43.86 |
0.20 |
0.5 |
||||
2b d7 |
1 |
44.01 |
|||||||
3a d7 |
1 |
40.34 |
40.18 |
0.23 |
0.6 |
||||
3b d7 |
1 |
40.02 |
Solution pH and oxygen concentrations
In solutions containing 1 and 0.1 mg/L of the test item and in respective method blanks at pH 5.5, pH ranged from 5.5 - 6.2 and 5.4 - 5.9, respectively.
Oxygen levels of all test solutions (all loadings) were in the range recommended by the OECD Test Guidance 29 during the test: above 70 % of oxygen saturation at 8.5 mg/L (70 % of 8.5 mg/L = 6 mg/L)
Mass balance
For each loading two vessels were exemplarily chosen.
Copper recoveries for the test with 1 mg/L ranged from of 99.2 to 99.5 %.
Rinsing of filters from the test with 1 mg/L loading was not necessary because the recoveries were within the QA/QC requirements of 100 ± 15 %; recoveries ranged from 99.2 to 99.5 %.
For the test with 0.1 mg/L the QA/QC requirements for the recoveries were set to 100 ± 25 % due to increasing inaccuracy with decreasing loading (pipettes, balance, volumetric flasks, etc.).
Rinsing of filters from the test with 0.1 mg/L loading was not necessary because copper was within the QA/QC requirements of 100 ± 25 %; recoveries ranged from 80.9 to 86.9 %.
Results
Preliminary test
The preliminary estimate of water solubility was 4.46 x 10-2 g/l.
Definitive test
The mean peak areas relating to the standard and sample solutions are shown in the following table:
Solution |
Mean peak area* |
Standard 30.6 mg/l |
3.956 |
Standard 30.6 mg/l |
3.959 |
Sample 1A |
1.674 |
Sample 1B |
1.635 |
Standard 30.6 mg/l |
3.969 |
Standard 30.6 mg/l |
3.962 |
Sample 2A |
0.939 |
Sample 2B |
0.940 |
Standard 30.6 mg/l |
3.961 |
Standard 30.6 mg/l |
3.947 |
Sample 3A |
1.211 |
Sample 3B |
1.234 |
Sample 4A |
1.210 |
Sample 4B |
1.209 |
Sample 5A |
1.276 |
Sample 5B |
1.213 |
Sample 6A |
1.210 |
Sample 6B |
1.225 |
Sample 7A |
1.179 |
Sample 7B |
1.173 |
The concentration (g/l) of test material in the sample solutions is shown in the following table:
Sample Number |
Time shaken at ~ 30ºC (hours) |
Time equilibrated at 20ºC (hours) |
Concentration (g/l) |
Solution pH |
1 |
72 |
24 |
0.644 |
3.9 |
2 |
72 |
24 |
3.65 x 10-2 |
8.5 |
3 |
72 |
24 [30ºC] |
4.77 x 10-2 |
5.4 |
4 |
72 |
24 [10ºC] |
4.71 x 10-2 |
5.4 to 5.5 |
5 |
72 |
24 |
4.85 x 10-2 |
5.3 to 5.4 |
6 |
48 |
24 |
4.74 x 10-2 |
5.5 to 5.6 |
7 |
24 |
24 |
4.58 x 10-2 |
5.6 to 5.7 |
*corrected for the relevant blan
Validation
The linearity of the detector response with respect to concentration was assessed over the nominal concentration range of 0 to 100 mg/L*. This was satisfactory with a correlation coefficient of 1.000 being obtained. This work was performed under Harlan Laboratories Ltd Project Number 2920/0020.
*as the orthophosphate anion
Dissolved Cu concentrations in test with the loading of 1 mg/L and media at pH 5.5 (1, 2, 3 - triplicate vessels; a, b - duplicate samples per vessel)
sample name and day |
dilution factor |
Cu conc. measured* dilution [µg/L] |
mean Cu conc. per vessel [µg/L] |
SD Cu conc. per vessel [µg/L] |
within vessel variation [%] |
mean Cu conc. all samples [µg/L] |
SD Cu conc. all samples [µg/L] |
Between vessel variation [%] |
difference between samplings [%] |
1a d1 |
2 |
75.7 |
76.00 |
0.49 |
0.6 |
69.53 |
5.02 |
7.2 |
|
1b d1 |
2 |
76.3 |
|||||||
2a d1 |
2 |
66.0 |
66.01 |
0.05 |
0.1 |
||||
2b d1 |
2 |
66.0 |
|||||||
3a d1 |
2 |
66.7 |
66.60 |
0.13 |
0.2 |
||||
3b d1 |
2 |
66.5 |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1a d7 |
2 |
146.4 |
146.6 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
138.2 |
6.5 |
4.7 |
98.8 |
1b d7 |
2 |
146.7 |
|||||||
2a d7 |
2 |
132.7 |
133.9 |
1.7 |
1.3 |
||||
2b d7 |
2 |
135.1 |
|||||||
3a d7 |
2 |
133.6 |
134.1 |
0.8 |
0.6 |
||||
3b d7 |
2 |
134.7 |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1a d28 |
2 |
160.1 |
160.5 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
158.8 |
4.0 |
2.5 |
14.9 |
1b d28 |
2 |
160.9 |
|||||||
2a d28 |
2 |
161.7 |
162.1 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
||||
2b d28 |
2 |
162.5 |
|||||||
3a d28 |
2 |
152.3 |
154.0 |
2.4 |
1.6 |
||||
3b d28 |
2 |
155.7 |
Dissolved Cu concentrations in test with the loading of 0.1 mg/L and media at pH 5.5 (1, 2, 3 - triplicate vessels; a, b - duplicate samples per vessel)
sample name and day |
dilution factor |
Cu conc. measured* dilution [µg/L] |
mean Cu conc. per vessel [µg/L] |
SD Cu conc. per vessel [µg/L] |
within vessel variation [%] |
mean Cu conc. all samples [µg/L] |
SD Cu conc. all samples [µg/L] |
Between vessel variation [%] |
difference between samplings [%] |
1a d1 |
1 |
34.15 |
34.08 |
0.10 |
0.3 |
28.81 |
4.62 |
16.0 |
|
1b d1 |
1 |
34.01 |
|||||||
2a d1 |
1 |
23.70 |
23.77 |
0.10 |
0.4 |
||||
2b d1 |
1 |
23.84 |
|||||||
3a d1 |
1 |
28.44 |
28.58 |
0.19 |
0.7 |
||||
3b d1 |
1 |
28.72 |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1a d7 |
1 |
53.89 |
54.33 |
0.62 |
1.1 |
44.62 |
7.83 |
17.5 |
54.9 |
1b d7 |
1 |
54.77 |
|||||||
2a d7 |
1 |
37.44 |
37.37 |
0.11 |
0.3 |
||||
2b d7 |
1 |
37.29 |
|||||||
3a d7 |
1 |
41.93 |
42.16 |
0.32 |
0.8 |
||||
3b d7 |
1 |
42.38 |
Solution pH and oxygen concentrations
In solutions containing 1 and 0.1 mg/L of the test item and in method blanks at pH 5.5, pH ranged from 5.4 - 6.1 and 5.5 - 6.0, respectively.
Oxygen levels of all test solutions (all loadings) were in the range recommended by the OECD Test Guidance 29 during the test: above 70 % of oxygen saturation at 8.5 mg/L (70 % of 8.5 mg/L = 6 mg/L)
Mass balance
For each loading two vessels were exemplarily chosen.
Copper recoveries for the test with 1 µg/L ranged from of 100 to 102 %.
Rinsing of filters from the test with 1 µg/L loading was not necessary because the recoveries were within the QA/QC requirements of 100 ± 15 %; recoveries ranged from 99.0 to 102 %.
For the test with 0.1 µg/L the QA/QC requirements for the recoveries were set to 100 ± 25 % due to increasing inaccuracy with decreasing loading (pipettes, balance, volumetric flasks, etc.).
Rinsing of filters from the test with 0.1 µg/L loading was not necessary because copper was within the QA/QC requirements of 100 ± 25 %; recoveries ranged from 95.5 to 102 %
Description of key information
The transformation/dissolution at a loading of 1 mg/L of the test substance determined dissolved copper concentrations of 168.1 ± 4.3μg/L after 24 h (1 d), 202.3 ± 2.1μg/L after 168 h (7 d) and 216.2 ± 3.6μg/L after 672 h (28 d) at pH 5.5.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Water solubility:
- 47.3 mg/L
- at the temperature of:
- 20 °C
Additional information
One key study for water solubility and one for transformation/dissolution exists.
The water solubility study was performed in accordance with an accepted method (EU Method A.6) and under the conditions of GLP. The determination was carried out by visual assessment using a flask method, based on Method A6 Water Solubility of Commission Regulation (EC) No 440/2008 of 30 May 2008. The water solubility of the test material has been determined to be 4.73 x 10-2 g/L of solution at 20.0 ± 0.5°C. The effect of temperature over the range 10 to 30 °C has been considered not to have had a significant influence on the solubility of the test material (range 4.71 x 10-2to 4.77 x 10-2 g/L). The initial solution pH was also shown to significantly influence solubility of the test material. When using an identical initial saturation period of 72 hours, the use of the pH 4 buffer solution somewhat increased the resulting phosphate concentration dissolved (when compared to unbuffered water) whereas the use of the pH 9 buffer solution slightly decreased the analysed phosphate concentration. It had been anticipated that an acidic pH would suppress solubility. However, although the pH 4 buffer solution was initially more acidic than the unbuffered water, due to its buffering capacity, increased dissolution of the test material occurred before the resulting acidic solution began to suppress test material dissolution. Therefore, although the maximum observed solubility was 0.644 g/L (at a final solution pH of 3.9), the water solubility may increase further in cases where additional buffering capacity exists.
A key study was performed to determine the transformation/dissolution of dicopper hydroxide phosphate according to OECD guidance document 29 (2001). The full test at a pH of 5.5 with a loading of 1 mg/L over 28 days (long-term endpoint) and samplings after 24 h, 168 h and 672 h was done. The test was performed in triplicate vessels (agitation at 100 rpm, 21.5 ± 1.5 °C) and duplicate samples per vessel, this includes method blanks. After evaluation of the results it was decided to test dicopper hydroxide phosphate in medium at pH 5.5 (i.e. the pH that maximises dissolution) with a loading of 0.1 mg/L for 7 d and samplings after 24 h and 168 h. Solution pH, oxygen concentrations and total dissolved copper concentrations were measured at each sampling time for each loading. Oxygen levels as well as mean temperatures of both loadings are in compliance with the requirements of the OECD guidance document 29. In solutions containing 1.0 and 0.1 mg/L of the test item and in method blanks at pH 5.5, the pH ranged from 5.4 – 6.2 and 5.5 – 5.9, respectively. Under the described conditions of this test with dicopper hydroxide at a loading of 1 mg/L, dissolved copper concentrations were 168.1 ± 4.3 μg/L after 24 h (1 d), 202.3 ± 2.1 μg/L after 168 h (7 d) and 216.2 ± 3.6 μg/L after 672 h (28 d) at pH 5.5. Under the described conditions of this test with dicopper hydroxide at a loading of 0.1 mg/L, dissolved copper concentrations were 36.14 ± 3.40 μg/L after 24 h (1 d), and 41.50 ± 1.84 μg/L after 168 h (7 d).
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